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Symbols of the Indus Valley Civilisation
The Indus script, also known as the Harappan script and the Indus Valley script, is a corpus of symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation. Most
Indus_script
Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting
Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Language of the Bronze Age civilization of the Indus Valley
also known as the Indus language, is the unknown language or languages of the Bronze Age (c. 3300 to 1300 BC) Harappan civilisation (Indus Valley civilisation
Harappan_language
Ancient script of Central and South Asia
for a continuity between Indus and Brahmi has also been seen in graphic similarities between Brahmi and the late Indus script, where the ten most common
Brahmi_script
River in Asia
Only 40 Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. However, it is notable that majority of the Indus script seals and
Indus_River
Indian epigraphist (1930–2018)
of the Indus Script Via the Rig Veda: A Case Study. Indus Research Centre, Roja Muthiah Research Library. "Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via the
Iravatham_Mahadevan
B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. ISBN 9781588390431. The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan
Religion of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Ancient Indian scripts
many scripts which largely have common roots. The Indus script (also known as the Harappan script) is a corpus of symbols produced by the Indus Valley
Ancient scripts of the Indian subcontinent
Ancient_scripts_of_the_Indian_subcontinent
Archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan
(2008). The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives. Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2. Mcintosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives
Harappa
Most houses of Indus Valley were made from mud, dried mud bricks, or clay bricks of a standardised size. The urban areas of the Indus Civilisation included
Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Writing and symbol systems without accepted decipherments
[citation needed] Indus script Vikramkhol inscription Pushkarasari script Shankhalipi Proto-Elamite script – c. 3100 – c. 2900 BCE. Jiroft script – c. 2200 BCE
Undeciphered_writing_systems
Indian archaeologist (1922–2013)
Indus script has met with considerable acceptance and will serve now as a basis for further and continuing study of the language of the ancient Indus
Shikaripura_Ranganatha_Rao
Finnish Indologist (born 1941)
University of Helsinki. He specializes in the Indus Valley Civilization, specifically the study of the Indus script. Parpola is a brother of the Akkadian language
Asko_Parpola
undetermined. Byblos syllabary – the city of Byblos Indus script – Indus Valley civilization Isthmian script (apparently logosyllabic). Neolithic signs in China
List_of_writing_systems
inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation lists the technological and civilisational achievements of the Indus Valley Civilisation, an ancient
List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation
List_of_inventions_and_discoveries_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation
American historian
historian, noted for his research on Indus script. In 2000, he called out N. S. Rajaram, charging him of fabricating the Indus valley seals in order to find
Steve_Farmer_(historian)
German-American philologist (born 1943)
decipherment of Indus inscriptions such as that of N.S. Rajaram. Working with Steven Farmer, Witzel exposed a fabricated horse seal attributed to the Indus Civilization
Michael_Witzel
Family of abugida writing systems
braille assignments of Indian languages Indus script – symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII)
Brahmic_scripts
Indus Valley Civilisation site in Gujarat, India
Brahmana and Shulba Sutrass". Painted Indus black-on-red-ware pottery, square stamp seals, seals without Indus script, a huge signboard measuring about 3 m
Dholavira
Ancient markings in the Indian subcontinent
had their counterparts amongst the Indus script. He concluded that there was a commonness of culture between the Indus Valley Civilisation and the later
Megalithic_graffiti_symbols
Indian academic
on the decipherment of the Indus script. By comparing the entropy of the Indus script with entropies of linguistic scripts such as those for Sumerian
Rajesh_P._N._Rao
the Indus Valley Civilization after around 1900 BCE. Mesopotamia had already been an intermediary in the trade of lapis lazuli between the Indus Valley
Indo-Mesopotamia_relations
geometric designs, although lacking the Indus script which characterized the preceding phase of the civilization. Script is rare and confined to potsherd inscriptions
Jhukar_phase
Steatite seal discovered at Mohenjo-daro
curved horns almost meet in the centre. At the top of the seal are seven Indus script symbols, with the last apparently displaced downwards for lack of horizontal
Pashupati_seal
Overview of the Indian subcontinent during the Bronze Age
Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation Iron Age in India Indus Valley Civilisation Indus script Subramaniam, T. S. (May 1, 2006). ""Discovery of a century"
Bronze_Age_India
Persistent representation of language
to include phonemic elements. The Indus Valley civilization developed a form of writing known as the Indus script c. 2600 BC, although its precise nature
Writing
Topics referred to by the same term
defunct Pakistani airline Indus Air, a defunct Indian airline Indus Airways, a domestic air carrier based in Delhi, India IndUS Aviation, a Texas-based
Indus_(disambiguation)
Language family
proto-Dravidian. An Indus valley origin would be consistent with the location of Brahui and with attempts to interpret the Indus script as Dravidian. However
