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Economic function
economics, a consumer's indirect utility function v ( p , w ) {\displaystyle v(p,w)} gives the consumer's maximal attainable utility when faced with a vector
Indirect_utility_function
Economics theorem
(Marshallian) demand function to the derivatives of the indirect utility function. Specifically, denoting the indirect utility function as v ( p , w ) , {\displaystyle
Roy's_identity
Concept in economics and decision theory
normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance
Utility
Economic formula of productivity
demand. The indirect utility function can be calculated by substituting the demands x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} into the utility function. Define the constant
Cobb–Douglas production function
Cobb–Douglas_production_function
Economic measure of utility change
u^{1}} are the old and new utility levels respectively. The CV can also be written in terms of the indirect utility function, v ( p , w ) {\displaystyle
Compensating_variation
the expenditure function represents the minimum amount of expenditure needed to achieve a given level of utility, given a utility function and the prices
Expenditure_function
Function linear in one argument, used in economics and consumer theory
quasilinear utility functions are linear in one argument, generally the numeraire. Quasilinear preferences can be represented by the utility function u ( x
Quasilinear_utility
Consumer preferences property
lifetime. The indirect utility function is a function of commodity prices and the consumer's income or budget. Indirect utility function v(p, w) where
Local_nonsatiation
form for indirect utility functions in economics. Standard consumer theory is developed for a single consumer. The consumer has a utility function, from
Gorman_polar_form
Maximized objective function of an optimization problem
equivalent to the indirect utility function. In a problem of optimal control, the value function is defined as the supremum of the objective function taken over
Value_function
Equation in economics
utility level u {\displaystyle u} given by maximizing utility at the original price and income, formally presented by the indirect utility function v
Slutsky_equation
Characteristic in consumer theory
curve for each good is linear. Furthermore, the indirect utility function can be written as a linear function of wealth w {\displaystyle w} : v ( p x , p
Homothetic_preferences
Concept in economics
substitution (CES) is a common specification of many production functions and utility functions in neoclassical economics. CES holds that the ability to substitute
Constant elasticity of substitution
Constant_elasticity_of_substitution
Concept in microeconomics
} where v ( p , w ) {\displaystyle v(p,w)} is the indirect utility function (which gives the utility level of having a given wealth under a fixed price
Hicksian_demand_function
Economic model of monopolistic competition
x_{i}^{m}(\mathbf {p} ,M)={\frac {M}{Np}}} From this we can see that the indirect utility function will have the form v ( p , x i m ) = ( ∑ i = 1 N ( M N p ) σ −
Dixit–Stiglitz_model
Costs that are not directly accountable to a cost object
Indirect costs are costs that are not directly accountable to a cost object (such as a particular project, facility, function or product). Like direct
Indirect_costs
Lemma
which gives a relationship between an indirect utility function and a corresponding Marshallian demand function. Hotelling's lemma Convex preferences
Shephard's_lemma
Provides conditions for a parametric optimization problem to have continuous solutions
) = v ( p , w ) {\displaystyle f^{*}(\theta )=v(p,w)} is the indirect utility function and C ∗ ( θ ) = x ( p , w ) {\displaystyle C^{*}(\theta )=x(p
Maximum_theorem
by but endogenous to the price. Equivalently, in terms of the indirect utility function ( v ( ⋅ , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle v(\cdot ,\cdot )} ), v ( p 0 , w
Equivalent_variation
Economic theorem
consumption of land to maximize utility while subject to a budget constraint. The associated indirect utility function is: V(x)=V(R(x),Y−tx), where R(x)
Henry_George_theorem
Problem in microeconomics
integrability of demand functions deals with recovering a utility function (that is, consumer preferences) from a given walrasian demand function. The "integrability"
Integrability_of_demand
Term in economics
marginal utility per unit of income from spending his additional income on either good. Holding prices fixed, if we define the indirect utility function as
Shadow_price
Economic concept
decisions to maximise their utility. While utility maximisation was not a controversial assumption, the underlying utility functions could not be measured with
Revealed_preference
under the umbrella of indirect procurement are commonly bought for consumption by internal stakeholders (business units or functions) rather than the external
Indirect_procurement
Function that ranks states of society according to their desirability
choice theory, a social welfare function—also called a social ordering, ranking, utility, or choice function—is a function that ranks a set of social states
Social_welfare_function
Condition in monotone comparative statics
^{i})\implies W(q;\alpha ^{i'})\geq W(q';\alpha ^{i'})} where W is the indirect utility function. An important result extends the median voter theorem, which states
Single-crossing_condition
Methodology for creation of markets
