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Modifications conceal functionality
of two types depending on the hardware platform targeted: (a) DSP Core Hardware Obfuscation - this type of obfuscation performs certain high level transformation
Hardware_obfuscation
Deliberate creation of difficult-to-understand code
to obfuscation in natural language, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements. Programmers may obfuscate code
Obfuscation_(software)
Forte, "Introduction to hardware obfuscation: Motivation, methods and evaluation", Hardware Protection through Obfuscation, 2017, Springer A. Kahng,
Hardware_watermarking
Malware embedded in hardware; harder to detect and fix than software vulnerabilities
avoid measurement errors or other inaccuracies. FDIV Hardware backdoor Hardware obfuscation Hardware security Intel Management Engine Kill switch Physical
Hardware_trojan
Environment in which a piece of software is executed
of offloading processing, it would encompass both the host computer's hardware, operating system (OS), and runtime libraries along with other computers
Computing_platform
general notions of obfuscation, in particular, to Black-box obfuscation, proven to be impossible, and to Indistinguishability obfuscation, constructed recently
White-box_cryptography
(2017), "Introduction to Hardware Obfuscation: Motivation, Methods and Evaluation", Hardware Protection through Obfuscation, Cham: Springer International
PCB_reverse_engineering
Restructuring existing computer code without changing its external behavior
code in hardware description languages. Since hardware description languages are not considered to be programming languages by most hardware engineers
Code_refactoring
Multi-tool electronic device
encryption used is not entirely secure and primarily serves as a form of obfuscation rather than robust protection. Its purpose is to make reverse engineering
Flipper_Zero
American multinational technology company
also provided but stopped supporting an obfuscated open-source driver that only supports two-dimensional hardware acceleration and ships with the X.Org
Nvidia
3D-printable firearm
for avoiding detection by law enforcement, as detailed in the OpSec & Obfuscation Section. West Midlands Police and the BBC’s show “Forensics: The Real
Urutau_(firearm)
Software that controls computer-graphics hardware
graphics device driver is a software stack which controls computer-graphics hardware and supports graphics-rendering application programming interfaces (APIs)
Free and open-source graphics device driver
Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver
Extension of the X video extension
programs to offload portions of the video decoding process to the GPU video-hardware. In theory this process should also reduce bus bandwidth requirements.
X-Video_Motion_Compensation
Software designed to enable access to unauthorized locations in a computer
processes, the installation or modification of drivers, or kernel modules. Obfuscation techniques include concealing running processes from system-monitoring
Rootkit
Home video game console
game consoles used specially designed hardware, the Xbox was built around standard PC components. Its hardware includes an Intel Pentium III CPU and an
Xbox_(console)
Practice of subverting video game rules or mechanics to gain an unfair advantage
and its server. One method is by attaching a physical device, called a hardware lag switch, to a standard Ethernet cable. By flipping the switch on and
Cheating_in_online_games
American information technology company (1939–2015)
both countries. Autonomy's previous management accused HP of "textbook" obfuscation and finger pointing to protect HP's executives from criticism and conceal
Hewlett-Packard
Means by which a user interacts with and controls a machine
interfaces machines with physical input hardware (such as keyboards, mice, or game pads) and output hardware (such as computer monitors, speakers, and
User_interface
Windows NT kernel image
executive layers of the Microsoft Windows NT kernel, and is responsible for hardware abstraction, process handling, and memory management. In addition to the
Ntoskrnl.exe
Software released under a license restricting rights
Internet Archive. Tony Patton (2008-11-21). "Protect your JavaScript with obfuscation". TechRepublic. Retrieved May 2, 2022. While the Web promotes the sharing
Proprietary_software
inflates the claimed resolution by a factor of three. This bit of marketing obfuscation is calculated as horizontal resolution × vertical resolution × 3. For
List of common display resolutions
List_of_common_display_resolutions
Proprietary security framework by Samsung
pre-installed on most Samsung mobile devices, and implements ARM TrustZone in hardware. It allows the management of work devices, such as employee mobile phones
Samsung_Knox
Error-detecting code for detecting data changes
codes. CRCs are popular because they are simple to implement in binary hardware, easy to analyze mathematically, and particularly good at detecting common
Cyclic_redundancy_check
1998 esoteric programming language
also proposed a guide for programming in Malbolge for the purpose of obfuscation for software protection. In 2020, Kamila Szewczyk published a Lisp interpreter
Malbolge
Version of the Linux kernel without proprietary code
