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British effort to develop hydrogen bombs between 1952 and 1958
The British hydrogen bomb programme was the ultimately successful British effort to develop hydrogen bombs between 1952 and 1958. During the early part
British hydrogen bomb programme
British_hydrogen_bomb_programme
Multi-stage fusion-fission nuclear weapon
A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon, or hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon, using nuclear fusion. The most destructive weapons
Thermonuclear_weapon
British mathematician and physicist
was a British mathematician and physicist. He is best known for his work on the interior ballistics of guns and the British hydrogen bomb programme. John
John_Corner
Series of British nuclear weapons tests
Islands in the Pacific Ocean (modern Kiribati) as part of the British hydrogen bomb programme. Nine nuclear explosions were initiated, culminating in the
Operation_Grapple
Soviet hydrogen bomb first tested in 1955
December, in the British House of Commons, Barbara Castle argued for a unilateral testing moratorium on the British hydrogen bomb programme: But did not the
RDS-37
1956 British nuclear tests in Western Australia
a hydrogen bomb, which the British Government had agreed would not be tested in Australia, the tests were connected with the British hydrogen bomb programme
Operation_Mosaic
have ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. The British hydrogen bomb programme's success with its Operation Grapple Pacific nuclear testing
Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom
British military historian (1915–2014)
Windscale fire, the nuclear weapons tests in Australia and the British hydrogen bomb programme. In her old age she was still an active participant in
Lorna_Arnold
channelled from one fission bomb to effectively compress a second fission bomb was considered as part of the British hydrogen bomb programme, which mistakenly believed
Nuclear_weapon_design
nuclear tests at Maralinga in 1956 and 1957. The British hydrogen bomb programme demonstrated Britain's ability to produce thermonuclear weapons in the
Timeline of strategic nuclear weapon systems of the United Kingdom
Timeline_of_strategic_nuclear_weapon_systems_of_the_United_Kingdom
Nuclear weapons security pact
public with the launch of Sputnik on 4 October 1957, and the British hydrogen bomb programme had successfully tested a thermonuclear device in the Operation
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
US–UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement
Atomic weapons tests in Australia, 1956–1963
light-weight bomb arose with the British Government's decision in July 1954 to proceed with a British hydrogen bomb programme. Hydrogen bombs required an
British nuclear tests at Maralinga
British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga
an independent programme, High Explosive Research, testing its first nuclear weapon in 1952. After the British hydrogen bomb programme's successful Operation
United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction
United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
German-born British physicist and atomic spy (1911–1988)
relating to the first nuclear weapons and, later, early models of the hydrogen bomb. After his conviction in 1950, he served nine years in prison in the
Klaus_Fuchs
English author (1938–2023)
father had a distinguished scientific career, heading the British hydrogen bomb programme. Hulme took the name Anne Perry, using her stepfather's surname
Anne_Perry
History of technical design of modern hydrogen bombs
is the technical concept behind thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs. The design relies on the radiation implosion principle, using thermal
History of the Teller–Ulam design
History_of_the_Teller–Ulam_design
Soviet Union program to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II
different versions were made and tested. RDS-6s, the first Soviet test of a hydrogen bomb, took place on August 12, 1953, and was nicknamed Joe 4 by the Americans
Soviet_atomic_bomb_project
Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Air Force
War. The unit is noted for its role in the British atomic and hydrogen bomb programmes. All eight British nuclear weapons that were ever detonated after
No._49_Squadron_RAF
– June 17 – Prime Minister Churchill decides to begin the British hydrogen bomb programme, and Minister of Defense Harold Macmillan publicly announces
Timeline of nuclear weapons development
Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development
British scientist (1908–1991)
January 1991) was a British scientist who is considered one of the four major minds behind the successful British hydrogen bomb project. He was the father
Henry_Rainsford_Hulme
Academy in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England
Joseph Cook (1905–1987), mathematician who helped to lead the British hydrogen bomb programme in the 1950s John Garrett (1902–1966), headmaster and author
The_John_of_Gaunt_School
Multi-model class of strategic bombers
Wing Commander Kenneth Hubbard dropped "Short Granite", the first British hydrogen bomb, over the Pacific the as part of Operation Grapple. The test was
V_bomber
Strand of science documentary films
feet, breathing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Round Britain Whizz (1986) – a sped-up flight around the coastline of Britain, with guest appearances of
Q.E.D._(British_TV_series)
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules with the formula H2, called dihydrogen, or sometimes hydrogen gas, molecular hydrogen, or simply hydrogen. Dihydrogen
