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Clause relationships in linguistics
In linguistics, grammatical relations (also called grammatical functions, grammatical roles, or syntactic functions) are functional relationships between
Grammatical_relation
Property of items within the grammar of a language
are part of the language's grammatical structure. Grammatical relation Grammeme Syntax Joan Bybee "Irrealis" as a Grammatical Category. Anthropological
Grammatical_category
Linguistic system of noun classification
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not
Grammatical_gender
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
language considers the set of possible grammatical relations in a language or in general and how they behave in relation to one another in the morphosyntactic
Syntax
Topics referred to by the same term
Kathryn Williams Grammatical relation, a functional relationship between constituents in a clause. Relate (disambiguation) Relationism (disambiguation)
Relation
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential
Grammatical_case
Words supplying mainly grammatical information, rather than content information
qualities Grammaticalization, process by which words representing objects and actions transform to become grammatical markers Grammatical relation Rudolf
Function_word
Grammatical category distinguishing between speakers, listeners, and others
In linguistics, a grammatical person distinguishes between deictic references to one or more participants in an event. Typically, the distinction is between
Grammatical_person
Grammatical category expressing how a verb extends over time
In linguistics, aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how a verbal action, event, or state, extends over time. For instance, perfective aspect
Grammatical_aspect
Structural rules of a language
earliest grammatical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Ibn Barun in the 12th century, compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition
Grammar
Topics referred to by the same term
purported paranormal effects Operation, a word which represents a grammatical relation (i.e., function) or instruction, rather than a term or name Operation
Operation
This is a list of grammatical cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension. This list will mark the case, when it is
List_of_grammatical_cases
Grammatical category for verbs
gapless passives. In possessive passives, the grammatical subject stands in a canonical possessive relation with the direct object and in gapless passives
Voice_(grammar)
Contextual alterations of verbs
hundreds of possible conjugations for every verb. Verbs may inflect for grammatical categories such as person, number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood
Grammatical_conjugation
Use of grammar in a language to express number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature, in many languages, of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions
Grammatical_number
Process of words becoming part of a language grammar
Grammaticalization (also known as grammatization or grammaticization) is a linguistic process in which words change from representing objects or actions
Grammaticalization
Grammatical number
(sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, pl., or pl), is one of the values of the grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity
Plural
Type of marking in linguistics
2024-05-18 at the Wayback Machine Sarvasy, Hannah S. (2017-01-01). Grammatical Relation-Marking Postpositions. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-34010-7. Abondolo, Daniel
Pertensive
Concept in grammar
Korean, where they are used to mark nouns according to their grammatical case or thematic relation in a sentence or clause. Linguistic analyses describe them
Grammatical_particle
Grammatical feature of verbs
In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. In other words, it is the use of verbal inflections that
Grammatical_mood
Icelandic post-rock band
syllables containing non-lexical vocables and phonemes. There is no grammatical relation between or among syllables, nor are they accompanied by clearly defined
Sigur_Rós
Semantic way in which a verb is structured in relation to time
Lexical aspect differs from grammatical aspect in that it is an inherent semantic property of a predicate, while grammatical aspect is a syntactic or morphological
Lexical_aspect
Linguistic term
entire lifespan. Stage-level predicates can occur in a wide range of grammatical constructions and are probably the most versatile kind of predicate.
