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Old method of enriching uranium
Gaseous diffusion is a technology that was used to produce enriched uranium by forcing gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF6) through microporous membranes
Gaseous_diffusion
Former uranium enrichment plant in Pike County, Ohio, USA
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio, that previously produced
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
Manhattan Project codename for a program to produce enriched uranium
the program to produce enriched uranium for atomic bombs using the gaseous diffusion method. Originally the codename for the product, over time it came
K-25
Decommissioned uranium enrichment facility
The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) is a facility located in McCracken County, Kentucky, near Paducah, Kentucky that produced enriched uranium
Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Paducah_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
World War II Allied nuclear weapons program
gaseous diffusion plant and the K-25 power plant. The latter provided energy to both the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant and the S-50 thermal diffusion plant
Manhattan_Project
Uranium processed to increase the percentage of uranium-235
Project, which used gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic isotope separation to produce enriched uranium. Historically, gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge
Enriched_uranium
Manhattan Project uranium enrichment facility
area. At the time, the proposed nuclear reactor, gas centrifuge and gaseous diffusion technologies were still in the research stage, and the design of the
Clinton_Engineer_Works
Device that performs isotope separation of gases
uranium-238 (238U). The gas centrifuge was developed to replace the gaseous diffusion method of 235U extraction. High degrees of separation of these isotopes
Gas_centrifuge
Uranium enrichment plant in Gansu, China
In 1958 construction began with Soviet assistance, based on the gaseous diffusion facility of the Ural Electrochemical Combine in Novouralsk. In 1960
Lanzhou uranium enrichment plant
Lanzhou_uranium_enrichment_plant
British contribution to the WWII atomic bomb project
development of gaseous diffusion technology in New York. Britain also produced the powdered nickel required by the gaseous diffusion process. Another
British contribution to the Manhattan Project
British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project
British nuclear weapons research during WW2
Britain's own gaseous diffusion plant, a heavy water plant and an atomic reactor in Britain, despite the immense cost. A gaseous diffusion plant to produce
Tube_Alloys
Mass spectrometer
post-war period in favor of the more complicated, but more efficient, gaseous diffusion method. Although most of the calutrons of the Manhattan Project were
Calutron
Empirical thermodynamic model of gas-transport phenomenon
build the first atomic bomb. The United States government built a gaseous diffusion plant at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, at the
Graham's_law
Chemical compound
to "U mass" is 0.676. Gaseous diffusion requires about 60 times as much energy as the gas centrifuge process: gaseous diffusion-produced nuclear fuel
Uranium_hexafluoride
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
Electronic diffusion, resulting in an electric current called the diffusion current Facilitated diffusion, present in some organisms Gaseous diffusion, used
Diffusion
UK atomic bomb development project
nuclear reactors and a plutonium processing plant at Windscale, and a gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment facility at Capenhurst, near Chester. The two Windscale
High_Explosive_Research
American physical chemist (1893–1981)
located at Columbia University that developed isotope separation using gaseous diffusion. The method was successfully developed, becoming the sole method used
Harold_Urey
Concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element
replaced by more efficient methods. The last diffusion plant closed in 2013. The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant was a US government effort to generate
Isotope_separation
City in Kentucky, United States
lease with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the former Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Plans for the $1.5 billion updated facility include uranium
Paducah,_Kentucky
American nuclear materials company
facility for the production of enriched uranium through gaseous diffusion. In gaseous diffusion, isotopes of Uranium-235 could be separated from Uranium-238
Kellex_Corporation
American nuclear-fuel company
fuel." In August 2025, General Matter leased part of the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant from the United States Department of Energy (DOE), and in January