substitutes preferences: Goods are substitutes if and only if the indirect utility function is submodular. Ausubel and Milgrom (2006a, 2006b) exposit and
Market_design
Economic price index
that uses an expenditure function such as one used in assessing expected compensating variation. The expected indirect utility is equated in both periods
Cost-of-living_index
Aspect of sociology and behavior
theory of utility function and establish the hypothesis of altruism model. Becker argues that the donor's utility function includes the utility of potential
Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans
Functional programming language
it was called LiveScript before the official release.) LiveScript is an indirect descendant of CoffeeScript. The following "Hello, World!" program is written
LiveScript (programming language)
LiveScript_(programming_language)
Transfer of procurement activities
activity on specific area(s) like indirect materials and services. - Consider Procurement as a non strategic / core function and want to have it managed by
Procurement_outsourcing
American statistician
Must. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-63283-4. Loss function Friedman–Savage utility function Friedman, Milton; Friedman, Rose (1998). Two Lucky People:
Leonard_Jimmie_Savage
Instruction for x86 microprocessors
obtain extended function information CPUID should be called with the most significant bit of EAX set. To determine the highest extended function calling parameter
CPUID
utility functions of divisible goods. These functions are commonly used as examples in consumer theory. The functions are ordinal utility functions,
Utility functions on divisible goods
Utility_functions_on_divisible_goods
Abstract model of computation
very similar to the counter machine but with the added capability of 'indirect addressing' of its registers. The 'registers' are intuitively equivalent
Random-access_machine
Clause relationships in linguistics
grammatical functions from traditional grammar are subject, direct object, and indirect object. In recent times, the syntactic functions (more generally
Grammatical_relation
Health economics model
time. In the model, health enters the utility function directly as a good people derive pleasure from and indirectly as an investment which makes more healthy
Grossman model of health demand
Grossman_model_of_health_demand
Economics concept of goods considered interchangeable
quantity), the higher level of utility will be achieved, see figure 3. Perfect substitutes have a linear utility function and a constant marginal rate of
Substitute_goods
Ongoing expense of operating a business
Administrative overheads include items such as utilities, strategic planning, and various supporting functions. These costs are treated as overheads due to
Overhead_(business)
Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior
yielded indirect evidence that the frontal cortex and sensory regions communicate during a variety of processes thought to engage executive functions, such
Executive_functions
Increasing value with increasing participation
effect). Network effects can be direct or indirect. Direct network effects arise when a given user's utility increases with the number of other users of
Network_effect
View of social media
marketplace. Public utility regulation for social media has been largely criticized because people believe it would produce undesirable and indirect effects. However
Social media as a public utility
Social_media_as_a_public_utility
Theorem of public economics
theorem of public economics. It implies that no indirect taxes need to be employed where the utility function is separable between labor and all commodities
Atkinson–Stiglitz_theorem
Means by which a person dies by suicide
like drugs. Indirect suicide is the act of setting out on an obviously fatal course without directly carrying out the act upon oneself. Indirect suicide is
Suicide_methods
Centralized heat distribution system
Renewable Energy Utility. City of Edmonton. Retrieved 2020-09-24. Riebe, Natasha (November 1, 2019). "Blatchford renewable energy utility ready to go". CBC
District_heating
Theorem in mathematics and economics
profit function, and Theorem 2 implies the producer surplus formula. Formally, let π ( p ) {\displaystyle \pi \left(p\right)} denote the indirect profit
Envelope_theorem
Theory by Vilfredo Pareto
rentier group, Class II residues. ... The two groups perform functions of differing utility in society. The [speculator] group is primarily responsible
Circulation_of_elites
Book by Thorstein Veblen
economics and sociology, and a critique of conspicuous consumption as a function of social class and of consumerism, which are social activities derived
The Theory of the Leisure Class
The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class
distance-based utility assumes that all players’ utility functions are alike and it takes into account only the benefits from indirect links that depend
Strategic_network_formation
"Do nothing" program on IBM mainframes
IEFBR14 is a utility program that runs on mainframe computers from IBM. It runs in all mainframe environments derived from OS/360, including z/OS. It
IEFBR14
Lost economic efficiency
form of indirect tax. Indirect tax (VAT), weighs on the consumer, is not a cause of loss of surplus for the producer, but affects consumer utility and leads
Deadweight_loss
Device that cools air through the evaporation of water
