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Concept in game theory
In combinatorial game theory, an impartial game is a game in which the allowable moves depend only on the position and not on which of the two players
Impartial_game
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
relation to the theory of impartial games, in which any play available to one player must be available to the other as well. One such game is Nim, which can be
Combinatorial_game_theory
Game of strategy
essentially says that every impartial game is equivalent (when regarded as a subgame of a larger impartial game) to a nim game with a single pile. Variants
Nim
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions. It has applications in many fields of social science, and is used extensively
Game_theory
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
game of chicken, also known as the hawk-dove game or snowdrift game, is a model of conflict for two players in game theory. The principle of the game
Chicken_(game)
Situation where total gains match total losses
Zero-sum game is a mathematical representation in game theory and economic theory of a situation that involves two competing entities, where the result
Zero-sum_game
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
A solved game is a game whose outcome (win, lose or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly. This
Solved_game
Combinatorial game theory theorem
combinatorial game theory, the Sprague–Grundy theorem states that every impartial game under the normal play convention is equivalent to a one-heap game of nim
Sprague–Grundy_theorem
Combinatorial game with asymmetric players
In combinatorial game theory, a game is partisan (sometimes partizan) if it is not impartial. That is, some moves are available to one player and not
Partisan_game
Hand game for two or more players
(sometimes called Splits, Calculator, or just Sticks)[citation needed] is a hand game for two or more players, in which players extend a number of fingers from
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
2 player paper and pencil game
sacrifices through earlier play. In combinatorial game theory, Dots and Boxes is an impartial game and many positions can be analyzed using Sprague–Grundy
Dots_and_boxes
Standard example in game theory
In game theory, the prisoner's dilemma is a thought experiment involving two rational agents, each of whom can either cooperate for mutual benefit or betray
Prisoner's_dilemma
Notion in combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory measures game complexity in several ways: State-space complexity (the number of legal game positions from the initial position) Game tree
Game_complexity
Game in economic experiments
The ultimatum game is a popular experimental economics game in which two players interact to decide how to divide a sum of money, first described by Nobel
Ultimatum_game
Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology. It defines a framework of contests, strategies, and
Evolutionary_game_theory
Experimental tool
psychology and economics, the dictator game is a popular experimental instrument that is a derivative of the ultimatum game. It involves a single decision by
Dictator_game
Two-player board game
different set for the other. It is therefore an impartial game. In 1998 Luc Goossens solved the game (i.e., showed what must occur if both players play
Quarto_(board_game)
Simple mathematical game
The pirate game is a simple mathematical game. It is a multi-player version of the ultimatum game. There are five rational pirates (in strict decreasing
Pirate_game
Mathematical game
Cram is a mathematical game played on a sheet of graph paper (or any type of grid). It is the impartial version of Domineering and the only difference
Cram_(game)
Game theory concept
In game theory, a Bayesian game is a strategic decision-making model which assumes players have incomplete information. Players may hold private information
Bayesian_game
Concept in game theory
In game theory, a focal point (or Schelling point) is a solution that people tend to choose by default in the absence of communication in order to avoid
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Game class in game theory
In game theory, a signaling game is a type of a dynamic Bayesian game. The essence of a signaling game is that one player takes action, the signal, to
Signaling_game
Simultaneous game found in game theory
A coordination game is a type of simultaneous game found in game theory. It describes the situation where a player will earn a higher payoff when they
Coordination_game
Field of economics and game theory
implementation theory or institution design) is a branch of economics and game theory. It studies how to construct rules—called mechanisms or institutions—that
Mechanism_design
Academic discipline
Quantum game theory is an extension of classical game theory to the quantum domain. It differs from classical game theory in three primary ways: Superposed
Quantum_game_theory
Game theory scenario
In game theory, a win–win game or win–win scenario is a situation that produces a mutually beneficial outcome for two or more parties. It is also called
Win–win_game
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns marking the spaces in a three-by-three grid
Tic-tac-toe
Experimental economics game
The public goods game is a standard of experimental economics. In the basic game, subjects secretly choose how many of their private tokens to put into
Public_goods_game
Game theory studies strategic interaction between individuals in situations called games. Classes of these games have been given names. This is a list
List_of_games_in_game_theory
Political model of international conflict resolution
Politics portal Two-level game theory is a political model, derived from game theory, that illustrates the domestic-international interactions between
Two-level_game_theory
Number used in combinatorial game theory
states that every impartial game is equivalent to a Nim heap of a certain size, nimbers arise in a much larger class of impartial games. They may also
Nimber
Game where groups of players may enforce cooperative behaviour
In game theory, a cooperative or coalitional game is a game with groups of players who form binding "coalitions" with external enforcement of cooperative
Cooperative_game_theory
Problem in process of sharing surplus
the bargaining procedure is modeled as a non-cooperative game. The most common form of such game is called sequential bargaining. A two-person bargain problem
Cooperative_bargaining
Concept in game theory
In cooperative game theory, the Shapley value is a method (solution concept) for fairly distributing the total gains or costs among a group of players
Shapley_value
Economic model
The Stackelberg leadership model is a strategic game in economics in which the leader firm moves first and then the follower firms move sequentially (hence
Stackelberg_competition
Game theory model of aggression
In game theory, the war of attrition is a dynamic timing game in which players choose a time to stop, and fundamentally trade off the strategic gains from
War_of_attrition_(game)
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
game theory Core concepts Combinatorial explosion Determinacy Disjunctive sum First-player and second-player win Game complexity Game tree Impartial game
Paradox_of_tolerance
In board games that cannot end in a draw, one of the two players has a winning strategy
In game theory, Zermelo's theorem is a theorem about finite two-person games of perfect information in which the players move alternately and in which
Zermelo's theorem (game theory)
Zermelo's_theorem_(game_theory)
Study of strategic decision making
Mean-field game theory is the study of strategic decision making by small interacting agents in very large populations. It lies at the intersection of game theory
Mean-field_game_theory
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
In game theory, a move, action, or play is any one of the options which a player can choose in a setting where the optimal outcome depends not only on
Strategy_(game_theory)
Two-player extensive form game
In game theory, the centipede game, first introduced by Robert Rosenthal in 1981, is an extensive form game in which two players take turns choosing either
Centipede_game
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
decision rule used in artificial intelligence, decision theory, combinatorial game theory, statistics, and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a
Minimax
Condition in economics and game theory
Perfect information is a concept in game theory and economics that describes a situation where all players in a game or all participants in a market have
Perfect_information
Conflict between safety and cooperation
In game theory, the stag hunt (also referred to as the assurance game, trust dilemma or common interest game) describes a situation or game where participants
Stag_hunt
Wide-ranging representation of a game in game theory
In game theory, an extensive-form game is a specification of a game allowing for the explicit representation of a number of key aspects, like the sequencing
Extensive-form_game
Representation of a game in game theory
In game theory, normal form is a description of a game. Unlike extensive form, normal-form representations are not graphical per se, but rather represent
Normal-form_game
Zero-sum game where competitions between strategies contain a cycle
An intransitive or non-transitive game is a zero-sum game in which pairwise competitions between the strategies contain a cycle. If strategy A beats strategy
Intransitive_game
Two-player coordination game in game theory
In game theory, the battle of the sexes is a two-player coordination game that also involves elements of conflict. The game was introduced in 1957 by R
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Economic model
choosing the quantity of goods to produce and sell in the market. The stage game is one such that there are no fixed costs and constant marginal cost M C
Cournot_competition
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
blow", first recorded in 1558. It is also a highly effective strategy in game theory. An agent using this strategy will first cooperate, then subsequently
Tit_for_tat
Economic model of competition
select its own price p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} .; Timing: Simultaneous move game; Firm Payoffs: Profit; and Information: Complete. Imagine an aggregate demand
Bertrand_competition
Game which may tie when both players play optimally
to a draw or every strategy in the game can be beaten by another strategy. Partisan game Impartial game Solved game Steinhaus, H. (1999). Mathematical
Futile_game
Search algorithm
version of alpha–beta was shown by Michael Saks and Avi Wigderson in 1986. A game tree can represent many two-player zero-sum games, such as chess, checkers
Alpha–beta_pruning
Finding an optimal algorithm for playing chess
for the game of chess; that is, one by which one of the players (White or Black) can always force either a victory or a draw (see solved game). It is
Solving_chess
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
game theory Core concepts Combinatorial explosion Determinacy Disjunctive sum First-player and second-player win Game complexity Game tree Impartial game
Amos_Tversky
In game theory, the outcome of a game is the ultimate result of a strategic interaction with one or more people, dependant on the choices made by all participants
Outcome_(game_theory)
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
heuristic Base rate fallacy Cognitive bias Conjunction fallacy Dictator game Framing (social sciences) Loss aversion Optimism bias Peak–end rule Planning
Daniel_Kahneman
Problem in game theory
The El Farol bar problem is a problem in game theory. Every Thursday night, a fixed population want to go have fun at the El Farol Bar, unless it's too
El_Farol_Bar_problem
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
In game theory, a Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain more by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies
Nash_equilibrium
Economic phenomenon
game theory Core concepts Combinatorial explosion Determinacy Disjunctive sum First-player and second-player win Game complexity Game tree Impartial game
Tyranny_of_small_decisions
Incomplete-information coordination game
In game theory, the electronic mail game is an example of an "almost common knowledge" incomplete information game. It illustrates the apparently paradoxical
Electronic_mail_game
Class of mathematical game
as a generalization of Nim, Kayles, and similar games. Octal games are impartial meaning that every move available to one player is also available to the
Octal_game
Concept in game theory
In game theory, an information set is the basis for decision making in a game, which includes the actions available to players and the potential outcomes
Information_set_(game_theory)
Subfield of set theory
Determinacy is a subfield of game theory and set theory that examines the conditions under which one or the other player of a game has a winning strategy,
Determinacy
Game that repeats a base game
In game theory, a repeated game (or iterated game) is an extensive form game that consists of a number of repetitions of some base game (called a stage
Repeated_game
Class of theorems about Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games
In game theory, folk theorems are a class of theorems describing an abundance of Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games (Friedman 1971). The
Folk_theorem_(game_theory)
Class of games where players choose their actions sequentially
In game theory, a sequential game is defined as a game where one player selects their action before others, and subsequent players are informed of that
Sequential_game
Game theory concept
In game theory and related fields, a game form, game frame, ruleset, or outcome function is the set of rules that govern a game and determine its outcome
Game_form
Resource distribution game
A Colonel Blotto game is a type of two-person constant sum game in which the players (officers) are tasked to simultaneously distribute limited resources
Blotto_game
Concept in economics and game theory
In economics and game theory, global games are games of incomplete information where players receive possibly-correlated signals of the underlying state
Global_game
Variation of minimax game tree search
form of minimax search that relies on the zero-sum property of a two-player game. This algorithm relies on the fact that min ( a , b ) = − max ( − b , −
Negamax
Quality of a strategy in game theory
In game theory, a strategy A dominates another strategy B if A will always produce a better result than B, regardless of how any other player plays. Some
Strategic_dominance
Paper and pencil game
tic-tac-toe is an impartial game similar to tic-tac-toe. However, in this game players can choose to place either X or O on each move. This game can also be
Wild_tic-tac-toe
Game whose payoffs depend on strategies as opposed to players
In game theory, a symmetric game is a game where the payoffs for playing a particular strategy depend only on the other strategies employed, not on who
Symmetric_game
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
foundational assumption in models of market behavior and rational choice. In game theory, Homo economicus is often (but not necessarily) modelled through the
Homo_economicus
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
resources are allocated in the most efficient way possible. In terms of game theory, a strategy profile s is Pareto efficient when there is no other strategy
