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microeconomics, the expenditure function represents the minimum amount of expenditure needed to achieve a given level of utility, given a utility function and the
Expenditure_function
Economic model relating consumption and disposable income
In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income. The concept is believed to have been introduced
Consumption_function
Concept in microeconomics
Hicksian demand function (or compensated demand function) represents the quantity of a good demanded when the consumer minimizes expenditure while maintaining
Hicksian_demand_function
Lemma
choice. The lemma states that if indifference curves of the expenditure or cost function are convex, then the cost-minimizing point of a given good (
Shephard's_lemma
utility target while minimizing expenditure? This is answered by the Hicksian demand function. Formally, the expenditure function is defined as follows. Suppose
Expenditure minimization problem
Expenditure_minimization_problem
Economics theorem
utility function is differentiable in all arguments. Roy's identity is akin to the result that the price derivatives of the expenditure function give the
Roy's_identity
market, their income consumption curves and their Engel curves (expenditure as a function of income) should be parallel straight lines. This means that
Gorman_polar_form
The value of the equivalent variation is given in terms of the expenditure function ( e ( ⋅ , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle e(\cdot ,\cdot )} ) as E V = e ( p 0
Equivalent_variation
Compulsory contribution to state revenue
population, which results in a smaller infrastructure and social expenditure) function as tax havens by imposing minimal taxes on the personal income of
Tax
Economic price index
index. A Konüs index is a type of cost-of-living index that uses an expenditure function such as one used in assessing expected compensating variation. The
Cost-of-living_index
Economic measure of utility change
consumer welfare, valued at the changed prices. In terms of the expenditure function, e ( p , u ) {\displaystyle e(p,u)} , the compensating variation
Compensating_variation
US Government spending through the tax code
are a counterpart to direct expenditures, in that they both are forms of government spending. Tax expenditures function as subsidies for certain activities
Tax_expenditure
Concept in economics
aggregate-expenditure function: AE=AE0+bY,1>b>0, With the corresponding angle: θ=tan−1(b). Where AE is aggregate expenditures, AE0 is autonomous expenditures (injections)
Keynesian_cross
Economic formula of productivity
special case of the Gorman polar form. The expenditure function is the inverse of the indirect utility function: e ( p , u ) = ( 1 / K ) ∏ i = 1 n p i α
Cobb–Douglas production function
Cobb–Douglas_production_function
Problem in microeconomics
function. First, one recovers an expenditure function e ( p , u ) {\displaystyle e(p,u)} for the consumer. Then, with the properties of expenditure functions
Integrability_of_demand
Stone–Geary function reduces to the generalised Cobb–Douglas function. The Stone–Geary utility function gives rise to the Linear Expenditure System. In
Stone–Geary_utility_function
Irish government department
Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation. The department was established in July 2011, and took over the functions of
Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation
Department_of_Public_Expenditure,_Infrastructure,_Public_Service_Reform_and_Digitalisation
Concept in economics
+ y r ) 1 / r . {\displaystyle u(x,y)=(x^{r}+y^{r})^{1/r}.} The expenditure function in this case is: e ( p x , p y , u ) = ( p x r / ( r − 1 ) + p y
Constant elasticity of substitution
Constant_elasticity_of_substitution
Money spent to produce or procure goods or services
their applicability. In accounting, costs are the monetary value of expenditures for supplies, services, labor, products, equipment and other items purchased
Cost
Economic function
w^{0}),\quad i=1,\dots ,n.} The indirect utility function is the inverse of the expenditure function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every
Indirect_utility_function
Government consumptions, investments, and transfer payments
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments. In national income accounting, the acquisition
Government_spending
Equation in economics
u))} where e ( p , u ) {\displaystyle e(\mathbf {p} ,u)} is the expenditure function, and u is the utility obtained by maximizing utility given p and
Slutsky_equation
Consumer demand model
estimate. The AIDS model is based on a first specification of a cost/expenditure function c(u,p): log ( c ( u , p ) ) = α 0 + ∑ k α k log ( p k ) + 1 2
Almost_ideal_demand_system
Problem of allocation of money by consumers in order to most benefit themselves