Administration. "Functions". ASHRAE Technical Committee 5.7. Archived from the original on 2026-03-10. Retrieved 2026-02-12. Indirect Evaporative Cooler
Evaporative_cooler
Metabolism in resting mammals
most, if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry
Resting_metabolic_rate
Category of allowable patent claim
the four principal categories of things that may be patented through "utility patents". The other three are a machine, an article of manufacture (also
Method_(patent)
Philippine public land transportation government agency
regulating public vehicles such as Public Utility Buses (PUBs), Mini-buses, Public Utility Jeepneys (PUJs), Utility Vehicle (UV) Express Services, Filcab
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
Land_Transportation_Franchising_and_Regulatory_Board
Market structure in which firms are price takers for a homogeneous product
allocated as to yield the same indirect marginal utility in all uses, a basic efficiency condition (if this indirect marginal utility were higher in one use than
Perfect_competition
Equipment of the Chilean Army
equipment of the Chilean Army currently in use. It includes firearms, indirect fire weapons, military vehicles, aircraft and watercraft. List of current
List of current equipment of the Chilean Army
List_of_current_equipment_of_the_Chilean_Army
Mathematical concept
the utility function method, lexicographic method, and goal programming. The utility function method assumes the decision maker's utility function is available
Multi-objective_optimization
rheinmetall.ca. Retrieved 2020-08-09. "RFI Indirect Fires Modernization IFM [DDR Modernisation des Feux Indirect MFI]". service.ariba.com. Archived from
List of equipment of the Canadian Armed Forces
List_of_equipment_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces
Dialect of the BASIC programming language
CMPLX(X,Y) function, while REAL(I) and IMAG(I) extracted the real and imaginary parts, respectively, into singles. A small number of additional utility functions
SUPER_BASIC
Engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort
electrical switch. Many functions once controlled with levers have been replaced with some model of electrical switch with the rise of indirect computer controlling
Tractor
Minimum price a seller is willing to accept for one unit of their product
for different hypothetical scenarios. Let u(w, x) be an individual's utility function, where w is the person's wealth and x is a dummy variable that takes
Willingness_to_accept
Mental process dealing with knowledge
with the world. Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function. Perception organizes and interprets sensory information, such as light
Cognition
Large-scale photovoltaic system
solar power because they supply power at the utility level, rather than to a local user or users. Utility-scale solar is sometimes used to describe this
Photovoltaic_power_station
Price index in economics
Törnqvist index procedure "is exact for" the translog production or utility function. For this reason, the term translog index is sometimes used for a Törnqvist
Törnqvist_index
Behavior of individuals and firms
solution to the utility maximization problem exists. Economists call the solution to the utility maximization problem a Walrasian demand function or correspondence
Microeconomics
Disruption of cognitive control processes
underlying executive function includes both a direct and an indirect circuit. The neural circuit responsible for executive functioning is, in fact, located
Executive_dysfunction
Networking equipment vendor
distributors, VARs, and system integrators around the world provide an active indirect channel.[citation needed] Its US headquarters was opened in 1999 and its
Ceragon
Local civic body in Veraval, Gujarat, India
the princely state of Junagadh in the Kathiawar region, which functioned under indirect British rule. Administration in Junagadh State was carried out
Veraval_Municipal_Council
Command language adopted by several operating systems (OSs)
defined via CLD files; these are compiled by the CDU, the Command Definition Utility, and added to a DCL 'table' — SYS$LIBRARY:DCLTABLES.EXE by default, although
DIGITAL_Command_Language
Semi-automatic pistol 11.43×23 mm/.45 ACP Used by personnel who perform functions as members of security units. IWI Jericho 941 IL Semi-automatic pistol
List of current equipment of the Chilean Navy
List_of_current_equipment_of_the_Chilean_Navy
User-definable variable associated with each running process in many operating systems
"unset - unset values and attributes of variables and functions – ". Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification - The Open Group
Environment_variable
Field of engineering
it reduces to a constrained utility-maximization problem. (This second equivalence arises because the utility of a function can always be written as the
Multidisciplinary design optimization
Multidisciplinary_design_optimization
exchange of goods and services. Money is a means of fulfilling these functions indirectly and in general rather than directly, as with barter. Money may take
History_of_money
Game-theoretic concept
impacts both his own utility and the sender's utility. The decision of S regarding the content of m is based on maximizing his utility, given what he expects
Cheap_talk
Operations research that evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision making
which exist for eliciting linear additive utility functions and multiplicative nonlinear utility functions, may be used (Keeney and Raiffa, 1976). Another