Hydrogen
Anglo-Australian physicist (1924–2000)
William Cook to work on the British hydrogen bomb programme at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston. The British government had decided
John_Clive_Ward
its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (Operation Grapple), making it the third country to do so after the United States and Soviet Union. The British Armed Forces
List of states with nuclear weapons
List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons
UK nuclear weapons programme
Operation Hurricane on 3 October 1952. The subsequent British development of the hydrogen bomb, and a fortuitous international relations climate created
Trident (UK nuclear programme)
Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)
extradited to Texas on fraud charges against a British bank while they were living in the UK and working for the British bank. Arriving in the US on 13 July 2006
UK–US extradition treaty of 2003
UK–US_extradition_treaty_of_2003
own atomic bomb project, and not long after, both countries were developing even more powerful fusion weapons known as hydrogen bombs. Britain and France
History_of_nuclear_weapons
English mathematician and physicist (1909–1991)
Research, Britain's clandestine nuclear programme that started in 1942 during the Second World War which produced the first British atomic bomb in 1952
William_Penney,_Baron_Penney
British nuclear weapons research during WW2
Alloys programme in Britain and Canada was the first nuclear weapons project. Due to the high costs for Britain while fighting a war within bombing range
Tube_Alloys
British historian
begin work on her final year historical research project on the British hydrogen bomb. She graduated in July 1994 with first class honours in Modern History
Kate_Pyne
UK atomic bomb development project
be beyond the financial resources of Britain's war-ravaged economy. The successful British hydrogen bomb programme, and a favourable international relations
High_Explosive_Research
Liquid form of rocket propellants
mastered in the early 1950s as part of the hydrogen bomb development program at Los Alamos. Liquid hydrogen can be stored and transported without boil-off
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Royal Air Force officer (1911–1997)
promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1955. In 1956, the British hydrogen bomb programme approached fruition, and preparations began for a nuclear test
Wilfrid_Oulton
1968–1996 British nuclear weapons programme
submarine. The British government endorsed this idea, as it saved a great deal of money. The British development of the hydrogen bomb, and a favourable
Polaris (UK nuclear programme)
Polaris_(UK_nuclear_programme)
British civil servant and mathematician
Energy Authority (UKAEA). It was under his leadership that Britain developed the hydrogen bomb, and he was present as the scientific director of the Operation
William_Richard_Joseph_Cook
same time constructing a civilian nuclear programme and by extension the capability to make a nuclear bomb. This policy was motivated by a conventional
India and weapons of mass destruction
India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Rigid airship type
and had enormously greater bomb-load range and endurance. Contrary to expectation, it was not easy to ignite the hydrogen using standard bullets and shrapnel
Zeppelin
2007 British TV series or programme
save the world from Soviet Communism was to build an even bigger bomb, the hydrogen bomb, or Super." — Sean Pertwee's opening narration In 1950, Edward
Nuclear_Secrets
Royal Air Force officer
tests at Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean as part of the British hydrogen bomb programme. No 49 Squadron had eight Valiants, but only four deployed:
Kenneth_Hubbard
working at IAEA became aware of advancing Indian nuclear programme towards making the bombs. Therefore, In October 1965, Munir Khan, director at the Nuclear
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
List of atomic weapons testing conducted in Australia
series of "Minor Trials" occurred testing components of the Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs using in some instances radioactive and toxic materials, such as Plutonium
Nuclear weapons tests in Australia
Nuclear_weapons_tests_in_Australia
1939 letter to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt
the importance of the letter, the US did not kick start their atomic bomb programme for another three years, and this was through other means. Otto Hahn
Einstein–Szilard_letter
WWII Soviet nuclear-research spies in the West
that within a year of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb test in 1952, the USSR successfully tested its hydrogen bomb in 1953. Another person who played a significant
Atomic_spies
British rigid airship in service 1929-1930
of a British government programme to develop airships to provide passenger and mail transport between Britain and the countries of the British Empire
R100
Welsh biological warfare expert (1944–2003)
he was key in uncovering the anthrax production programme at the Salman Pak facility, and a BW programme run at Al Hakum. A year after the publication of
David_Kelly_(weapons_expert)
British political scientist and historian (1943–2019)
February 2020 (copyright date 2019): Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb concerned the decision by the US government
Ken_Young
Free-fall gravity nuclear bomb
urgent, and development of the Improved Kiloton Bomb was temporarily halted until the Polaris warhead programme was completed. To fill the gap until Polaris
WE.177
Soviet nuclear physicist (1903–1960)