the utility function and Marshallian demand in the utility maximization problem mirrors the relationship between the expenditure function and Hicksian
Utility_maximization_problem
Term in economics
⋅) are the demand functions, i.e. xi∗(p1,p2,m)=argmax{u(x1,x2) : p1x1+p2x2=m} for i=1,2. Now define the optimal expenditure function E(p1,p2,m)=p1x1∗(p1
Shadow_price
Irish government cabinet minister
The minister for public expenditure, infrastructure, public service reform and digitalisation (Irish: An tAire Caiteachais Phoiblí, Bonneagair, Athchóiriúcháin
Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation
Minister_for_Public_Expenditure,_Infrastructure,_Public_Service_Reform_and_Digitalisation
Concept in modern economics
with households, firms and a government. Households maximize a utility function u h ( x h , z h ) {\displaystyle u^{h}(x^{h},z^{h})} , where x h {\displaystyle
Invisible_hand
Rate of energy expenditure by an endotherm at rest
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time
Basal_metabolic_rate
Balance sheet or statement of estimated receipts and expenditures
change it if the client accepts the service. A budget expresses intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them with resources. A budget may
Budget
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
computational effort has been expended. Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part. The concept was first proposed by
Proof_of_work
2008 political scandal in Ireland
to foreign travel expenses, saying he was "never aware" of any excess expenditure. Rody Molloy is a career civil servant who was appointed as director
FÁS_expenses_scandal
Standing committee of the United States House of Representatives
originally the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, created in 1927 to consolidate 11 separate Committees on Expenditures that had previously
United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform
American anthropologist
metabolism, movement, digestion, reproduction, and immune function). Instead, energy expenditure increases with activity only up to a certain point, after
Herman_Pontzer
Income and expenditure from daily business
the revenue and expenditure generated from the daily business functions of the company. It concentrates on the operating expenditures — the cost of goods
Operating_budget
Consumption irrespective of income
transfer payments). Consumption (economics) Consumption function Dissaving "31.31: The Aggregate Expenditure Model". Economics - Theory Through Applications.
Autonomous_consumption
Metabolism in resting mammals
represents most, if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship
Resting_metabolic_rate
Branch of economics
the table pick "All financing schemes". Set "Function" menu to "Current expenditure on health (all functions)". Set "Provider" menu to "All providers".
Health_economics
Consumption that varies with income
“induced consumption”. In contrast, expenditures for autonomous consumption do not vary with income. For instance, expenditure on a consumable that is considered
Induced_consumption
Statistic to indicate the change in typical household expenditure
coverage of the index may be limited. Consumers' expenditure abroad is usually excluded; visitors' expenditure within the country may be excluded in principle
Consumer_price_index
Maynard Keynes to analyze the consumption function, which is a formula where total consumption expenditures (C) of a household consist of autonomous consumption
Average_propensity_to_consume
Empirical observation in economics that as income rises, less is spent on food
spent on food decreases, even though the total amount of food expenditure increases. Expenditure on housing and clothing remains proportionally the same, and
Engel's_law
Economic concept
imports, X − M. Thus investment is everything that remains of total expenditure after consumption, government spending, and net exports are subtracted
Investment_(macroeconomics)
13 May 1864 An Act to make Provision for equalizing the Revenue and Expenditure of the Aberbrothwick Harbour Trust; to enable the Trustees to borrow
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1864
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1864
Curve describing how household income varies with household expenditure
observation and the estimated expenditure level tends to increase dramatically. Engel curve and other demand function models still fail to explain most
Engel_curve
Topics referred to by the same term
combinational digital circuits Cost-minimization analysis, in pharmacoeconomics Expenditure minimization problem, in microeconomics Waste minimisation Harm reduction
Minimisation
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
micronutrient deficiencies and an imbalance of protein intake and energy expenditure. It differs from calorie restriction in that calorie restriction may
Malnutrition
Federal ministry in India