a modified version of the Linux kernel that contains no binary blobs, obfuscated code, or code released under proprietary licenses. In the Linux kernel
Linux-libre
Techniques used to obstruct forensic analysis
melting." The purpose of trail obfuscation is to confuse, disorient, and divert the forensic examination process. Trail obfuscation covers a variety of techniques
Anti–computer_forensics
replace subtractions. Division of this type is efficiently realised in hardware by a modified shift register, and in software by a series of equivalent
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks
Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
primitives include fully homomorphic encryption, indistinguishability obfuscation, cryptographic multilinear maps, and functional encryption. Lattice problems
Lattice-based_cryptography
Topics referred to by the same term
file in Microsoft DOS and Windows 95, 98 and ME Indistinguishability obfuscation, a cryptographic tool to obscure computer code Input/output, the collection
Io
Type of software
attacker to modify it. The measures involved can be passive such as obfuscation to make reverse engineering difficult or active tamper-detection techniques
Anti-tamper_software
HTTP specific network security system
injection. In general, features like browser emulation, obfuscation and virtualization, and IP obfuscation are used to attempt to bypass WAFs. The OWASP produces
Web_application_firewall
Microcontroller software based on Python
MicroPython includes modules which give the programmer access to low-level hardware. MicroPython does have an inline assembler, which lets the code run at
MicroPython
British video game accessories manufacturer; makers of Action Replay
enhancement products. The company is best known for producing a wide range of hardware and peripherals for home computers in the 1980s, for example replacement
Datel
Technology used to imitate or conceal identities
solutions: face liveness detection, obfuscation of crucial information, and location privacy obfuscation. More advanced obfuscation technology can cover up the
Identity replacement technology
Identity_replacement_technology
Human-readable instructions for a computer
debug and was not portable between different computer systems. Initially, hardware resources were scarce and expensive, while human resources were cheaper
Source_code
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
Times. Schrittwieser, Sebastian; Katzenbeisser, Stefan (2011), "Code Obfuscation against Static and Dynamic Reverse Engineering", Information Hiding,
Brute-force_attack
2006 Microsoft operating system version
cannot interact with parts of the operating system they do not need to. Obfuscation techniques such as address space layout randomization are used to increase
Windows_Vista
French computer programmer
created a minimal PC emulator written in pure JavaScript. The emulated hardware consists of a 32-bit x86 compatible CPU, a 8259 Programmable Interrupt
Fabrice_Bellard
Instructions directly executable by a computer
which have to fit into boot sectors. It is also sometimes used as a code obfuscation technique as a measure against disassembly and tampering. The principle
Machine_code
Commercial service for proxied Internet access
The metric is developed by WebCookies.org. Obfuscation Whether the service provides a method of obfuscating the VPN traffic so that it's not as easily
VPN_service
Process of substitution of biometric with token
EdDSA RSA Diffie–Hellman key exchange White-box cryptography Software Obfuscation Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) Universal Authentication Framework (UAF) Temporary
Biometric_tokenization
Linux distribution
32-bit hardware was unable to keep pace with the development of Slackware and was inhibiting development, and the limitations of the hardware became a
Slackware
Autonomous computer subsystem
are largely undocumented and its code is obfuscated using confidential Huffman tables stored directly in hardware, so the firmware does not contain the information
Intel_Management_Engine
Software platform developed by Microsoft
Dotfuscator Community Edition with Visual Studio .NET since 2002. Third-party obfuscation tools are also available from vendors such as VMware, V.i. Labs, Turbo
.NET_Framework
activation. Code Morphing Hiding intermediate code by means of code obfuscation so that execution logic is not visible. This method does not protect
List of copy protection schemes
List_of_copy_protection_schemes
Methods to bypass internet censorship
mirrors, caches, and copies; alternative platforms; proxying; and traffic obfuscation. Censorship filters may block specific domain names, using either DNS
Internet censorship circumvention
Internet_censorship_circumvention
Object-oriented programming language
Context menu disabling. Hardware-accelerated graphics/Stage 3D support for Apple iOS and Android via Adobe AIR. Support for more hardware accelerated video
ActionScript
(a hacking program, game trainer, or debugger), or created by external hardware (a cheat cartridge). They can also be realized by exploiting software bugs;
Cheating_in_video_games
Free and open-source library for 3D graphics rendering
compute. Mesa implements these specifications with vendor-specific graphics hardware drivers, software rendering drivers, layered (translation) drivers, and
Mesa_(computer_graphics)
Anti-cheat software
resources. To hinder reverse engineering, Easy Anti-Cheat employs code obfuscation and runtime integrity checks. The software typically removes its drivers
Easy_Anti-Cheat
System for dealing with email spam
wp-hashcash) claim to implement hashcash but instead depend on JavaScript obfuscation to force the client to generate a matching key; while this does require
Hashcash
Microsoft computer operating system
Initially, MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system, but
MS-DOS
Modification of software, often to use it for free
software developers are constantly developing techniques such as code obfuscation, encryption, and self-modifying code to make binary modification increasingly
Software_cracking
Hobbyist-developed games for closed systems
such as ROM cartridges or encrypted CD-ROMs. Many consoles also have hardware restrictions to prevent unauthorized development. Targets for homebrew
Homebrew_(video_games)
Business models that can be compatible with open source software projects
crucial business secrets, intellectual property and technical know-how is obfuscation of source code. This approach was used in several cases, for instance
Business models for open-source software
Business_models_for_open-source_software
Computer device used to communicate with a dispatcher, often installed in a fleet vehicle
this conspicuous “special code” for bit interleaving and data stream obfuscation was nothing more than simple ASCII. This approach taken by Motorola would
Mobile_data_terminal
General-purpose programming language
is based on it. Any program written only in Standard C and without any hardware-dependent assumptions will run correctly on any platform with a conforming
C_(programming_language)
Obfuscation methods used in tracking users
via their computer hardware – to simultaneously protect the identities of the people they are tracking while tracking the hardware itself. An example
MAC_address_anonymization
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
Enigma machine Export of cryptography Geo-blocking Indistinguishability obfuscation Key management List of cryptography software Multiple encryption Physical
Encryption
Iranian American information technology researcher
Hardware Trojan War: Attacks, Myths, and Defenses, Springer, 2017. D. Forte, S. Bhunia, and M. Tehranipoor, Hardware Protection through Obfuscation,
Mark_Tehranipoor
Ratio to describe data-center efficiency
panels) running in parallel with the data center to the PUE, leading to an obfuscation of the true data center performance. Another problem is that some devices
Power_usage_effectiveness
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
that can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft, or damage to hardware, software, or data, as well as to the disruption or misdirection of the
Computer_security
Topics referred to by the same term
designed for running p-code rather than the intention to emulate any specific hardware architecture. P-code may also refer to: Microsoft P-Code, an alternative
P-Code_(disambiguation)
Software testing
techniques Black-box testing, Blackboxing Related techniques Feed forward, Obfuscation, Pattern recognition, White box, White-box testing, Gray-box testing
Gray-box_testing
Election technology company
first used during the 2020 California primary elections. Both software and hardware were developed in the United States by Smartmatic, while ownership of all
Smartmatic
Global system of connected computer networks
109–125. doi:10.1007/s11416-018-0325-y. Spring, Tom (12 June 2023). "Obfuscation tool 'BatCloak' can evade 80% of AV engines". SC Media. Retrieved 21
Internet
2019 video game
restrained storytelling and its handling of strange themes, writing: "obfuscation is part of what makes Control so spellbinding". According to Davenport
Control_(video_game)
Black hat hacker
running unauthorized commands and manipulating system accounts. They may obfuscate malicious files or escalate their access privileges to make it difficult
IntelBroker
Database for Microsoft Windows
contains information, settings, options, and other values for programs and hardware installed on all versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems. For example
Windows_Registry
Esoteric programming language
for stewardship and future development. In the article "A Box, Darkly: Obfuscation, Weird Languages, and Code Aesthetics", INTERCAL is described under the
INTERCAL
Cross-platform 3D graphics API and open standard
same powerful combination of OS compatibility, rendering features, and hardware efficiency." In 2016, AMD's GPU manufacturing competitor NVIDIA stated
Vulkan
Social network exclusively for AI agents
by requiring users to solve a lobster themed math puzzle, written in obfuscated text, when submitting content to post. Language models can parse the text
Moltbook
Open source software driver for Nvidia GPU
can help the development of nouveau by providing information about the hardware of their Nvidia cards through REnouveau. REnouveau works by copying the
Nouveau_(software)
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
public, private, or seed keys written on paper), to using hardware wallets (which are hardware to store your wallet information), to a digital wallet (which
Cryptocurrency
Chinese global navigation satellite system