Predicate_(grammar)
Grammatical category indicating truth or falsehood
that it is not true that Joe is currently located near the speaker. The grammatical category associated with affirmatives and negatives is called polarity
Affirmation_and_negation
Grammatical category which conveys surprise
linguistics, mirativity, initially proposed by Scott DeLancey, is a grammatical category in a language, independent of evidentiality, that encodes the
Mirativity
Type of grammar based on constituent entities
grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars. In 1956, Chomsky wrote, "A
Phrase_structure_grammar
Expression of time reference in grammar
understood as a category that expresses (grammaticalizes) time reference; namely one which, using grammatical means, places a state or action at a time
Grammatical_tense
Linguistic theory giving noun phrases semantic roles
prominent thematic relation with which they are associated. Different theoretical approaches often closely tie different grammatical relations of subject
Thematic_relation
Cause or initiator of an event
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event. The agent is a semantic concept distinct from the subject
Agent_(grammar)
Grammatical number in addition to singular and plural
Dual (abbreviated du) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural. When a noun or pronoun appears in dual form
Dual_(grammatical_number)
Syntactic theory
relational grammar (RG) is a syntactic theory which argues that primitive grammatical relations provide the ideal means to state syntactic rules in universal
Relational_grammar
Semantic feature of noun phrases in linguistics
between grammatical definiteness and cognitive identifiability has the advantage of enabling us to distinguish between a discrete (grammatical) and a non-discrete
Definiteness
Grammatical unit
A tagmeme is the smallest functional element in the grammatical structure of a language. The term was introduced in the 1930s by the linguist Leonard
Tagmeme
All Slavic languages distinguish between at least two kinds of grammatical aspect: the imperfective aspect and the perfective aspect. While usage varies
Grammatical aspect in the Slavic languages
Grammatical_aspect_in_the_Slavic_languages
Basic elements of language
which are used to mark noun phrases according to their grammatical function or thematic relation, which English marks using word order or prosody. It is
Word
Grammatical category for new or contrastive information
In linguistics, focus (abbreviated foc) is a grammatical category that conveys the part of the sentence that contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive
Focus_(linguistics)
others. A word sketch triple is a triple consisting of headword, grammatical relation, collocation (e.g. man, modifier, young). Considering an underlying
Word_sketch
Structured system of communication
this in a different manner. Languages can be classified in relation to their grammatical types. Languages that belong to different families nonetheless
Language
Terms describing information structure in linguistics
depends on the specific grammatical theory that is used to analyze the sentence. The topic of a sentence is distinct from the grammatical subject. The topic
Topic_and_comment
State of standing out as unusual
grammatical, and semantic oppositions, such as honest (unmarked) as opposed to dishonest (marked). The term derives from the marking of a grammatical
Markedness
Grammatical concept
oblique arguments, thus including other arguments not covered by core grammatical roles, such as those governed by case morphology (as in languages such
Object_(grammar)
Linguistic notion of claims' support
An evidential (also verificational or validational) is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality. Languages
Evidentiality
Part of a sentence
in John – I can't stand him!, then 'John' is not considered to be the grammatical subject, but can be described as the topic of the sentence. While these
Subject_(grammar)
Linguistic category of nouns
designations are often clearly conventional. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but others consider these different
Noun_class
Linguistic terminology
lexical mechanism, but adjuncts are attached using general (non-lexical) grammatical knowledge that is represented as phrase structure rules or the equivalent
Argument_(linguistics)
Semantic role
the patient is declined for case or otherwise marked to indicate its grammatical role. In Japanese, for instance, the patient is typically affixed with
Patient_(grammar)
Symbol representing a property or relation in logic
The term derives from the grammatical term "predicate", meaning a word or phrase that represents a property or relation. In the semantics of logic,
Predicate_(logic)
Inflection of words according to number, gender, and/or case
gender (e.g. masculine, feminine, or neuter), and a number of other grammatical categories. Inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation. Declension
Declension
have them as part of a grammatical gender system, a system of agreement where most or all nouns have a value for this grammatical category. A few languages
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns
Process of word formation, by alteration to express grammatical categories
process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender
Inflection
Grammatical tense denoting a past event
historic, or (particularly in the Greek grammatical tradition) the aorist. When the term preterite is used in relation to specific languages, it may not correspond
Preterite
Type of synthetic language
together morphemes (word parts)—each typically representing a single grammatical meaning—without significant modification to their forms (agglutinations)
Agglutinative_language
Request for information
Questions are sometimes distinguished from interrogatives, which are the grammatical forms, typically used to express them. Rhetorical questions, for instance
Question
Grammatical number
collective number (abbreviated sgv and col) are terms used when the grammatical number for multiple items is the unmarked form of a noun, and the noun
Singulative_number
Any characteristic used to classify a phoneme or word
such as "noun", "verb", "adjective", and so on. These word classes have grammatical features (also called categories or inflectional categories), which can
Feature_(linguistics)
Type of grammatical construction
construction or genitival construction is a type of grammatical construction used to express a relation between two nouns such as the possession of one by
Genitive_construction
Property regarding whether a lexical item denotes a transitive object
"Linguaggio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". Michael, Ian (2010-06-10). English Grammatical Categories: And the Tradition to 1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521143264
Transitivity_(grammar)
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
This article lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing of oral languages in English. The list
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Lack of requirement for morphological agreement with respect to gender in some languages
language is a natural or constructed language that has no distinctions of grammatical gender—that is, no categories requiring morphological agreement between
Gender neutrality in genderless languages
Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages
Grammatical category
Associated motion is a grammatical category whose main function is to associate a motion component to the event expressed by the verbal root. This category
Associated_motion
Geographic areas of indigenous languages
postpositional phrases, in which the whole sequence has only one grammatical relation in the sentence) extensive use of particles that are phrasal subconstituents
Linguistic areas of the Americas
Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas
Word consisting of two words
278–281. Example provided by Elisa Mattiello's chapter "Blends" (of Extra-grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related
Portmanteau
Linguistic phenomenon whereby a language allows multiple cases suffixed on the same head
phenomenon whereby a single word may bear multiple cases reflecting its relation to a number of different syntactic elements. It is important in the development
Suffixaufnahme
Grammatical case
nom), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject
Nominative_case
Linguistic encoding of personal knowledge
In linguistics, egophoricity refers to a grammatical category that marks one's personal involvement in an event. In languages with this category, an egophoric
Egophoricity
Grammatical aspect of the Japanese Kagoshima dialects
to the end of nouns, verbs or adjectives and help indicate their grammatical relation within a phrase, clause or sentence. To illustrate, the following
Particles of the Kagoshima dialects
Particles_of_the_Kagoshima_dialects
Social status and privilege as a grammatical function in many languages
In linguistics, an honorific (abbreviated hon) is a grammatical or morphosyntactic form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of
Honorifics_(linguistics)
Grammatical case denoting accompaniment
Hungarian. Grammatical case is a category of inflectional morphology. The comitative case is an expression of the comitative semantic relation through inflectional
Comitative_case
Morphological feature marking the gender of the addresee
gender of an addressee is marked overtly in an utterance using fully grammaticalized markers even if the addressee is not referred to in the utterance.
