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Computer vision framework
Gradient vector flow (GVF), a computer vision framework introduced by Chenyang Xu and Jerry L. Prince, is the vector field that is produced by a process
Gradient_vector_flow
Assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of Euclidean space
Field strength Gradient flow and balanced flow in atmospheric dynamics Lie derivative Scalar field Time-dependent vector field Vector fields in cylindrical
Vector_field
Concepts in mathematics
In mathematics, the vector flow refers to a set of closely related concepts of the flow determined by a vector field. These appear in a number of different
Vector_flow
Vector field that is the gradient of some function
In vector calculus, a conservative vector field is a vector field that is the gradient of some function. A conservative vector field has the property
Conservative_vector_field
Optimization algorithm
independent variable adjustments is proportional to the gradient vector of partial derivatives. The gradient descent can take many iterations to compute a local
Gradient_descent
Vector field which is used to mathematically describe the motion of a continuum
mechanics the flow velocity in fluid dynamics, also macroscopic velocity in statistical mechanics, or drift velocity in electromagnetism, is a vector field used
Flow_velocity
Computer vision framework
method, though with their own trade-offs. A few are listed here. The gradient vector flow (GVF) snake model addresses two issues with snakes: poor convergence
Active_contour_model
Broad concept generalizing scalars in mathematics and physics
codomain, Conservative vector field, a vector field that is the gradient of a scalar potential field Hamiltonian vector field, a vector field defined for any
Vector (mathematics and physics)
Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
Probability ODE flow formulation. In flow-based diffusion models, the forward process is a deterministic flow along a time-dependent vector field, and the
Diffusion_model
Model of atmospheric motion
Since the flow packet feels a push from the higher to the lower pressures, the effective pressure vector force is contrary to the pressure gradient, whence
Balanced_flow
Four-vector analogue of the gradient operation
geometry, the four-gradient (or 4-gradient) ∂ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\partial }}} is the four-vector analogue of the gradient ∇ → {\displaystyle
Four-gradient
Vector field on a pseudo-Riemannian manifold that preserves the metric tensor
preserves the metric. Flows generated by Killing vector fields are continuous isometries of the manifold. This means that the flow generates a symmetry
Killing_vector_field
Circulation density in a vector field
between curl (rotor), divergence, and gradient operators. Unlike the gradient and divergence, curl as formulated in vector calculus does not generalize simply
Curl_(mathematics)
Mathematical concept applicable to physics
perpendicular component of a vector field over a surface. The word flux comes from Latin: fluxus means "flow", and fluere is "to flow". As fluxion, this term
Flux
American computer scientist
engineering 2(1):315-337, 2000. Xu, Chenyang, and Jerry L. Prince. "Gradient vector flow: A new external force for snakes," Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society
Jerry_L._Prince
Optimization algorithm
algorithm converges. In pseudocode, stochastic gradient descent can be presented as : Choose an initial vector of parameters w {\displaystyle w} and learning
Stochastic_gradient_descent
Field lines in a fluid flow
lines in a fluid flow. They differ only when the flow changes with time, that is, when the flow is not steady. Considering a velocity vector field in three-dimensional
Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines
Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlines
Machine learning model training problem
In machine learning, the vanishing gradient problem is the problem of greatly diverging gradient magnitudes between earlier and later layers encountered
Vanishing_gradient_problem
Equations of motion for viscous fluids
diffusing viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity) and a pressure term—hence describing viscous flow. The Navier–Stokes equations generalize
Navier–Stokes_equations
Measure of misalignment between the gradients of pressure and density in a fluid
measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from the gradient of density in a fluid. In meteorology, a baroclinic flow is one in which the density
Baroclinity
Vector operator in vector calculus
) More precisely, the divergence at a point is the rate that the flow of the vector field modifies a volume about the point in the limit, as a small volume
Divergence
Calculus of vector-valued functions
description of electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields, and fluid flow. Vector calculus was developed from the theory of quaternions by J. Willard Gibbs
Vector_calculus
Machine learning software library
TensorFlow, and significant improvements to the performance on GPU. AutoDifferentiation is the process of automatically calculating the gradient vector of
TensorFlow
Concept in atmospheric science
as follows if only the pressure gradient, gravity, and friction act on an air parcel, where bold symbols are vectors: D U D t = − 1 ρ ∇ p − 2 Ω × U +
Geostrophic_wind
Aspects of fluid mechanics involving fluid flow
differential equations that describes the flow of a fluid whose stress depends linearly on flow velocity gradients and pressure. The unsimplified equations
Fluid_dynamics
Component of stress coplanar with a material cross section
second-order tensor) is proportional to the flow velocity gradient (the velocity is a vector, so its gradient is a second-order tensor): τ ( u ) = μ ∇ u
Shear_stress
Image edge detection algorithm
the Sobel–Feldman operator is either the corresponding gradient vector or the norm of this vector. The Sobel–Feldman operator is based on convolving the
Sobel_operator
In vector calculus, a Laplacian vector field is a vector field which is both irrotational and incompressible. If the field is denoted as v, then it is
Laplacian_vector_field
Class of artificial neural network
2.263. S2CID 16813485. Hochreiter, Sepp; et al. (15 January 2001). "Gradient flow in recurrent nets: the difficulty of learning long-term dependencies"
Recurrent_neural_network
Measurable property of a material or system
density, t ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {t}} } is a unit vector in the direction of flow, i.e. tangent to a flowline. Notice the dot product with the
Physical_quantity
Differential equation in fluid mechanics
used to write the velocity as the sum of the gradient of a scalar potential and as the curl of a vector potential. That is: v → = − ∇ ϕ + ∇ × A → {\displaystyle
Laplace equation for irrotational flow
Laplace_equation_for_irrotational_flow
Geometric object that has length and direction
physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude
Euclidean_vector
Differential operator in mathematics
same manner, a dot product, which evaluates to a vector, of a vector by the gradient of another vector (a tensor of 2nd degree) can be seen as a product
Laplace_operator
Gradient flow of the Yang–Mills–Higgs action functional
the Yang–Mills–Higgs flow is a gradient flow described by the Yang–Mills–Higgs equations, hence a method to describe a gradient descent of the Yang–Mills–Higgs
Yang–Mills–Higgs_flow
Definite integral of a scalar or vector field along a path
which is the Riemann sum for the integral defined above. If a vector field F is the gradient of a scalar field G (i.e. if F is conservative), that is, F
Line_integral
Local rate of change in potential with respect to displacement
of the vector field vanishes. In the case of the gravitational field g, which can be shown to be conservative, it is equal to the gradient in gravitational
Potential_gradient
Equation describing the flow of a fluid through a porous medium
there is no pressure gradient over a distance, no flow occurs (these are hydrostatic conditions), if there is a pressure gradient, flow will occur from high
Darcy's_law
Equations of fluid dynamics
where u is the flow velocity of the fluid, n is the outward-pointing unit normal vector, and s represents the sources and sinks in the flow, taking the sinks
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations
Derivation_of_the_Navier–Stokes_equations
Chinese mathematician
complex structure, g is a Kähler metric, and the gradient of f is a holomorphic vector field, one has a gradient Kähler-Ricci soliton. Ricci solitons are sometimes
Huai-Dong_Cao
Topics referred to by the same term
Grapevine virus F, a plant virus species in the genus Vitivirus Gradient vector flow, a computer vision method This disambiguation page lists articles
GVF
Concept in physics
profile (variation in velocity across layers of flow in a pipe), it is often used to mean the gradient of a flow's velocity with respect to its coordinates.
Strain-rate_tensor
Certain vector fields are the sum of an irrotational and a solenoidal vector field
{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi } is its gradient, and ∇ ⋅ R {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {R} } is the divergence of the vector field R {\displaystyle \mathbf
Helmholtz_decomposition
Flow of fluids with zero viscosity (superfluids)
the region of the flow field near a solid boundary (the boundary layer) or, more generally in regions with large velocity gradients which are evidently
Inviscid_flow
Gradient flow of the Yang–Mills action functional
geometry, the Yang–Mills flow is a gradient flow described by the Yang–Mills equations, hence a method to describe a gradient descent of the Yang–Mills
Yang–Mills_flow
Recurrent neural network architecture
LSTM units partially solve the vanishing gradient problem, because LSTM units allow gradients to also flow with little to no attenuation. However, LSTM
Long_short-term_memory
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
computes the gradient in weight space of a feedforward neural network, with respect to a loss function. Denote: x {\displaystyle x} : input (vector of features)
Backpropagation
Feature descriptor used in computer vision
The histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) is a feature descriptor used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection. The
Histogram of oriented gradients
Histogram_of_oriented_gradients
Pattern of motion in a visual scene due to relative motion of the observer
Optical flow or optic flow is the pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an
Optical_flow
Type of fluid flow
Stokes flow (named after George Gabriel Stokes), also named creeping flow or creeping motion, is a type of fluid flow where advective inertial forces are
Stokes_flow
Function for incompressible divergence-free flows in two dimensions
on the following assumptions: The flow field can be described as two-dimensional plane flow, with velocity vector u = [ u ( x , y , t ) v ( x , y , t
Stream_function
Vector representing the energy passing through a given area per unit time
sometimes also referred to as heat flux density, heat-flow density or heat-flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units
Heat_flux
Concept in differential geometry
(M,g)} is called a Ricci soliton if, and only if, there exists a smooth vector field V {\displaystyle V} such that Ric ( g ) = λ g − 1 2 L V g , {\displaystyle
Ricci_soliton
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
gradient of F ( x ) {\displaystyle F(x)} is close to zero. Similarly to how the feedforward network modules are applied individually to each vector,
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Millennium Prize Problem
velocity vector v and the gradient operator ∇. Because the gradient operator is a linear operator, the term (v · ∇)v is nonlinear in the velocity vector v.
Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness
Navier–Stokes_existence_and_smoothness
Type of fluid
rate of flow cannot be altered by shaking, pumping, or stirring the fluid. Stresses are proportional to magnitude of the fluid's velocity vector. A fluid
Newtonian_fluid
Optimization algorithm
differs from gradient descent methods, which adjust all of the values in x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } at each iteration according to the gradient of the hill
Hill_climbing
Vector field representation in 3D curvilinear coordinate systems
In vector calculus and physics, a vector field is an assignment of a vector to each point in a space. When these spaces are in (typically) three dimensions
Vector fields in cylindrical and spherical coordinates
Vector_fields_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates
Fluid flow revolving around an axis of rotation
the flow velocity vector) is a closed loop surrounding the axis; and each vortex line (a line that is everywhere tangent to the vorticity vector) is roughly
Vortex
Force perpendicular to flow of surrounding fluid
velocity vector field is everywhere equal to zero. Irrotational flows have the convenient property that the velocity can be expressed as the gradient of a
Lift_(force)
Vector field defined for any energy function
The diffeomorphisms of a symplectic manifold arising from the flow of a Hamiltonian vector field are known as canonical transformations in physics and (Hamiltonian)
Hamiltonian_vector_field
Classical solution for inviscid, incompressible flow around a cylinder
{n}} =0\,,} where n̂ is the vector normal to the cylinder surface. The upstream flow is uniform and has no vorticity. The flow is inviscid, incompressible
Potential flow around a circular cylinder
Potential_flow_around_a_circular_cylinder
Time rate of change of some physical quantity of a material element in a velocity field
is simply the gradient of a scalar, while ∇ A {\displaystyle \nabla \mathbf {A} } is the covariant derivative of the macroscopic vector (which can also
Material_derivative
Overview of and topical guide to algorithms
tree learning Random forest Support vector machine k-nearest neighbors algorithm Naive Bayes classifier Gradient boosting Artificial neural network Backpropagation
Outline_of_algorithms
Specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum
'no flow'. As with any other example in physics, energy must flow from high to low, which is why the flow is in the negative gradient. This vector can
Hydraulic_head
Velocity field as the gradient of a scalar function
of a potential flow is due to the curl of the gradient of a scalar always being equal to zero. In the case of an incompressible flow the velocity potential
Potential_flow
Vector difference of geostrophic wind movement at high and low altitudes
complicated horizontal flow balances such as gradient wind balance. Since the geostrophic wind at a given pressure level flows along geopotential height
Thermal_wind
comprehensive set of vector drawing tools, vector-based brushes, shape and image effects, corner shapes, mesh and shape-based gradients, collision snapping
Comparison of vector graphics editors
Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors
2017 research paper by Google
was found to be most effective with respect to the dimension of the key vectors (represented as d k {\displaystyle d_{k}} and initially set to 64 within
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
material's plastic deformation is accompanied by internal plastic strain gradients. They are in contrast to statistically stored dislocations, with statistics
Geometrically necessary dislocations
Geometrically_necessary_dislocations
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
a pressure gradient between the heart and the capillaries, and blood moves through blood vessels by bulk flow down the pressure gradient. There are two
Diffusion
Equation for the velocity of a body in viscous fluid
case of Stokes flow. It is needed in the calculation of the force acting on the particle. In Cartesian coordinates the vector-gradient ∇ u {\displaystyle
Stokes's_law
Geometric model of the physical space
The gradient indicates the direction of greatest increase of a function, and its magnitude. An example is a flow of particles, with the gradient being
Three-dimensional_space
Optimization algorithm
L-BFGS maintains a history of the past m updates of the position x and gradient ∇f(x), where generally the history size m can be small (often m < 10 {\displaystyle
Limited-memory_BFGS
Study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
only (sub)gradient information and others of which require the evaluation of Hessians. Methods that evaluate gradients, or approximate gradients in some
Mathematical_optimization
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
concentration gradient, decay of concentration at the sub-surface, is only partially formed before the surface has been saturated or flow is on to maintain
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
data pipelining LIBSVM — library for support vector machines LightGBM — machine learning framework for gradient boosting Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit — deep
Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
Lists_of_open-source_artificial_intelligence_software
Law of electrical current and voltage
is proportional to the gradient of electric potential. The accuracy of the assumption that flow is proportional to the gradient is more readily tested
Ohm's_law
Machine learning technique
assigned to each word in a sentence. More generally, attention encodes vectors called token embeddings across a fixed-width sequence that can range from
Attention_(machine_learning)
Equation used to calculate the electromigration of ions in a fluid
concentration is affected by an ionic concentration gradient ∇ c {\displaystyle \nabla c} , flow velocity v {\displaystyle {\bf {v}}} , and an electric
Nernst–Planck_equation
Branch of physics
gradient in the direction perpendicular to the plane of shear. This definition means regardless of the forces acting on a fluid, it continues to flow
Fluid_mechanics
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
source) causes the vector field to flow out (or in for a sink) to a given point. The second (or circulation) source causes the vector field to rotate around
Magnetic_field
Statistical model used in machine learning
a manifold flow transformation, we need access to the differential volume ratio, R f {\displaystyle R_{f}} , or at least to its gradient w.r.t. the parameters
Flow-based_generative_model
Region in space where every point is at the same potential
mathematical solid in space. The gradient of the scalar potential (and hence also its opposite, as in the case of a vector field with an associated potential
Equipotential
Equation
{\sigma }}+\mathbf {a} } where u {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} } is the flow velocity vector field, which depends on time and space, (unit: m / s {\displaystyle
Cauchy_momentum_equation
Optimization algorithm
constrained convex optimization. Also known as the conditional gradient method, reduced gradient algorithm and the convex combination algorithm, the method
Frank–Wolfe_algorithm
Medical imaging technique
inside the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to form images of the organs in the body. MRI does not
Magnetic_resonance_imaging
Theorem in calculus
In vector calculus, the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem or Ostrogradsky's theorem, is a theorem relating the flux of a vector field through
Divergence_theorem
Property of a mass in motion
object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. If m is an object's mass and v is its velocity (also a vector quantity), then
Momentum
Physical quantities taking values at each point in space and time
T ( r ) {\displaystyle T=T(\mathbf {r} )} , then the temperature gradient is a vector field defined as ∇ T {\displaystyle \nabla T} . In thermal conduction
Field_(physics)
Research field that lies at the intersection of machine learning and computer security
support vector machines and neural networks) might be robust to adversaries, until Battista Biggio and others demonstrated the first gradient-based attacks
Adversarial_machine_learning
multiphase flow (one vector equation for each fluid phase) in porous media as a generalisation of Darcy's equation (or Darcy's law) for water flow in porous
Darcy's law for multiphase flow
Darcy's_law_for_multiphase_flow
Equation describing the transport of some quantity
form. The notation and tools of special relativity, especially 4-vectors and 4-gradients, offer a convenient way to write any continuity equation. The density
Continuity_equation
Medical imaging technique
in k-space with the velocity vector of the trajectory proportional to the vector of the applied magnetic field gradient. By the term effective spin density
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects
by vectors at every point in space, which is, in turn, called a vector field. A conservative vector field can be simply expressed as the gradient of a
Potential_energy
critical points intersect transversely, then the gradient vector field and the corresponding smooth flow form a Morse–Smale system. The finite set of critical
Morse–Smale_system
Computational fluid dynamics algorithm
{\displaystyle {\nabla p^{'}}} is the gradient of the pressure corrections, a → P v {\displaystyle {{\vec {a}}_{P}^{v}}} is the vector of central coefficients for
SIMPLE_algorithm
Integration over a non-flat region in 3D space
implies that if the vector field is tangent to S at each point, then the flux is zero because, on the surface S, the fluid just flows along S, and neither
Surface_integral
Flow induced by horizontal density gradient
the Ostroumov flow, also known as the Ostroumov–Birikh–Hansen–Rattray flow describes fluid motion driven by horizontal density gradients within horizontal
Ostroumov_flow
Digital painting and 2D animation software
engine, non-destructive layers and masks, group-based layer management, vector artwork support, and switchable customisation profiles. The software is
Krita
Apparent force in a rotating reference frame
the gradient, large scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean tend to occur perpendicular to the pressure gradient. This is known as geostrophic flow. On
Coriolis_force
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Conqueror
Male
English
Roman Latin name VICTOR means "conqueror."Â
Male
Arthurian
, sir Hector de Maris; (defender).
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Shakespearean, Spanish
Steadfast; Anchor; Holds Fast; Star; Coined from Esther Vanhomrigh; Tenacious; Defend; Hold Fast; Coined from Esther Vanho
Male
Russian
(Cyrillic Виктор): Slavic form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." In use by the Bulgarians, Russians and Serbians. Compare with another form of Viktor.
Male
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese form of Roman Latin Victor, VITOR means "conqueror."
Boy/Male
Latin American Spanish
Conqueror.
Boy/Male
Spanish American Shakespearean Greek Latin
Tenacious.
Boy/Male
Spanish
Victor.
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Latin Hector, HEITOR means "defend; hold fast."
Boy/Male
English American
Doctor; teacher.
Male
French
French form of Roman Latin Gratian, GRATIEN means "pleasing, agreeable."
Boy/Male
Australian, Basque, Czech, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Polish, Slovenia, Swedish, Swiss, Ukrainian
The Conqueror; Victory; Victorious; Conquer
Girl/Female
Latin
Grace.
Male
English
Short form of English Sylvester, VESTER means "from the forest."
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." Compare with another form of Viktor.
Male
Greek
(á¼ÎºÏ„ωÏ) Variant spelling of Greek Hektor, EKTOR means "defend; hold fast."
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin, Romanian, Slovenia, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Tamil, Ukrainian
Victorious; Conqueror; Winner; Champion; One who Conquers; Victory
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Eachann, HECTOR means "brown horse." Compare with another form of Hector.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish
Scottish : Anglicized form of the Gaelic personal name Eachann (earlier Eachdonn, already confused with Norse Haakon), composed of the elements each ‘horse’ + donn ‘brown’.English : found in Yorkshire and Scotland, where it may derive directly from the medieval personal name. According to medieval legend, Britain derived its name from being founded by Brutus, a Trojan exile, and Hector was occasionally chosen as a personal name, as it was the name of the Trojan king’s eldest son. The classical Greek name, HektÅr, is probably an agent derivative of Greek ekhein ‘to hold back’, ‘hold in check’, hence ‘protector of the city’.German, French, and Dutch : from the personal name (see 2 above). In medieval Germany, this was a fairly popular personal name among the nobility, derived from classical literature. It is a comparatively rare surname in France.
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Latin
Divine
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Latin, Shakespearean, Swedish
Yellow-haired; Blond
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Marathi
Saint; Ruling Well; Strict in Religious Vows
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rain
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Radiance; Power of the Holy Mantra 'Om'
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Laswell, which is of unknown origin. It may be a variant of Lascelles.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
That which Embraces All Round
Boy/Male
Hindu
Strong armed, One of the kauravas
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Thirst
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
GRADIENT VECTOR-FLOW
a.
Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination; as, the gradient line of a railroad.
a.
Giving off rays; -- said of a bearing; as, the sun radiant; a crown radiant.
n.
The turning factor of a quaternion.
n.
An African weaver bird (Textor alector).
n.
The ratio of one vector to another in length, no regard being had to the direction of the two vectors; -- so called because considered as a stretching factor in changing one vector into another. See Versor.
n.
A pregnant woman; a mother; as, A has a son B by one venter, and a daughter C by another venter; children by different venters.
n.
The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland; sometimes, the head of a college; as, the Rector of Exeter College, or of Lincoln College, at Oxford.
n.
The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which represents it; as, a thermometric gradient.
n.
A woman who wins a victory; a female victor.
n.
A directed quantity, as a straight line, a force, or a velocity. Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are the same their magnitudes equal. Cf. Scalar.
n.
A belly, or protuberant part; a broad surface; as, the venter of a muscle; the venter, or anterior surface, of the scapula.
a.
Pertaining to a rector or a rectory; rectoral.
n.
Alt. of Gradine
n.
A step or raised shelf, as above a sideboard or altar. Cf. Superaltar, and Gradin.
a.
Beaming with vivacity and happiness; as, a radiant face.
v. t.
To confer a doctorate upon; to make a doctor.
v. t.
To tamper with and arrange for one's own purposes; to falsify; to adulterate; as, to doctor election returns; to doctor whisky.
n.
Same as Radius vector.
a.
Moving by steps; walking; as, gradient automata.
n.
A term made up of the two parts / + /1 /-1, where / and /1 are vectors.