Dravidian_languages
Indian academic and Hindutva Ideologue (1943–2019)
from a scientific view-point, and claiming of having deciphered the Indus script. Academics find his scholarship to be composed of dishonest polemics
N._S._Rajaram
Convention of symbols representing language
attempting to write it. The Indus script (c. 2600 – c. 2000 BC), found on different types of artefacts produced by the Indus Valley Civilization on the
Writing_system
History of South Asian writing systems
linguistic information, there is substantially older epigraphy in the Indus script, which dates back to the mid 4th millennium BCE. Two other important
Early_Indian_epigraphy
Symbols that communicate ideas but not language
Age.[citation needed] The Indus script is a symbol system that emerged during the end of the 4th millennium BC in the Indus Valley Civilisation. With
Proto-writing
Indus Valley Civilisation bronze sculpture
bronze sculpture made in lost-wax casting around c. 2300–1750 BC in the Indus Valley Civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro (in modern-day Pakistan), which
Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)
Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)
Pvt. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4. "Indus River Valley civilizations (Article)". Iravatham Mahadevan, 1977, The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables,
List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites
List_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_sites
Indian archaeologist and writer (born 1930)
writing, and Indus script, and proposed that Indus script encoded Sanskrit and a number of other languages. Rao theorized that Indus script consisted of
Krishna_Rao_(archaeologist)
Ancient city in Iran
Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell
Susa
Archaeological site in Sindh, Pakistan
bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It lies on a Pleistocene ridge in the flood plain of the Indus, around 28 kilometres
Mohenjo-daro
Dravidian ethnic group in Pakistan
version of the same event. Asko Parpola states in his book Deciphering the Indus Script that the Brahvi people are remnants of the Harappan culture, the language
Brahui_people
Prehistoric eras of the Indus Valley Civilisation
periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation. While the Indus Valley Civilisation was divided into Early, Mature, and
Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Archaeological site in Tamil Nadu, India
artifacts obtained from the excavation site were said to be similar to the Indus script by the excavators. Bisnupriya Basak questioned whether the sherds actually
Keezhadi_excavation_site
South Asian ethnolinguistic group
connected with the Indus Valley Civilisation, hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Dravidian_peoples
used on message sticks. The Indus script (c. 2600 – c. 2000 BC), found on different types of artefacts produced by the Indus Valley Civilization on the
History_of_writing
Writing system specifically created by an individual or group
hieroglyphs, the Chinese script and the Mayan script, with ongoing debate as to whether the hitherto-undeciphered Indus script and Rongorongo are true
Constructed_writing_system
Form of writing, left-to-right and right-to-left in alternate lines
direction. The Avoiuli script used on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu is written boustrophedonically by design. The Indus script, though still undeciphered
Boustrophedon
Geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people
Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script" (PDF). Chennai, India. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7
Tamilakam
Archeological site in India
resembling the Indus script was found by a school teacher V. Shanmuganathan. The celt, a polished hand-held stone axe, has four Indus Valley signs on
Sembiyankandiyur
original poetry. In his 1992 decipherment claim of the Indus script, he argues that the script is "based very largely on intuition, and this quality is
Egbert_Richter-Ushanas
compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man Enkidu. Indus Valley Civilisation seal. Swastika Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization preserved at the British
History_of_Hinduism
Character from the Epic of Gilgamesh
India. p. 35. ISBN 9788131717530. Richter-Ushanas, Egbert (1997). The Indus Script and the Ṛg-Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 123. ISBN 9788120814059
Enkidu
Emblem placed on products
in Understanding the Indus Script", Review of Archaeology. Vol. 16, No. 1 : 15–23.(1995). Asko Parpola, "Study of the Indus Script", p. 52. Paper read
Merchant's_mark
Deity depicted with horns or antlers
from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 403. ISBN 9781588390431. The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan
Horned_deity
Research library in Chennai, India
building an exhaustive specialized library covering the Indus Civilization in general, and the Indus Script, in particular. India portal Education portal Connemara
Roja_Muthiah_Research_Library
Prehistoric period: Copper Age
pp. 136, 137. ISBN 0-8139-2085-X. Parpola, Asko (2005). "Study of the Indus script" (PDF). Transactions. 50th International Conference of Eastern Studies
Chalcolithic
All known writing up to 300 CE
Sanskrit (Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit) Indus script (3,800 items, c.20,000 characters) Brahmi script Old Tamil Early Indian epigraphy and Indian
Ancient_text_corpora
Archeological site that predates the Indus Civilization
date (fig.6). Sothi Indus Valley Civilization List of Indus Valley Civilization sites List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization
Kot_Diji
Customary Hindu greeting
Machine National Museum of India (2012) Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan (2010). Indus Script Cipher. Srinivasan Kalyanaraman. pp. 234–236. ISBN 978-0-9828971-0-2
Namaste
Austroasiatic language spoken in India
with Indus script in Echoes of Indus Valley. Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that the script Warang Chiti resembles the script of Indus
Ho_language
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Indus Kohistani or simply Kohistani (کوستَیں ژیب, Kōstaiñ) is a Dardic Indo-Aryan language of Kohistani group spoken by the Indus Kohistani people in
Indus_Kohistani_language
Word for script in Sanskrit and Pali
Kannada and Malayalam. Related topics Brahmi script Indus script Kharosthi script Kohi script Tamil script Other similar topics Early Indian epigraphy
Lipi_(script)
Prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age
Meluhhan people mentioned in Sumerian records. In his book Deciphering the Indus Script. Parpola states that the Brahui people of Pakistan are remnants of the
Meluhha
Locations where civilization emerged
the Indus Valley of South Asia around 3,300 BC are the earliest instances, followed by Chinese proto-writing evolving into the oracle bone script, and
Cradle_of_civilization
Town on the banks of the Ghaggar River in India
and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation Periodisation
Kalibangan
a number of undeciphered Bronze Age records: the Proto-Elamite script the Indus script (speculated to record a "Harappan language") Cretan hieroglyphs
List of languages by first written account
List_of_languages_by_first_written_account
List of unresolved historical questions
October 2026. Roychowdhury, Adrija (8 January 2024). "The mystery of the Indus script: Dravidian, Sanskrit or not a language at all?". The Indian Express.
List of unsolved historical mysteries and proposed explanations
List_of_unsolved_historical_mysteries_and_proposed_explanations
Fall of a complex human society
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The dramatic shift in climate is known as the 4.2-kiloyear event. The highly advanced Indus Valley Civilization
Societal_collapse
Society lacking state-like organization
interpreted as ritual complexes. Additionally, recent interpretations of the Indus Script and Harappan stamps indicate that there was a somewhat centralised system
Stateless_society
River Yamuna in Hindu texts and beliefs
California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04098-4 Ushanas, Egbert Richter (1997), The Indus Script and the Ṛg-Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1405-9 Media related
Yamuna_in_Hinduism
Caves and archaeological site in Kerala, India
wrong to presume that the Indus culture disappeared into thin air." Iravatham Mahadevan, a scholar of the Indus Valley scripts said the findings were very
Edakkal_caves
Trading colony of the Indus Valley Civilization established around 2000 BC
Afghanistan where a trading colony of the Indus cities has been discovered at Shortughai. Situated far from the Indus Valley itself, this settlement may have
Shortugai
Period between prehistory and the medieval era
hieroglyphs by about 3200 BC. By 2800 BC, the Indus Valley Civilisation had developed its Indus script, which remains undeciphered. Chinese Characters
Ancient_history
History based on a written record
symbols (c. 6600 BCE), Vinča signs (c. 5300 BCE), early Indus script (c. 3500 BCE) and Nsibidi script (c. before 500 CE). There is disagreement concerning
Recorded_history
Indian railway engineer, epigraphist, and historian
He also proposed that the Indus script is akin to the Assyrian cuneiform & both have developed from an ancient Indic script, which he called 'Pre-Ashokan
A._B._Walawalkar
Common seal die, used to impress an image into soft material
decrees. The Indus stamp-seals probably had a different function from the stamp seals of the Minoan civilization, as they typically have script characters
Stamp_seal
Pseudoscientific alternative medicine originating from India
Ayurvedic medicine have existed since the times of the Indus Valley civilisation but since the Indus script has not been deciphered, such assertions are moot
Ayurveda
Archaeological site and village in Haryana, India
Rao, all phases of Indus Valley Civilisation are represented in this site. India portal Indus Valley Civilisation related List of Indus Valley Civilisation
Bhirrana
Deified river mentioned in the Vedas and ancient Indian epics
Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago, and ISRO has observed that major Indus Valley
Saraswati_River
Indian indologist
is a descendant of Akkadian. In Unsealing the Indus Script (2009) she purports to decode the Indus script based on this theory. (1977) The Civilized Demons:
Malati_Shendge
Religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent
evidence, which is open to varying interpretations, and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered, the conclusions are partly speculative and largely
Indian_religions
line above contains three signs in Indus script and the line below contains three alphabets in the ancient Tamil script known as Tamil ... Akazhaan. "Eezham
Names_of_Sri_Lanka
Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two "Rosetta Stones" - Decoding Indus script as repertoire of the mints/smithy/mine-workers of Meluhha", Journal of
Tin sources and trade during antiquity
Tin_sources_and_trade_during_antiquity
the Indus Script. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–67, 102–105. ISBN 978-0-521-43079-1. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Texts
Linguistic_history_of_India
South Asian ethnic group
or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 8 (1). ISSN 1084-7561
Sri_Lankan_Tamils
Indian linguist and author (1949–2015)
that the scripts of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro could be read in Gondi language. He also proposed that the Gond people must have been in the Indus Valley.