General_Matter
feasibility of an atomic bomb. May 21: George Kistiakowsky suggests using gaseous diffusion as a means of isotope separation. June 12: Roosevelt creates the National
Timeline of the Manhattan Project
Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project
State of matter
This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer. The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter
Gas
Manhattan Project uranium enrichment facility
provide slightly enriched feed for the Y-12 calutrons and the K-25 gaseous diffusion plants. It was estimated that the S-50 plant had sped up production
S-50_(Manhattan_Project)
American nuclear fuel supply company
the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant consumed about 3,000 megawatts of electricity at peak operation. Power for the Paducah gaseous diffusion plant came
Centrus_Energy
Body formed to establish Britain's nuclear policy
construction of nuclear reactors to produce plutonium at Windscale, and a gaseous diffusion plant to produce uranium-235 at Capenhurst. It took decisions on the
Gen_75_Committee
German-born British physicist and atomic spy (1911–1988)
with Peierls to Columbia University, in New York City, to work on gaseous diffusion as a means of uranium enrichment for the Manhattan Project. Although
Klaus_Fuchs
Former air-cooled graphite-moderated nuclear reactors
the gaseous diffusion process through work done not just in the United States, but in Britain as well, where ICI had designed a gaseous diffusion production
Windscale_Piles
Uranium enrichment facility in Cheshire, England
II it was chosen by the Ministry of Supply as the location for a gaseous diffusion enrichment plant for the UK's nuclear weapons programme. It first
Capenhurst_nuclear_site
Proportionality constant in some physical laws
diffusivity or diffusion coefficient is usually written as the proportionality constant between the molar flux due to molecular diffusion and the negative
Mass_diffusivity
Chinese-American physicist (1912–1997)
for separating uranium into uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which proved
Chien-Shiung_Wu
Electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface
Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting
Gas_diffusion_electrode
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
temperatures, UF 6 has a high vapor pressure, making it useful in the gaseous diffusion process to separate the rare uranium-235 from the common uranium-238
Uranium
period. A British mission led by Akers assisted in the development of gaseous diffusion technology at the SAM Laboratories in New York. Another, led by Oliphant
Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
hexafluoride for uranium enrichment. Since UF6 is as corrosive as fluorine, gaseous diffusion plants required special materials: nickel for membranes, fluoropolymers
Fluorine
American environmental management contractor
replaced as the environmental remediation contractor for the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant site in Piketon in 2005, after DOE awarded a new contract to
Bechtel_Jacobs
City in Tennessee, United States
liquid thermal diffusion plant was demolished soon after the war. The K-25 building, where uranium was enriched by the gaseous diffusion process until
Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee
Uranium concentrate powder
through fluorination. This gas then undergoes isotope separation via gaseous diffusion or gas centrifuge processes. These methods can produce low-enriched
Yellowcake
Volatile anaesthesia medication
Kurti) proposed the use of gaseous diffusion for isotope separation, since, according to Graham's law the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to
Methoxyflurane
In plants, a variable pore between paired guard cells
dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis, passes through stomata by gaseous diffusion. Water vapour diffuses through the stomata into the atmosphere as
Stoma
American physical chemist (1908–1980)
Materials (SAM) Laboratories at Columbia University, developing the gaseous diffusion process for uranium enrichment. After the war, Libby accepted a professorship
Willard_Libby
Homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent
conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between gaseous molecules play almost
Solution_(chemistry)
1943 US–UK nuclear weapons agreement
temperature gradient. Francis Simon's group at Oxford investigated the gaseous diffusion, which works on the principle that at differing pressures uranium
Quebec_Agreement
Village in Ohio, United States
United States that employed a gas centrifuge process rather than gaseous diffusion to produce enriched uranium. Piketon was expected to exhibit a growth