Multiple-criteria decision analysis
Multiple-criteria_decision_analysis
Converting wastewater into water that can be reused for other purposes
blackwater separately from greywater. Indirect potable reuse (IPR) means the water is delivered to the consumer indirectly. After it is purified, the reused
Reclaimed_water
Function in a programming language, which evaluates a string
expression. The function is handy for converting numeric strings to numeric internal form. The eval can also be used as a crude form of indirection, as in the
Eval
Interpreted byte-code instruction set
used by the core BASIC code, but was later used to implement several utilities. Notable among these was the line renumbering routine, which was included
SWEET16
Science and art of organizing a military force and techniques
battlefield functions which are closely related – kinetic or firepower, mobility, protection or security, and shock action. Tactics are a separate function from
Military_tactics
Subcategory of welfare economics
little distinguished from maximization of all individual utility functions or a social welfare function. As to the latter, Paul Samuelson (1947), expanding
Economic_justice
JavaScript library for building user interfaces
React are through function components and class components. Since React v16.8, using function components is the recommended way. Function components, announced
React_(software)
Extension to the X Window System core protocol
window provided by the X Window System. GLX distinguishes two "states": indirect state and direct state. Silicon Graphics developed GLX as part of their
GLX
United States Navy program
to directly engage enemy targets with depth charges or torpedoes, or indirectly engage the enemy by coordinating fleet assets on site. A Mk II version
Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System
Light_Airborne_Multi-Purpose_System
Type of cost analysis software
measured quantities are the basis for calculation of the direct cost. Indirect costs and profit are added to arrive at a total amount. Cost estimators
Construction estimating software
Construction_estimating_software
optical day channel, target location capabilities and digital reporting functions) – SysPi SpezKr System Pistole Spezialkräfte – Germany Tactical light
Future equipment of the German Army
Future_equipment_of_the_German_Army
State of knowing or noticing something
artificial awareness. To measure awareness, researchers typically use indirect evidence because awareness cannot be directly observed from a third-person
Awareness
Process by which litigation is achieved
outcome. Litigation strategies are either primarily direct or primarily indirect, though they usually include elements of both. In litigation, direct strategies
Litigation_strategy
Reproductively viable female worker ant
the selection of future gamergates and are thus able to increase their indirect fitness. There is much variation in the social structure of ant colonies
Gamergate_(ant)
Standard library for the C programming language
declared in a number of header files. Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions, and macros. An implementation of a
C_standard_library
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
log() function present in most browsers for standard text output. The JavaScript standard library lacks an official standard text output function (with
JavaScript_syntax
Process of using materials to produce something
output will be a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. The area of economics that focuses on production is called
Production_(economics)
methods are used to introduce randomness. aggregate function In database management, a function in which the values of multiple rows are grouped together
Glossary_of_computer_science
Expression of dissatisfaction
purpose of the study it was used in, however, its utility as a general model is limited to only indirect complaints (complaints addressed to a non-present
Complaining
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
optimal if there is no other feasible allocation {x1′,…,xn′} where, for utility function ui for each agent i, ui(xi′)≥ui(xi) for all i∈{1,…,n} with ui(xi′)>ui(xi)
Pareto_efficiency
Source code that alters its instructions to the hardware while executing
circuit boards). Alteration of program entry pointers is an equivalent indirect method of self-modification, but requiring the co-existence of one or more
Self-modifying_code
delivered from 1985 to 2000. Utility vehicles Wolf Mercedes-Benz 250 GD West Germany Germany Austria Utility vehicle – Main utility vehicle in operation with
List of modern equipment of the German Army
List_of_modern_equipment_of_the_German_Army
Method in chemical engineering
process data is represented as a set of energy flows, or streams, as a function of heat load (product of specific enthalpy and mass flow rate; SI unit
Pinch_analysis
Microsoft's implementation of the shared library concept in Windows and OS/2
susceptible to this vulnerability. Dependency Walker, a utility which displays exported and imported functions of DLL and EXE files Dynamic library Library (computing)
Dynamic-link_library
Acquisition of goods and services
activities are also often divided into two distinct categories, direct and indirect spend. Direct spend refers to the production-related procurement that encompasses
Procurement
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance