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Machine learning technique
In deep learning, fine-tuning is the process of adapting a computational model trained for one task (the upstream task) to perform a different, usually
Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)
Topics referred to by the same term
fine-tune in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fine-tuning may refer to: Fine-tuning (deep learning) Fine-tuning (physics) Fine-tuned universe Tuning (disambiguation)
Fine-tuning
Training methods used after LLM pretraining
large-scale pretraining. The scope varies among surveys. Supervised fine-tuning or instruction tuning and preference-based alignment are common elements, while
Post-training of large language models
Post-training_of_large_language_models
Parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique for large language models
(Low-Rank Adaptation) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique for large language models and other deep neural networks. Introduced in 2021 by researchers
LoRA_(machine_learning)
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
In deep learning, the transformer is a family of artificial neural network architectures based on the multi-head attention mechanism, in which text is
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Language models designed for reasoning tasks
inference. Early alignment work on reinforcement learning from human feedback showed that models can be fine-tuned to follow instructions with "human feedback"
Reasoning_model
Branch of machine learning
and Fine-Tuning in Context-Dependent DBN-HMMs for Real-World Speech Recognition". NIPS Workshop on Deep Learning and Unsupervised Feature Learning. Archived
Deep_learning
Type of machine learning model
Before being fine-tuned, most LLMs are next-token predictors. The fine-tuning shapes the LLM's behavior via techniques like reinforcement learning from human
Large_language_model
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
training and fine-tuning, which produce lasting changes, in-context learning is temporary. Training models to perform in-context learning can be viewed
Prompt_engineering
Subset of artificial intelligence
in the field of deep learning have allowed neural networks, a class of statistical algorithms, to surpass many previous machine learning approaches in performance
Machine_learning
Machine learning methods using multiple input modalities
Multimodal learning is a type of deep learning that integrates and processes multiple types of data, referred to as modalities, such as text, audio, images
Multimodal_learning
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
costly, as it uses pre-trained capabilities and typically requires only fine-tuning on smaller, task-specific datasets. Early examples of foundation models
Foundation_model
Engineering applied to artificial intelligence
suitable machine learning algorithm, including deep learning paradigms. Once an algorithm is chosen, optimizing it through hyperparameter tuning is essential
Artificial intelligence engineering
Artificial_intelligence_engineering
Type of large language model
specific task using a labeled dataset (the "fine-tuning" step). The transformer architecture for deep learning is the core technology of a GPT. Developed
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Machine learning technique
Kangwook; Lee, Kimin (2 November 2023). "DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models". NeurIPS 2023. arXiv:2305.16381
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
AI research laboratory
chess) after a few days of play against itself using reinforcement learning. DeepMind has since trained models for game-playing (MuZero, AlphaStar), for
Google_DeepMind
Field of machine learning
reinforcement learning was applied directly to a pretrained base model, without a preliminary supervised fine-tuning stage. Active learning (machine learning) Apprenticeship
Reinforcement_learning
Word embedding method
important as a pioneer of self-supervised generative pretraining followed by fine-tuning, where a large model is trained to reproduce a large corpus, then the
ELMo
Chinese artificial intelligence company
open-weight models, including LLaMA and Qwen, then fine-tuned on synthetic data generated by R1. Template for DeepSeek-R1-Zero A conversation between User and
DeepSeek
Foundation model allowing control of robot actions
respect to Google DeepMind's RT-2, OpenVLA outperforms RT-2 on a suite of manipulation tasks. It also supports parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods and quantization
Vision–language–action_model
Trimming artificial neural networks to reduce computational overhead
In deep learning, pruning is the practice of removing parameters from an existing artificial neural network. The goal of this process is to reduce the
Pruning (artificial neural network)
Pruning_(artificial_neural_network)
Deep learning generation model
DreamBooth is a deep learning generation model used to personalize existing text-to-image models by fine-tuning. It was developed by researchers from
DreamBooth
Australian data scientist (born 1973)
the ULMFiT algorithm, which is credited with pioneering transfer learning and fine-tuning techniques in natural language processing, and contributing to
Jeremy_Howard_(entrepreneur)
Conversational software
conversation partner. Chatbots have existed for decades, but chatbots based on deep learning have gained popularity during the AI boom of the 2020s, with the releases
Chatbot
Series of language models developed by Google AI
Kilian Q.; Artzi, Yoav (March 11, 2021), Revisiting Few-sample BERT Fine-tuning, arXiv:2006.05987 Turc, Iulia; Chang, Ming-Wei; Lee, Kenton; Toutanova
BERT_(language_model)
Large language model by Meta AI
only available as foundational models with self-supervised learning and without fine-tuning. Llama 2 – Chat models were derived from foundational Llama
Llama_(language_model)
Field of study in artificial intelligence
associated with the forget set — followed by fine-tuning on the retain set to restore utility. Layer Reset and Fine-tuning: The first or last k layers are re-initialized
Machine_unlearning
Image-generating machine learning model
Stable Diffusion is a deep learning, text-to-image model released in 2022 based on diffusion techniques. The generative artificial intelligence technology
Stable_Diffusion
Chess-playing computer made by IBM
Deep Blue was a customized IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer for chess-playing designed by computer scientist Feng-hsiung Hsu. It was the first computer to
Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)
2020 text-generating language model
datasets, followed by discriminative fine-tuning to focus on a specific task. GPT models are transformer-based deep-learning neural network architectures. Previously
GPT-3
Chatbot by DeepMind
Sparrow is trained using reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), although some supervised fine-tuning techniques are also used. The RLHF training
Sparrow_(chatbot)
Branch of computer science
D-LiFT: Improving LLM-based Decompiler Backend via Code Quality-driven Fine-tuning, arXiv:2506.10125, retrieved 2025-11-18 Hu, Xinyu; Fu, Zhiwei; Xie, Shaocong;
AI-assisted reverse engineering
AI-assisted_reverse_engineering
Term used in machine learning
In machine learning, the term stochastic parrot is a metaphor that frames large language models as systems that statistically mimic text without real understanding
Stochastic_parrot
2018 text-generating language model
was used to set initial parameters, and a supervised discriminative "fine-tuning" stage in which these parameters were adapted to a target task. The use
GPT-1
Subfield of machine learning
the need for fine-tuning to adapt to new class types. The Relation Network (RN), is trained end-to-end from scratch. During meta-learning, it learns to
Meta-learning (computer science)
Meta-learning_(computer_science)
Set of learning techniques in machine learning
model to specific tasks is typically done with supervised learning, either by fine-tuning the model / representations with the labels as the signal,
Feature_learning
Type of artificial intelligence model trained on Earth observation and geoscientific data
foundational backbones are tuned for specific target geoscientific tasks or localized tracking using parameter-efficient frameworks: Fine-Tuning: Alters the complete
Geospatial_foundation_model
Opinion and argument mining subtask
Methodological approaches have included traditional machine learning and deep learning architectures, as well as large language models due to their ability
Stance_detection
Paradigm in machine learning that uses no classification labels
(PCA), Boltzmann machine learning, and autoencoders. After the rise of deep learning, most large-scale unsupervised learning has been done by training
Unsupervised_learning
Italian artificial intelligence project
of understanding and generating human-like text. This model utilizes deep learning techniques, specifically a Transformer architecture, to process and
Minerva_(model)
Deep reinforcement learning method
AlphaChip is a deep reinforcement learning method for automated chip floorplanning. It was developed at Google and is now a portion of the offerings of
AlphaChip
machine learning is applied to fraud detection. By assigning different costs to false positives and false negatives, models can be fine-tuned to minimize
Cost-sensitive machine learning
Cost-sensitive_machine_learning
Type of feedforward neural network
that learns features via filter (or kernel) optimization. This type of deep learning network has been applied to process and make predictions from many different
Convolutional_neural_network
Research field that lies at the intersection of machine learning and computer security
treating sequences of application activities as a form of "language" and fine-tuning a pre-trained BERT model on the specific task. A study applying this
Adversarial_machine_learning
Tendency of AI systems to tell users what they want to hear
behavior systematically in 2022. They found that models fine-tuned with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) were more likely than untuned
Sycophancy (artificial intelligence)
Sycophancy_(artificial_intelligence)
Image generation algorithm
tuning methods. Finally, optimization processes can be lengthy, requiring several minutes of tuning for each novel concept. Encoder and quick-tuning methods
Text-to-image_personalization
Large language model developed by Xiaomi
fine-tuning and reinforcement learning on 130,000 mathematics and code problems. MiMo-7B-RL-0530 was released in May 2025. It scaled the fine-tuning dataset
Xiaomi_MiMo
Tasks in machine learning
test data set should never be used for validating the training model or fine-tuning hyperparameters, as it provides an accurate and honest evaluation of
Training, validation, and test data sets
Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets
Deep Tomographic Reconstruction is a set of methods for using deep learning methods to perform tomographic reconstruction of medical and industrial images
Deep tomographic reconstruction
Deep_tomographic_reconstruction
Intelligence of machines
to determine the closest match. They can be fine-tuned based on chosen examples using supervised learning. Each pattern (also called an "observation")
Artificial_intelligence
Statistical law in machine learning
scaling laws beyond training to the deployment phase. In general, a deep learning model can be characterized by four parameters: model size, training
Neural_scaling_law
Usage of artificial intelligence to generate music
filtering, and hybrid filtering are most widely applied, deep learning being utilized for fine-tuning. Graph-based and matrix factorization methods are used
Artificial intelligence in music
Artificial_intelligence_in_music
British rock band
Introducction. Cengage Learning. p. 213. ISBN 978-0534642952. Wright, Jeb (2009). "The Naked Truth: An Exclusive Interview with Deep Purple's Ian Gillan"
Deep_Purple
Concept of open-source software applied to AI
malicious activities. Open-source AI may allow bioterrorism groups to remove fine-tuning and other safeguards of AI models. One proposed step towards reducing
Open-source artificial intelligence
Open-source_artificial_intelligence
Line of Nvidia produced servers and workstations
Nvidia DGX (Deep GPU Xceleration) is a series of servers and workstations designed by Nvidia, primarily geared towards enhancing deep learning applications
Nvidia_DGX
Music-generating machine learning model
available on GitHub. The first version of Riffusion was created as a fine-tuning of Stable Diffusion, an existing open-source model for generating images
Riffusion
Interpretable computational sub-graphs within artificial neural networks
mechanistic interpretability. Researchers aim to reverse-engineer "black box" deep learning models by identifying their fundamental variables – known as features
Circuit_(neural_network)
Function in a computer game-playing program that evaluates a game position
trained using reinforcement learning or supervised learning to accept a board state as input and output a real or integer value. Deep neural networks have been
Evaluation_function
American artificial intelligence company
In February 2026, the company launched AutoScientist, an automated fine-tuning tool designed to reduce human intervention in model training. Kahn, Jeremy
Adaption_AI
Influential 2012 deep convolutional neural network
runner-up. The architecture influenced a large number of subsequent work in deep learning, especially in applying neural networks to computer vision. AlexNet
AlexNet
Popular MNIST alternative machine learning dataset of fashion images
Muhammad Suhaib; Khan, Muhammad Umar Karim; Kyung, Chong-Min (2020-06-16). "Fine-Tuning DARTS for Image Classification". arXiv:2006.09042 [cs.CV]. "Papers with
Fashion-MNIST
AI platform developed by IBM
language processing (NLP) applications.The platform also allows fine-tuning with its Tuning Studio. Watsonx.data is a platform designed to assist clients
IBM_Watsonx
to other deep belief networks. Depending on whether the network is to be used for discrimination or generative tasks, it is then "fine tuned" or trained