Piketon,_Ohio
Nuclear reaction splitting an atom into multiple parts
Estimate of the size of an actual separation plant." Simon proposed gaseous diffusion as the best method for uranium isotope separation. On 28 March 1941
Nuclear_fission
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
nickel–hydrogen battery developed for satellite power systems uses pressurized gaseous H2. The International Space Station, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor
Hydrogen
Soviet nuclear physicist (1903–1960)
deadline from Stalin, Kurchatov relied upon foreign data by choosing the Gaseous diffusion method to produce the fissile material, a move that irked Pyotr Kapitsa
Igor_Kurchatov
U.S. defense contractor
reindustrialization and economic redevelopment of the former Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant site. In 2025, Amentum announced a Nuclear Center of Excellence
Amentum_Holdings
British nuclear weapons research group, 1940–1941
isotopes. By the end of the summer in 1940, Peierls preferred gaseous diffusion to thermal diffusion. A paper was received from the United States in which George
MAUD_Committee
Topics referred to by the same term
Facilitated diffusion Effusion of a gas through small holes Gaseous diffusion Itō diffusion Knudsen diffusion of particles from very small containers Osmosis, the
Diffusion_(disambiguation)
Therefore, Saclay began operating a pilot plant for uranium enrichment by gaseous diffusion (PS1) in April 1958. After the plan for a Franco-British and then
History of France's civil nuclear program
History_of_France's_civil_nuclear_program
Topics referred to by the same term
enrichment by gaseous diffusion during World War II and for many years thereafter S-50, conducted uranium enrichment by thermal diffusion during the Manhattan
Oak_Ridge_nuclear_facility
Sixth Chinese nuclear test, 1967
jump-start their nuclear program. They assisted construction of a gaseous diffusion plant for highly enriched uranium at Lanzhou (Plant 504), and a lithium
Project_639
U.S. state
depended on either enriched uranium rods coming from the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (the only domestic site of low-grade uranium enrichment, which
Kentucky
French nuclear facility (1979–2012)
(for European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium), was a nuclear facility specializing in uranium enrichment by gaseous diffusion. The plant
Georges-Besse_plant
Nuclear and space project of the People's Republic of China
From 1958, the Lanzhou uranium enrichment plant was constructed with gaseous diffusion technology. Sino-Soviet relations worsened in the late 1950s. The
Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite
Nuclear enrichment company in France
Eurodif, which means European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium, is a subsidiary of the French company Orano, which operates a uranium enrichment
Eurodif
Understanding of gas properties in terms of molecular motion
effusive flow rates, which is useful in applications such as the gaseous diffusion method for isotope separation. Assume that in the container, the number
Kinetic_theory_of_gases
Gas centrifuge designed to enrich uranium-235
also have much less material held in the machine at any time than gaseous diffusion plants. Pakistan's atomic bomb program developed the P1 and P2 centrifuges
Zippe-type_centrifuge
US Department of Energy facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US
K-25, another facility in Oak Ridge, produced enriched uranium using gaseous diffusion. However, K-25 did not begin operating until March 1945 and fed slightly
Y-12 National Security Complex
Y-12_National_Security_Complex
Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021)
which was operating an uranium enrichment plant in Almelo, and employed gaseous centrifuge method to assure a supply of nuclear fuel for nuclear power
Abdul_Qadeer_Khan
German-British chemist
and later British physical chemist and physicist who devised the gaseous diffusion method, and confirmed its feasibility, of separating the isotope Uranium-235
Francis_Simon
American physicist (1907-1975)
bombs. He specialized in neutron physics, and did pioneering work in gaseous diffusion for isotope separation. He was dean of the school of engineering and
John_R._Dunning
Federal research center in Tennessee, US
Complex, the East Tennessee Technology Park (formerly the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant), the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, and the
Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
American health official and social worker
Carbon Company to clean test tubes as scientists worked to develop the gaseous diffusion process. He was the only African American working in the building
James_Forde_(administrator)
Uranium fuel factory in Ohio, U.S.