Economic Survey and works through six departments: Economic Affairs, Expenditure, Revenue, Financial Services, Investment and Public Asset Management
Ministry_of_Finance_(India)
contact at the biotech company, she admits that an aberration in lab expenditures one year was caused by a technician who had mad cow disease. While the
List_of_Traders_episodes
President of Brazil (2003–2011; since 2023)
decrease in government expenditures on both wages and on benefits paid to public employees, as well as a decrease in government expenditures on infrastructure
Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva
Chemical compound
supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance". Journal of the International Society
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine
(repealed) 10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. cxlvii 16 August 1920 An Act to regulate the expenditure on capital account and lending of money by the London County Council
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1920
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1920
Statistical model for censored regressands
mitigate the problem of zero-inflated data for observations of household expenditure on durable goods. Because Tobin's method can be easily extended to handle
Tobit_model
Economic theory by Adolph Wagner
the law of increasing state activity, is the observation that public expenditure increases as national income rises. It is named after the German economist
Wagner's_law
List of Irish ministers of state
Government of Ireland who performs duties and functions delegated by the minister for public expenditure, infrastructure, public service reform and digitalisation
Minister_of_State_at_the_Department_of_Public_Expenditure,_Infrastructure,_Public_Service_Reform_and_Digitalisation
Type of computing virtualization
Virtualization of network functions deployed on general purpose standardized hardware is expected to reduce capital and operational expenditures, and service and
Network function virtualization
Network_function_virtualization
Accounts of Great Britain to examine and audit Accounts of the Receipt and Expenditure of Colonial Revenues. (Repealed by Exchequer and Audit Departments Act
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1832
(repealed) 1 Edw. 8 & 1 Geo. 6. c. xlviii 1 July 1937 An Act to regulate the expenditure on capital account and lending of money by the London County Council
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1937
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1937
Consumer preferences property
preferences. Related to the indirect utility function are utility maximization problem (UMP) and expenditure minimization problem (EMP). The UMP considers
Local_nonsatiation
Projection of revenues and spending for a fiscal year
A government budget is a projection of the government's revenues and expenditure for a particular period, often referred to as a financial or fiscal year
Government_budget
Mass rapid transit line of Dhaka Metro
total of ৳6.20 crore (US$510,000) from MRT Line 6, though its total expenditure was ৳7.33 crore (US$600,000). On 19 June 2023, DMTCL paid ৳55.30 crore
MRT_Line_6
Physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate formation
energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of four minutes (e.g. a mile race) may still have considerable anaerobic energy expenditure. An example
Anaerobic_exercise
Goods that are neither complements nor substitutes
subject to the budget constraint that expenditure on the two goods cannot exceed income, gives rise to this demand function for good 1: X 1 = a m / p 1 , {\displaystyle
Independent_goods
1961 mobilization campaign in Brazil
against corruption, inflation control, reduction of the cost of living, expenditure restraint and public austerity. Under his influence, the National Democratic
Legality_Campaign
Function Description Projected Actual Expenditures Operating Expenditures Development Expenditures Expenditures 1 Parliament 131.1 131.1 —N/a 2 Office
2016_Malaysian_federal_budget
fractional change in import expenditure that occurs with a change in GDP. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to import (MPM) function is expressed as the
Marginal_propensity_to_import
Country primarily in Western Europe
military and the second most powerful in Europe. France's annual military expenditure in 2026 is US$65.3 billion, or 2.1% of its GDP, making it the eighth
France
Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania
in tourism since the 1980s. On research and development, government expenditure, private sector participation, and scientific publications per capita
Indonesia
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
sector faced many difficulties, among them the country's high military expenditure and hostile relations with the First World. In 1991, the Soviet Union
Soviet_Union
501(c)(3) organization based in Washington D.C.