Pareto_efficiency
Pen and paper game
Notakto is a tic-tac-toe variant, also known as neutral or impartial tic-tac-toe. The game is a combination of the games tic-tac-toe and Nim, played across
Notakto
Simple game studied in game theory
Matching pennies is a non-cooperative game studied in game theory. It is played between two players, Even and Odd. Each player has a penny and must secretly
Matching_pennies
Game with a dominant mutually most beneficial action
In game theory, Deadlock is a game where the action that is mutually most beneficial is also dominant. This provides a contrast to the Prisoner's Dilemma
Deadlock_(game_theory)
Set in game theory
In cooperative game theory, the core is the set of feasible allocations or imputations where no coalition of agents can benefit by breaking away from the
Core_(game_theory)
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
a relationship despite opposing wants and needs Thomas Schelling applied game theory to situations where the outcome is not zero-sum. Conflict is a contest
Conflict_resolution
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
framework of quantum physics, in the development of functional analysis, and in game theory, introducing or codifying concepts including cellular automata, the
John_von_Neumann
Game theory concept
In game theory, a subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE), or subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE), is a refinement of the Nash equilibrium concept, specifically
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Decrease in severity of conflicts
avoid behaviours that escalate conflict. De-escalation can be modelled with game theory. In psychiatric settings, de-escalation is aimed at calmly communicating
De-escalation
In game theory, asynchrony refers to a gameplay structure where interactions and decisions do not occur in uniformly timed rounds. Unlike synchronous systems
Asynchrony_(game_theory)
Hand game for two players or more
(also known by several other names and word orders) is an intransitive hand game, usually played between two people, in which each player simultaneously forms
Rock_paper_scissors
Concept in game theory
In game theory, a stochastic game (or Markov game) is a repeated game with probabilistic transitions played by one or more players. The game is played
Stochastic_game
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
utilised in difficult situations (e.g. chess). Both games, as defined by game theory economics, are finite games with perfect information, and therefore
Bounded_rationality
Game illustrating paradox in rational choice theory
The dollar auction is a non-zero sum sequential game explored by economist Martin Shubik to illustrate how a short-sighted approach to rational choice
Dollar_auction
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
experimental test of the influence of ambiguity on behaviour in a Battle of Sexes game which has an added safe strategy, R, available for Player 2 (see Table).
Ambiguity_aversion
Variant of Nash equilibrium in game theory
In game theory, trembling hand perfect equilibrium, or simply perfect equilibrium, is a type of refinement of a Nash equilibrium that was first proposed
Trembling hand perfect equilibrium
Trembling_hand_perfect_equilibrium
Two-person zero-sum game
A search game is a zero-sum game between at least one searcher and one or more immobile or mobile targets which takes place in a set called the search
Search_game
Situation where all parties are worse off
found in video gaming is a softlock, a scenario where the game remains playable (as opposed to a 'hard lock', which typically involves the game crashing or
No-win_situation
Game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice
The volunteer's dilemma is a game that models a situation in which each player can either make a small sacrifice that benefits everybody, or instead wait
Volunteer's_dilemma
Game class in game theory
A screening game is a two-player principal–agent type game used in economic and game theoretical modeling. Principal–agent problems are situations where
Screening_game
Concept in game theory
In game theory and economics, a mechanism is called incentive-compatible (IC) if every participant can achieve their own best outcome by reporting their
Incentive_compatibility
Overuse of a shared resource
commons. In game theory, which constructs mathematical models for individuals' behaviour in strategic situations, the corresponding "game", developed
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Two player pursuit-evasion problem
monster game is a pursuit–evasion game played by two players in a region. In his book Differential Games (1965), Rufus Isaacs defined the game as: The
Princess_and_monster_game
In cooperative game theory, a hedonic game (also known as a hedonic coalition formation game) is a game that models the formation of coalitions (groups)
Hedonic_game
Strategy which only depends on the current state of a game
In game theory, a Markov strategy is a strategy that depends only on the current state of the game, rather than the full history of past actions. The
Markov_strategy
IMPARTIAL GAME
IMPARTIAL GAME
Male
Chinese
imperial, august, majestic.
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Italian, Latin
Imperial
Girl/Female
Muslim
Imperial, Abundant, Inhabited
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Blessed sacred, royal, imperial
Boy/Male
Hindu
Fiery tempered (Son of Drona and Kripi. Said to be a partial expansion of Shiva.)
Female
Egyptian
, Imparting Life to her Skin.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Mercy (The two children were found and brought to King Shantanu. Kripa was taught Dhanurveda, the martial arts, by his father, and he became one of the Kurus' martial teachers.)
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Imperial Abundant, Inhabited
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Gothic, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish
True to All; White; Blond; The Fair One; Elf Council; Foreign True; Alert; Trustworthy; All True; Troop; Impartial Judgement; Close; True Friend; Elfin
Male
English
English form of Roman Latin Martialis, MARTIAL means "of/like Mars."
Boy/Male
Australian, Christian, French, Latin, Swiss
Warring; Like Mars; Roman God Mars
Girl/Female
Indian
Imparting Knowledge with the First Rays of Sun
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Just; Impartial; Allah's Attribute
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Martial ruler.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Mercy (The two children were found and brought to King Shantanu. Kripa was taught Dhanurveda, the martial arts, by his father, and he became one of the Kurus' martial teachers.)
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Christian, Latin
Of Mars; Martial; Brave; War Like; Defence; Of the Sea
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Imperial; Abundant; Inhabited
Girl/Female
Arabic
Impartial or Fair in Arabic
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Indian, Muslim, Parsi, Pashtun, Sindhi, Tamil
Fortunate; The Second Mughal Emperor; Blessed; Auspicious; Sacred; Royal; Imperial
Boy/Male
Latin
Warring.
IMPARTIAL GAME
IMPARTIAL GAME
Boy/Male
Indian
Easy, Successful, Fortunate
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Victorious One
Female
Romanian
 Feminine form of Romanian Alin, ALINA means "to soothe." Compare with other forms of Alina.
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Name of a King
Girl/Female
Hindi
Kind.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Girl/Female
Indian
The cloud that carries the rain
Girl/Female
Tamil
Daughter, Queen, Owner, A garland
Boy/Male
Hindu
An ornament, Bracelet
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : habitational name from a place in Cheshire called Goostrey.
IMPARTIAL GAME
IMPARTIAL GAME
IMPARTIAL GAME
IMPARTIAL GAME
IMPARTIAL GAME
a.
In an impartial manner.
pl.
of Court-martial
a.
Not partial; not favoring one more than another; treating all alike; unprejudiced; unbiased; disinterested; equitable; fair; just.
a.
Equal; impartial.
n.
Of, pertaining to, or affecting, a part only; not general or universal; not total or entire; as, a partial eclipse of the moon.
n.
Inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question, more then the other; baised; not indifferent; as, a judge should not be partial.
a.
Belonging to war, or to an army and navy; -- opposed to civil; as, martial law; a court-martial.
a.
Impartial.
a.
Pertaining to, or containing, iron; chalybeate; as, martial preparations.
a.
Not martial; unwarlike.
a.
Fair or impartial; unbiased.
a.
Of superior or unusual size or excellence; as, imperial paper; imperial tea, etc.
a.
Not partible; not subject to partition; indivisible; as, an impartible estate.
n.
One who is impartial.
a.
Not prejuged; unprejudiced; impartial.
v. t.
To subject to trial by a court-martial.
a.
Imparting by one's own, or by its own, powers and will.
a.
Of or pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor; as, an imperial government; imperial authority or edict.
n.
Pertaining to a subordinate portion; as, a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or suited for, war; military; as, martial music; a martial appearance.