Motiravan_Kangali
Languages of Eurasia before the arrival of Indo-European languages
language not attested) Harappan language (not attested in readable script; see Indus script) Lullubi language Vedda language Burushaski language Dravidian
Pre-Indo-European_languages
Reconstructed common ancestor of the Dravidian languages
Fuls, Andreas (2015). "Proto-Dravidian and the Indus Script". The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing. Archaeopress. pp. 77–99. ISBN 978-1-78491-046-4
Proto-Dravidian_language
Discussion of scenarios for a collapse of civilization due to climate change
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The dramatic shift in climate is known as the 4.2-kiloyear event. The highly advanced Indus Valley Civilization
Climate change and civilizational collapse
Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse
Indian caste
ISBN 9788185163420. Iravatham Mahadevan. "Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script" (PDF). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved
Vellalar
Greek mythological creature
Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 239–246. Parpola, Asko. Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge Univ. Press. "Indus Cylinder Seals"
Centaur
Dravidian language
further analyzed by Iravatham Mahadevan in his attempts to decipher the Indus script. An early Telugu label inscription, "tolacuvānḍru" (తొలచువాండ్రు; transl
Telugu_language
Festival the Hindu god Shiva
140-144. Kahoor, Khan, Shahbaig (19 July 2024). "Deciphering Indus script and Pashupati Seal of Indus Valley Civilization". SSRN 4900721. Archived from the original
Maha_Shivaratri
Archaeological site in Haryana, India
Elam and Sumer). Indus Valley Civilisation related List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation
Rakhigarhi
City in Sri Lanka
period in this region. The bronze Anaikoddai seal with Tamil-Brahmi and Indus script indicates a clan-based settlement of the last phase of the Iron Age in
Jaffna
King of Meluhha
only attested ruler of Meluhha. His kingdom has been identified with the Indus Valley Civilisation and so, the inscription might provide some insights
(..)ibra
Religion in the Indian state
ISBN 978-3-11-080410-2. Mahadevan, Iravatham (2006). A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery. Harappa. Archived
Religion_in_Tamil_Nadu
Proposed language family
Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. BRILL. pp. 19–23. ISBN 978-81-204-0491-5. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003)
Elamo-Dravidian_languages
Possible name of an Indus Valley Civilization deity
Ahmuvan has been suggested as the name of an Indus Valley Civilization deity. The deity is pictured on Indus Valley tablets as an elongated anthropomorphic
Ahmuvan
Paintings, often prehistoric, on cave walls and ceilings
"Sarasvati River Indus Script Ancient Village Or". Scribd.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2012-08-17. "Symbols akin to Indus valley culture
Cave_painting
Form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies
Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. E.J. Brill. p. 133. ISBN 978-81-204-0491-5. Avari, Burjor (2007). India
Chiefdom
Migrations of Indo-Aryans into the Indian subcontinent
admixture of Iranian Farmer ancestry. The Indus Periphery Cline, associated with the population of the Indus Valley Civilisation, had a majority of Iranian
Indo-Aryan_migrations
Blood sport between domesticated roosters
culture of the Indus Valley (2500–2100 BC) may have been the main source of diffusion throughout the world." Also, "Within the Indus Valley, indications
Cockfighting
travel, tourism, insurance
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