Making Of The Hydrogen Bomb by Richard Rhodes (ISBN 0-684-82414-0) PBS documentary Citizen Kurchatov DeGroot, Gerard (2004). The Bomb: A History of Hell
Igor_Kurchatov
Part of the post-WWII era and the Cold War
under the leadership of Churchill, Britain decided to develop and test a hydrogen bomb. The first successful hydrogen bomb test occurred on November 8, 1957
Nuclear_arms_race
British rigid airship destroyed in 1930
was one of a pair of British rigid airships completed in 1929 as part of the Imperial Airship Scheme, a British government programme to develop civil airships
R101
Royal Air Force station in Cumbria, England
ballistic missile project. The role of Spadeadam in Britain's Cold War nuclear weapons programme was made public in 2004 when tree felling uncovered remains
RAF_Spadeadam
Mike, the first successful test of a true thermonuclear device or hydrogen bomb. Britain was therefore still several years behind in nuclear weapons technology
British nuclear testing in the United States
British_nuclear_testing_in_the_United_States
British contribution to the WWII atomic bomb project
Britain initiated the world's first research project to design an atomic bomb in 1941. Building on this work, Britain prompted the United States to recognise
British contribution to the Manhattan Project
British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project
2019 television drama series
War efforts. Following the tensions of the Space Race and the first hydrogen bomb test, Samuel's work plays a part in the emergence of the modern world
Summer_of_Rockets
German chemist (1899–1957)
Bonhoeffer, together with Paul Harteck, discovered the spin isomers of hydrogen, orthohydrogen and parahydrogen. He died in Göttingen in 1957 at the age
Karl-Friedrich_Bonhoeffer
Cold War project for the US to provide the UK with nuclear weapons
atomic bombs in the US available for Britain to use if the British agreed to curtail their atomic bomb programme. This would have given Britain nuclear
Project_E
English-language profanity
F-bomb usually refers to the unanticipated use of the word fuck in an unexpected setting, such as public media, a play on the nickname for the hydrogen
Fuck
British nuclear weapons research group, 1940–1941
of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-65719-4. Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon
MAUD_Committee
Island in the central Pacific Ocean
interests from c. 1860–1927), its former use as the site of the first British H-bomb tests (Operation Grapple, 1957), and its current importance as a protected
Malden_Island
Soviet spacecraft research project, 1976–1993
use of kerosene and liquid hydrogen as fuel, and liquid oxygen as oxidizer (both new technologies in the Soviet space programme), with the shuttle orbiter
Buran_programme
the silver sphere is a simple atomic bomb. But it is not a hydrogen bomb." Furthermore, he said "a hydrogen bomb would not only be in two parts but also
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
German World War II cruise missile
The V-1 flying bomb (German: Vergeltungswaffe 1, lit. 'Vengeance Weapon 1') was an early cruise missile. Its official Reich Aviation Ministry (RLM) name
V-1_flying_bomb
Australian physicist (1901–2000)
a hydrogen bomb. Oliphant had not foreseen this development: ... we had no idea whatever that this would one day be applied to make hydrogen bombs. Our
Mark_Oliphant
Chronology of the North Korean nuclear program
Weapons Programme". IISS.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013. "Why it's so difficult to build a hydrogen bomb". 7 January
Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
Timeline_of_the_North_Korean_nuclear_program
British four-jet high-altitude bomber
Valiant B(K).1 (XD818) piloted by Kenneth Hubbard dropped the first British hydrogen bomb, the Short Granite, over the Pacific as part of Operation Grapple
Vickers_Valiant
fermentation, waste deposit sites: landfills waste water A carbon bomb, or climate bomb, is any new extraction of hydrocarbons from underground whose potential
List of locations and entities by greenhouse gas emissions
List_of_locations_and_entities_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions
European aircraft manufacturer
March 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2025. "ZEROe: our hydrogen-powered aircraft: Developing our first hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft". Airbus. Archived
Airbus
Former command of the Royal Air Force
played the central role in the strategic bombing of Germany in World War II. From 1942 onward, the British bombing campaign against Germany became less restrictive
RAF_Bomber_Command
Phase of the Cold War
to fight this costly cold war. Truman ordered the development of a hydrogen bomb. In early 1950, the U.S. took its first efforts to oppose communist
Cold_War_(1948–1953)
Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021)
development. He made an attempt to work on the Teller–Ulam design for the hydrogen bomb, but the military strategists had objected to the idea as it went against
Abdul_Qadeer_Khan
British television drama series (2002–2011)
appearing on 17 September 2006. In it, elements within the British Government, MI6 and the British media conspire in an attempt to overthrow Parliament and
Spooks_(TV_series)
Chinese physicist (1914–2011)
with Soviet assistance in the 1950s, and they developed a nuclear bomb and a hydrogen bomb that were both successfully tested in the 1960s. She maintained
He_Zehui
Metaphor for a rough calculation
stump other people. The most famous instance came during the first atomic bomb test in New Mexico on 16 July 1945. As the blast wave reached him, Fermi
Back-of-the-envelope calculation
Back-of-the-envelope_calculation
1950s British aircraft rocket engine
Saunders-Roe SR.177. The Spectre was a bipropellant engine burning kerosene and hydrogen peroxide. The power could be controlled from 10–100% delivering 8,000 lbf
De_Havilland_Spectre
Program of the Allies during World War II
understood the words "uranium" or "nuclear (fission) bomb", but he had worked with atomic hydrogen and atomic oxygen and thought that American scientists
Operation_Epsilon
English engineer and inventor (1887–1979)
engineer and inventor. He is best known for having invented the bouncing bomb used by the Royal Air Force in Operation Chastise (the "Dambusters" raid)
Barnes_Wallis
On independence of the BBC
that ‘the Corporation never had any plan for mounting a feature on the hydrogen bomb in the New Year as suggested in your letter’ by the 24 January 1955
BBC_independence
1957 nuclear accident in England
referred to at the time as "piles", had been built as part of the British post-war atomic bomb project. Windscale Pile No. 1 was operational in October 1950
Windscale_fire
British research ballistic missile
occupied by free-fall nuclear bombs and thus a reliance on ever-more complex, costly and capable aircraft. A British programme to develop such a missile,
Black_Knight_(rocket)
Second World War bunker complex in Pas-de-Calais, France
of the repeated bombing by the British and United States air forces as part of Operation Crossbow against the German V-weapons programme. The attacks caused
Blockhaus_d'Éperlecques
Indian nuclear physicist (1941–2023)
and Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri, in the design and development of a hydrogen bomb by India, which was tested at the Pokhran Test Range in May 1998, under
S._K._Sikka
lithium-6, which is used to boost fission bombs and fuel hydrogen bombs. The investigation also showed that Britain shipped 20 tons of heavy water directly
Nuclear_weapons_of_Israel
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
and development. The theoretical and computational tools needed for hydrogen bomb design are closely related to those needed for inertial confinement
Fusion_power
British ballistic missile
1973 to close the Europa 2 programme. Post-war Britain's nuclear weapons armament was initially based on free-fall bombs delivered by the V bomber force
Blue_Streak_(missile)
progressed from fission bomb to hydrogen bomb. Mao had urged the importance of a quick progression from fission bomb to hydrogen bomb, instructing Liu Jie
Nuclear_weapons_of_China
Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom
The first British atomic bomb was tested in Operation Hurricane on 3 October 1952. The subsequent British development of the hydrogen bomb, and a favourable
Polaris_Sales_Agreement
Documentary TV series and book by James Burke
led to the production of The Day the Universe Changed (1985), a similar programme, but showing a more linear history of several important scientific developments
Connections (British TV series)
Connections_(British_TV_series)
Fuel from carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Mineralölsicherungsplan [de] (1944-1945), to build 7 underground hydrogenation plants with bombing protection (none were completed). (Planners had rejected an
Synthetic_fuel
Powered lighter-than-air aircraft
their flammable hydrogen lifting gas made them vulnerable to the defending aeroplanes. Several were shot down in flames by British defenders, and many
Airship
Two small subantarctic islands belonging to South Africa
Wielligh, Nic; Von Wielligh-Steyn, Lydia (2015). The Bomb – South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria, ZA: Litera. ISBN 978-1-920188-48-1. OCLC 930598649
Prince_Edward_Islands
Former air-cooled graphite-moderated nuclear reactors
referred to at the time as "piles", were built as part of the British post-war atomic bomb project and produced weapons-grade plutonium for use in nuclear
Windscale_Piles
2005 science fiction novel by Kazuo Ishiguro
place in nuclear physics, culminating in the creation of the atom and hydrogen bombs, had taken place instead in the field of biology, specifically in cloning"
Never_Let_Me_Go_(novel)
1968 book predicting worldwide famine
the atomic or hydrogen bomb." D.B. Luten has said that although the book is often seen as a seminal work in the field, The Population Bomb is actually best
The_Population_Bomb
1973 British science fiction TV series
Barry Lowe played Tom Hill, the head of the base technical section. The programme was notable for its combination of realistic spaceflight procedures, ensured
Moonbase_3
British game show
received national media coverage and the programme, as a whole, is widely recognised and parodied within British culture. Countdown was produced by Yorkshire
Countdown_(game_show)
British jet-powered delta wing strategic bomber
Project E programme) and later by the British Red Beard tactical nuclear weapon. The UK had already embarked on its own hydrogen bomb programme, and to
Avro_Vulcan
1962 Treaty between The U.S. and United Kingdom
The first British atomic bomb was tested in Operation Hurricane on 3 October 1952. The subsequent British development of the hydrogen bomb, and a favourable
Nassau_Agreement
French Navy Zeppelin LZ 114 airship destroyed in 1923
the Imperial German Navy. L 72 was originally built with the intention to bomb New York City, a mission never carried out due to the end of the war. The
Dixmude_(airship)
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BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
BRITISH HYDROGEN-BOMB-PROGRAMME
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