Technology about the possibility of embedded malware in BeiDou-enabled hardware and software. In 2018, Taiwan's National Communications Commission announced
BeiDou
Method of software testing of internal structure
techniques Black-box testing, Blackboxing Related techniques Feed forward, Obfuscation, Pattern recognition, White box, White-box testing, Gray-box testing
White-box_testing
Fictional company in the Avatar movie universe
RDA's conduct serves as a cautionary tale about the perils of moral obfuscation and the dehumanizing potential of unrestrained corporate ambition. Dan
RDA_(Avatar)
High-level programming language
raw source code must be sent to the client. The code can be obfuscated, but obfuscation can be reverse-engineered. JavaScript form validation only provides
JavaScript
Person hired to increase product demand
Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half-truths Media Obfuscation Persuasion Manipulation (psychology) Activism Advocacy group Alternative
Promotional_model
Annual award
to the actual practice of cryptography and its efficient cryptographic hardware and software implementations, to developing and deploying new actual protocols
RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics
RSA_Award_for_Excellence_in_Mathematics
Privacy-focused cryptocurrency
its mainnet in 2014. The Monero protocol includes various methods to obfuscate transaction details, though users can optionally share view keys for third-party
Monero
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
transmission unrecordable. This creates a "defense-in-depth" strategy: physical obfuscation prevents the harvesting of ciphertext entirely, ensuring that no data
Post-quantum_cryptography
Online slang and alternative orthography
leet, while others maintain that leet consists of only symbolic word obfuscation. More obscure forms of leet, involving the use of symbol combinations
Leet
Dynamic programming language
Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022. "Code obfuscation | Using the '--strip-ir' option in PackageCompiler.jl". Julia Programming
Julia_(programming_language)
Process of extracting design information from anything artificial
the field of reverse engineering. Software anti-tamper technology like obfuscation is used to deter both reverse engineering and re-engineering of proprietary
Reverse_engineering
Swedish computer scientist
CD mudlib. His MUD community pseudonym is Marvin. He authored several hardware device drivers for the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix operating
Lennart_Augustsson
Controversial pseudorandom number generator
been spending $250 million per year to insert backdoors in software and hardware as part of the Bullrun program. A Presidential advisory committee subsequently
Dual_EC_DRBG
Topics referred to by the same term
compiled, encrypted or obfuscated to conceal its inner workings from end users or competitors. In embedded microprocessors, hardware copy protection schemes
Code_protection
diplomacy, technology trees, and win conditions. 8-bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the third generation of video game consoles
Glossary_of_video_game_terms
Security methodology
commonly used method is code obfuscation. However, effective tamper resistance in software is much harder than in hardware, as the software environment
Tamperproofing
Digital copy protection
been cracked. Intel has threatened legal action against anyone producing hardware to circumvent the HDCP, possibly under the DMCA. In August 2012 version
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection
Chinese semiconductor design and shipping company
PC-on-a-stick and media center devices. They have also been adopted in free hardware projects like the Cubieboard development board. In December 2012, Allwinner
Allwinner_Technology
Procedures examining network data
based only on header information. End points can utilize encryption and obfuscation techniques to evade DPI actions in many cases. A classified packet may
Deep_packet_inspection
Method of software testing
techniques Black-box testing, Blackboxing Related techniques Feed forward, Obfuscation, Pattern recognition, White box, White-box testing, Gray-box testing
Black-box_testing
Computer program for chess analysis and game
running it on "Chess Engine," their brand name for the chess computer hardware made, and marketed by their company Sys-10, Inc. By 1990 the developers
Chess_engine
of 2.2 million messages per day. This number would be dwarfed by modern hardware.[citation needed] "UKUUG - Open Source Award 2004". UKUUG. 2004-05-16.
MailScanner
hiding data including location obfuscation, perturbation, confusion and suppression, and cryptographic techniques. Obfuscating a user's location means to
Ridesharing_privacy
Rolling release Linux distribution
Since then, the community derivative Arch Linux 32 can be used for i686 hardware. On 24 February 2020, Aaron Griffin announced that due to his limited involvement
Arch_Linux
1997 racing video game
cars, three bonus cars, a new driving style called "Wild", and 3dfx Glide hardware acceleration support. Attributed to multiple references: "Game Informer
Need_for_Speed_II
Cloud computing platform by Microsoft
"grossly irresponsible" and accusing the company of a "culture of toxic obfuscation." The Cyber Safety Review Board produced a report attributing the success
Microsoft_Azure
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