consulting firm, was an inspiration for the 85 Fund to serve a similar function on the right. The secretary of The 85 Fund is Carrie Severino, who is the
The_85_Fund
Country in Southeastern Europe and West Asia
funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures. Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the
Turkey
Total market value of goods and services produced within a country
output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within
Gross_domestic_product
Practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher social status
such as: Compensatory financial transfers: Any kind of net financial expenditure, provisioning, or lifestyle support by a higher-earning or higher-resourced
Hypergamy
Socialist President in: The Brethren An obscure, strongly pro-defense expenditure congressman from Arizona, Lake is selected by Teddy Maynard, the director
List of fictional presidents of the United States (K–M)
List_of_fictional_presidents_of_the_United_States_(K–M)
Country in Southern and Western Europe
behind France, recording 94 million tourists. The international tourist expenditure in 2024 was around 126 billion euros. The headquarters of the World Tourism
Spain
Prime Minister of Poland (2007–2014; since 2023)
Europe's leading defence spender, allocating 4.7% of its GDP to military expenditure and significantly exceeding NATO's target threshold. Tusk emphasised
Donald_Tusk
Country in Central Europe
ranked 39th in the Global Innovation Index in 2025. In 2025, Poland's expenditure on research and development amounted to 1.50% of its GDP. There are hundreds
Poland
Island country in Southeast Asia
2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011. "International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Personnel". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 542–547. 2024
Singapore
2017 fatal fire in West London
total. Demolition began in September 2025. The Grenfell Tower Memorial (Expenditure) Act 2026 was passed to enable long-term government spending on a memorial
Grenfell_Tower_fire
greed of a prime minister, of a favorite, of a mistress, of foolish expenditures, and the prodigality of a King, which soon exhausted a bank and… undermined
Paris_in_the_18th_century
Country in East Asia
Taipei Times. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022. "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". SIPRI. Archived from the original on 3 May 2025. Retrieved
Taiwan
Price index in economics
index by dividing total expenditure each period by the quantity index so the resulting indexes multiply out to total expenditure. This approach, called
Törnqvist_index
Solar-cell architecture
sources cite 2018 benchmark). The majority of the increased operational expenditure is due to differences in metallisation technology, which was estimated
Heterojunction_solar_cell
that equilibrates the money market as a function of the independent variable income (which equals expenditure on an economy-wide basis in equilibrium)
Economic_graph
Physiological nature of sleep
neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions. Traditionally, sleep has been studied as part of psychology and medicine
Neuroscience_of_sleep
Total receipts a seller can obtain
the quantity of output sold, and P(Q) is the inverse demand function (the demand function solved out for price in terms of quantity demanded). Continuing
Total_revenue
Aspect of Germany's history
rank, familiar forms of business, and class-specific consumption of expenditure counted. In contrast, this group was skeptical of the rapid but risky
Industrialization_in_Germany
Purchasing of newly produced fixed capital
technology. Normally, a company balance sheet will state both the amount of expenditure on fixed assets during the quarter or year, and the total value of the
Fixed_investment
Parliamentary hearings
committees of the Australian Senate hold hearings to examine government expenditure. Hearings take place in committee rooms within Parliament House following
Australian_Senate_estimates
opportunities for waste, fraud, abuse, maladministration, and unauthorized expenditures for administration and execution of those Acts, and for other purposes;
List of acts of the 106th United States Congress
List_of_acts_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress
Country in Southern Africa
original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2013. "Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08". Hdrstats.undp.org. 4
South_Africa
Queen of France from 1774 to 1792
combination of factors: several expensive wars; a large royal family whose expenditures were paid for by the state; and an unwillingness on the part of most
Marie_Antoinette
Force resisting sliding motion
that frictional energy losses account for about 20% of the total energy expenditure of the world. There are many different contributors to the retarding
Friction
Combined military forces of the People's Republic of China
world. China's military expenditure was US$336 billion in 2024, accounting for 12 percent of the world's defence expenditures. It is also one of the fastest
People's_Liberation_Army
Constitutional body in India
followed by the political parties and candidates, and monitoring election expenditure. The Election Commission of India (ECI) was established as an independent
Election_Commission_of_India
broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military-related expenditures. It pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian
Military budget of the United States
Military_budget_of_the_United_States
Country in West Asia
with men (90%) significantly more literate than women (81%). Government expenditure on education is around 4% of GDP. The requirement to enter into higher
Iran
National military force of Australia
expanding the ADF and increasing real Defence expenditure by 3% per year; in the event, expenditure increased by 2.3% per annum in real terms in the
Australian_Defence_Force
Whole number
papyrus written around 1770 BC, a scribe recorded daily incomes and expenditures for the pharaoh's court, using the nfr hieroglyph to indicate cases where
0
Member of the British royal family (1961–1997)
from September 1996 onwards she was required to pay her bills and "any expenditure" incurred by her or on her behalf. Furthermore, she continued to have
Diana,_Princess_of_Wales
Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity
popularized to explain or perhaps attempt to quantify anaerobic energy expenditure, particularly as regards lactic acid/lactate metabolism; in fact, the
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Excess_post-exercise_oxygen_consumption
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EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
EXPENDITURE FUNCTION
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