Allocutive_agreement
arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar
Language_and_the_euro
Extinct Eskimo–Aleut language
more grammatical cases. The table illustrates also why Sirenik language is treated as agglutinative (rather than fusional). There is no grammatical gender
Sirenik_language
Class of modern grammatical theories
is a class of modern grammatical theories that are all based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the constituency relation of phrase structure)
Dependency_grammar
Feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages
to the next. Comparatives are often used with a conjunction or other grammatical means to indicate to what the comparison is being made, as with than
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees_of_comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs
Element of Japanese language
allows verbs to be morphologically modified to change their meaning or grammatical function. In Japanese, the beginning of a word (the stem) is preserved
Japanese conjugation (mizenkei base)
Japanese_conjugation_(mizenkei_base)
Grammatical case
In grammar, the instrumental case (abbreviated ins or instr) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with
Instrumental_case
American linguist (born 1945)
emerita at the University of New Mexico. Much of her work concerns grammaticalization, stochastics, modality, morphology, and phonology. Bybee is best known
Joan_Bybee
Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns
Animacy (antonym: inanimacy) is a grammatical and semantic feature, existing in some languages, expressing how sentient or alive the referent of a noun
Animacy
State of being limited or ended
in size, while in linguistics, a verb is finite if it is limited by grammatical features such as tense, person, and number, which definition allows it
Finiteness
Study of words and their formation
are the smallest units in a language with some independent meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes include roots that can exist as words by themselves
Morphology_(linguistics)
Grammar framework in theoretical linguistics
representation of word order and constituency, and a representation of grammatical functions such as subject and object, similar to dependency grammar.
Lexical_functional_grammar
Pattern relating to the subject and object of verbs
the agent of a transitive verb. In ergative–absolutive languages with grammatical case, the ergative case refers to the marking of agents of transitive
Ergative–absolutive_alignment
Grammatical system of a language that covers the expression of tense, aspect, and mood
tense–modality–aspect (abbreviated as TMA) is an important group of grammatical categories, which are marked in different ways by different languages
Tense–aspect–mood
Grammatical use indicating possession
possessivus; Ancient Greek: κτητικός, romanized: ktētikós) is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense
Possessive
Germanic language spoken from the 8th to 12th centuries
fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three grammatical numbers (singular, plural
Old_Saxon
Branch of linguistics
languages or their grammatical features based on formal similarities rather than historic descendence. The issue of genealogical relation is however relevant
Linguistic_typology
Incest - sexual relations between close relatives - as described in the Bible
and his own daughter is not explicitly prohibited. Although the first relation mentioned after the Levitical prohibition of sex with "near kin" names
Incest_in_the_Bible
Phrase that can be removed
In contrast, if a given constituent can be omitted without affecting grammaticality or core meaning, that constituent is an adjunct. E.g.: a. Fred certainly
Adjunct_(grammar)
Ancient Indian scholar(s)
actually, Patanjali (2nd century BCE), the forerunner among ancient grammatical commentators, "adopted an etymological and dialectical method of explaining
Patanjali
Word or phrase separable from adjacent syntax
linguistics, an absolute construction is a grammatical construction standing apart from a normal or usual syntactical relation with other words or sentence elements
Absolute_construction
Sentence with two or more simultaneous agents and patients
A reciprocal construction (abbreviated recp) is a grammatical pattern in which each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with
Reciprocal_construction
Morphological form of a noun
(modifying) noun which is marked. However, in Semitic languages with grammatical case, such as Classical Arabic, the modifying noun in a genitive construction
Construct_state
Pictorial representation of the grammatical structure of a sentence
A sentence diagram is a pictorial representation of the grammatical structure of a sentence. The term "sentence diagram" is used more when teaching written
Reed–Kellogg_sentence_diagram
Smallest meaningful unit in a language
the tense, aspect, mood, person, or number of a verb or the number, grammatical gender, or case of a noun, adjective, or pronoun without affecting the
Morpheme
Unadi-Sutras (Sanskrit उणादि-सूत्र uṇādi-sūtra-) are a group of texts in Indian grammatical tradition (Vyākaraṇa). They form an accessory to the Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight
Unadi-Sutras
Noun or noun phrase whose quantity is discrete and usually an integer
with quantificational determiners. The concept of a "mass noun" is a grammatical concept and is not based on the innate nature of the object to which
Count_noun
level is phonologically attested. Where two arcs share the same grammatical relation to the same root node, the one at the surface level erases the one
Arc_pair_grammar
Aspect of linguistics representing subordinate relationships between things
possessed. That means basically that in such languages, saying my sister is grammatically correct but not my land. Instead, one would have to use a circumlocution
Possession_(linguistics)
Experimental constructed language
ambiguity found in natural human languages. Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified
Ithkuil
Analysis of sentence structure
Grammatical features Related to nouns Animacy Case Dative construction Dative shift Quirky subject Nominative Comitative Instrumental Classifier Measure
Branching_(linguistics)
Totonacan language of central Mexico
such a reading is plausible, the mapping between Figure/Ground and grammatical relation is potentially reversible: Although the two sentence above differ
Upper_Necaxa_Totonac
travel, tourism, insurance
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sarvabandha | ஸரà¯à®µà®ªà®‚தா
Vimoktre detacher of all relationship
Sarvabandha | ஸரà¯à®µà®ªà®‚தா
Surname or Lastname
French
French : perhaps a variant of Parrain, relationship name from parrain ‘godfather’.English : possibly a variant of Parent.
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Showing Matching of Relationship
Girl/Female
Tamil
Bhandhavi | பாநà¯à®¤à®µà¯€
Who loves friends & family members, Friendship, Relationship
Bhandhavi | பாநà¯à®¤à®µà¯€
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Modern
Relationship
Boy/Male
Muslim
Of Husain, Nisba relation
Girl/Female
Indian
Who loves friends & family members, Friendship, Relationship
Surname or Lastname
North German
North German : probably from a derivative of Pille 1.Dutch : relationship name from Middle Dutch pil(le) ‘godchild’.English : possibly a variant of Pilling.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Relation
Boy/Male
Indian
Of Husain, Nisba relation
Boy/Male
Hindu
Vimoktre detacher of all relationship
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Messenger.German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a brazier, from an agent derivative of Middle High German messinc ‘brass’, German Messing, from Greek mossynoikos (khalkos) ‘Mossynoecan bronze’, named after the people of northeastern Asia Minor who first produced the alloy.German : habitational name from Mössingen in Baden-Württemberg (Messingen in the local dialect), which is recorded as Masginga in 789, probably from the personal name Masco + ingen, suffix of relationship.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Who loves friends & family members, Friendship, Relationship
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Feather.North German, Dutch, and Danish : from the Frisian personal name Vetter, meaning ‘relative’. Relationship terms were commonly used as personal names in Friesland.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Hick + Middle English maugh, mough ‘relative’ (from Old Norse mágr or Old English magu). The exact nature of the relationship is not clear; the Middle English word meant ‘relative by marriage’, but was also used occasionally of a female blood relation.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Brook, which preserves a trace of the Old English dative singular case, originally used after a preposition (e.g. ‘at the brook’).In 1650, Robert and Mary Mainwaring Brooke brought ten children and a number of servants with them from England to MD, where Robert became governor. Although the fourteen known contemporary Brooke immigrants in VA included Robert’s brothers Richard and Humphrey, the relationships of the others are unknown. Brooke family memorials remain in the Anglican church at Whitchurch, Hampshire, England.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Jasevaraj | ஜஸேவாராஜ
Heart of relation
Jasevaraj | ஜஸேவாராஜ
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Friendship; Good Relation
Girl/Female
Indian
Who loves friends & family members, Friendship, Relationship
Girl/Female
Muslim
Relation, Way, Sake
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
GRAMMATICAL RELATION
travel, tourism, insurance