created during World War II to make the first atomic bombs. The AEC's gaseous diffusion plants at Oak Ridge produced enriched uranium and its production reactors
Fernald Feed Materials Production Center
Fernald_Feed_Materials_Production_Center
but the Soviet project quickly followed the Manhattan Project's gaseous diffusion scheme, constructing the D-1 plant in Sverdlovsk-44, eventually becoming
Soviet Union and weapons of mass destruction
Soviet_Union_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground
improvements in gas centrifuge technology in the 2000s, replacing former gaseous diffusion plants, cheaper separative work units have enabled the economic production
Uranium_mining
Visible, gaseous part of a fire
gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic chemical reaction made in a thin zone. When flames are hot enough to have ionized gaseous
Flame
American physicist (1901–1958)
feed from the new S-50 thermal diffusion plant. The next month it received enhanced (5%) feed from the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant. By April 1945 K-25 was
Ernest_Lawrence
German physicist (1887–1975)
Berlin). While there, he developed an isotope separation technique via gaseous diffusion. Since Hertz was an officer during World War I, he was temporarily
Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz
City in Ohio, United States
Correctional Facility and OSCO Industries. In November 2002, the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant in nearby Piketon, Ohio, was recognized as a Nuclear Historic
Portsmouth,_Ohio
has a slightly greater atomic mass: electromagnetic separation and gaseous diffusion. Another secret site was erected at rural Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for
History_of_nuclear_weapons
Gas produced naturally within marshes, swamps and bogs
stems and roots of the plants. The gas transport system works by gaseous diffusion that occurs through the leaf blades and then moves down into the furthest
Marsh_gas
Nuclear operations in supplying fuel to French nuclear reactors
produced by the Comurhex plant at Pierrelatte is then enriched by gaseous diffusion at the Tricastin nuclear site, in the Georges-Besse plant operated
Nuclear_fuel_cycle_in_France
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
increasing the percentage of U-235 and is usually done by means of gaseous diffusion or gas centrifuge. The enriched result is then converted into uranium
Nuclear_reactor
Program of the Manhattan Project to convert uranium ores into feed materials
isotope separation process, and uranium hexafluoride for the K-25 (gaseous diffusion) separation process. Uranium was discovered in 1789 by the German
Manhattan Project feed materials program
Manhattan_Project_feed_materials_program
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
any, since their high ratio of surface area to volume enables simple diffusion through the body surface to supply enough oxygen. Crustacea usually have
Arthropod
Solid-solution binary alloy of nickel and copper
in an extensive way in the enrichment of uranium in the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Here most of the larger-diameter tubing for the uranium hexafluoride
Monel
U.S. House district for Ohio
industries was the United States Department of Energy's Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant at Piketon, which manufactured uranium for nuclear weapons.
Ohio's 6th congressional district
Ohio's_6th_congressional_district
Gaseous diffusion through body tissue at constant total pressure
In physiology, isobaric counterdiffusion (ICD) is the diffusion of different gases into and out of tissues while under a constant ambient pressure, after
Isobaric_counterdiffusion
Particle detector for visualizing ionizing radiation
charged particle (for example, an alpha or beta particle) interacts with the gaseous mixture by knocking electrons off gas molecules via electrostatic forces
Cloud_chamber
Historic security checkpoints in Oak Ridge, TN, US
Oak Ridge as well as the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Portsmouth, Ohio, and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Paducah, Kentucky. The Bethel
Oak_Ridge_gatehouses
American physicist (1911-1989)
he was asked to join the Manhattan Project. He did research on a gaseous diffusion extraction method of U-235 from common uranium. He initially worked
William_G._Pollard
professor from 1935 until the War Manson Benedict – developed the gaseous diffusion method for separating the isotopes of uranium and supervised the engineering
List of Cornell Manhattan Project people
List_of_Cornell_Manhattan_Project_people
Austrian mechanical engineer (1917–2008)
Operations, Technical Information Division. 1960. Oleg Bukharin, Oleg. Russia’s Gaseous Centrifuge Technology and Uranium Enrichment Complex Archived January 11
Gernot_Zippe
Group that helped initiate the Manhattan Project
which Westinghouse undertook to construct. Another possibility was gaseous diffusion, which George B. Kistiakowsky suggested at a lunch on May 21, 1940
S-1_Executive_Committee
English chemist and polymath (1733–1804)
along with his earlier work on what would later be recognised as gaseous diffusion, would eventually lead John Dalton and Thomas Graham to formulate
Joseph_Priestley
the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011. "Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (USDOE) NPL site narrative". EPA. Archived from the original
List of Superfund sites in Kentucky
List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Kentucky
Experiment testing the origin of life
in 1934 for his isolation of deuterium and leading efforts to use gaseous diffusion for uranium isotope enrichment in support of the Manhattan Project
Miller–Urey_experiment
First Chinese nuclear test, 1964
conducted at the Institute of Physics and Atomic Energy in Beijing. A gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment plant was constructed in Lanzhou. In 1957, China
Project_596
University in Birmingham, England
Peierls and Otto Frisch. The university also hosted early work on gaseous diffusion in the Chemistry department when it was located in the Hills building
University_of_Birmingham
American physicist (1896–1966)
QUANTUM provided relatively simple equations known as Graham's law of gaseous diffusion (known since 1848) which can be used to separate fissile U-235 from
Boris_Podolsky
German-born British physicist (1907–1995)
achieved through thermal diffusion, but as the difficulties with this approach became more apparent they switched to gaseous diffusion, bringing in a fellow
Rudolf_Peierls
Simons (1897–1983), U.S. chemist, discoverer of fluorocarbons, used in gaseous diffusion of Uranium for Manhattan project Jens Christian Skou (1918–2018),
List_of_chemists
British chemist (1805–1869)
England is named Thomas Graham House Graham's law Gaseous diffusion Dialysis Colloid Fick's laws of diffusion "Thomas Graham | British chemist". Encyclopædia
Thomas_Graham_(chemist)
Airspace designated for specific use (United States)
safety of ground facilities Requested to avoid overflying Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant Thick dashed magenta lines Flying may be temporarily prohibited
Special use airspace in the United States
Special_use_airspace_in_the_United_States
American women participating in WWII
that allowed its isotopes, U-238 and U-235, to be separated via the gaseous diffusion process. Isabella Karle was a chemist in Hanford who was able to synthesize
American women in World War II
American_women_in_World_War_II
French businessman (1927–1986)
northern France, was renamed in Besse's honour. The Georges Besse gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment plant was operated by COGEMA (later AREVA) from
Georges_Besse
County in Tennessee, United States
develop the atomic bomb. As a result of the Project, both the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory are located in the county
Roane_County,_Tennessee
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
Boy/Male
Biblical
Diffusion; inclination; theft.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Diffusion; inclination; theft.
Male
English
 English name derived from Roman Galenus, GALEN means "calm, seas." Compare with another form of Galen.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker or seller of cheese, from Old English c̄se, cēse ‘cheese’ (Latin caseus) + mann ‘man’.
Female
Russian
(ГалиÌна) Russian feminine form of Roman Latin Galenus, GALINA means "calm, tranquil." Compare with another form of Galina.
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, French, Hebrew, Polish, Spanish
Gift from God; Given by God; God has Given
Girl/Female
Arabic, British, Russian
Battle Ready Warrior
Boy/Male
Muslim
Name of a sahabi who participated in the battle of Badr
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sarvashree | ஸரà¯à®µà®·à¯à®°à¯€
Name of a Raga
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Tilly.English : habitational name from Tilley in Shropshire, named from Old English telga ‘branch’, ‘bough’ + lēah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.English : occupational name for a husbandman, Middle English tilie (Old English tilia, a primary derivative of tilian ‘to till or cultivate’).English : from the medieval female personal name Tilly, a pet form of Till.
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish
Cheerful
Girl/Female
Irish
Bitter.
Girl/Female
Tamil
A small stream of sweet water
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Bless
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew
The Beloved; Dearly Loved
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
n.
Any gaseous envelope or medium.
a.
Gypseous.
a.
In the form, or of the nature, of gas, or of an aeriform fluid.
n.
A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H4, homologous with acetylene; propine.
a.
Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as, hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids.
a.
Nauseous.
a.
Causing nausea; nauseous.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy.
n.
A gaseous product, formed in coal mines, old wells, pints, etc.
a.
Resembling or containing gypsum; partaking of the qualities of gypsum.
n.
State of being gaseous.
a.
Glairy.
a.
Chaffy; like chaff; paleaceous.
a.
Causing, or fitted to cause, nausea; sickening; loathsome; disgusting; exciting abhorrence; as, a nauseous drug or medicine.
a.
Lacking substance or solidity; tenuous.
a.
Composed of bone; resembling bone; capable of forming bone; bony; ossific.
a.
Having a form of gas; gaseous.
a.
Ramal.
a.
Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly.
a.
Osseous.