Convolutional deep belief network
Convolutional_deep_belief_network
Optimization algorithm
cause large changes in the parameters, while the later ones do only fine-tuning. Such schedules have been known since the work of MacQueen on k-means
Stochastic_gradient_descent
2017 research paper by Google
research paper in machine learning authored by eight scientists and engineers working at Google. The paper introduced a new deep learning architecture known
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
provides a plausible explanation for the fine tuning of our universe: the "typical" universe is not fine-tuned, but given enough universes, a small fraction
Anthropic_principle
Image-generating machine learning model
is a freemium text-to-image model developed by Ideogram, Inc. using deep learning methodologies to generate digital images from natural language descriptions
Ideogram (text-to-image model)
Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)
Type of artificial intelligence system
rule-based text templates to generate descriptions. With the rise of deep learning, neural networks became dominant in image captioning. In 2015, methods
Vision-language_model
Machine learning model for speech
non-English languages into English. Whisper is a weakly-supervised deep learning acoustic model, made using an encoder-decoder transformer architecture
Whisper (speech recognition system)
Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)
Machine learning model
latent space, and use one or more auxiliary deep learning models to upscale or decode it, filling in finer details. Text-to-image models are trained on
Text-to-image_model
Artificial intelligence software
dataset of speech samples from a diverse range of sources and then being fine-tuned to optimize the output. Pirklbauer, Jan; Sach, Marvin; Fluyt, Kristoff
Adobe_Enhanced_Speech
Machine learning model training problem
(Schmidhuber, 1992), pre-trained one level at a time through unsupervised learning, fine-tuned through backpropagation. Here each level learns a compressed representation
Vanishing_gradient_problem
Voice conversion software
may incorporate cycle consistency loss to preserve speaker identity. Fine-tuning on small datasets is feasible due to the use of pre-trained models, particularly
Retrieval-based Voice Conversion
Retrieval-based_Voice_Conversion
GenerativeOmniMatte showed how the task can be achieved by far less data by fine-tuning a generative video diffusion model. That model has already learned the
Video_matting
AI that generates content
generate data. Beginning in the late 2000s and early 2010s, advances in deep learning led to major improvements in image classification, speech recognition
Generative_AI
Forms of artificial intelligence research
Norvig had changed their minds. Deep learning networks and machine learning in general require extensive fine tuning -- they must be iteratively tested
Neats_and_scruffies
Neural network that learns efficient data encoding in an unsupervised manner
real-world channels. Representation learning Singular value decomposition Sparse dictionary learning Deep learning Bank, Dor; Koenigstein, Noam; Giryes
Autoencoder
Extraction of information from images via digital image processing techniques
masks, can segment arbitrary objects in images without task-specific fine-tuning. These advances have made image analysis techniques increasingly accessible
Image_analysis
Deep learning method
been used for transfer learning to enforce the alignment of the latent feature space, such as in deep reinforcement learning. This works by feeding the
Generative adversarial network
Generative_adversarial_network
Explicit material produced by generative AI
such as nudifiers, deepfakes, and facemorphing. Some platforms enable fine‑tuning of parameters such as settings, style, or theme, and provide prompt enhancers
Generative_AI_pornography
Type of stochastic recurrent neural network
labeled data to fine-tune the representations built using a large set of unlabeled sensory input data. However, unlike DBNs and deep convolutional neural
Boltzmann_machine
Indian classical musician
Ravi Shankar. Bhattacharya is the inventor of "mankas" or fine tuners that help in quick tuning of the santoor. His technique of playing the santoor facilitates
Tarun_Bhattacharya
Image-generating machine learning model
the release of Flux Pro Finetuning API, designed for customisation and fine-tuning of Flux-generated images and a partnership with German media company
Flux_(text-to-image_model)
Concept in machine learning
In machine learning, the term tensor informally refers to two different concepts: (i) a way of organizing data and (ii) a multilinear (tensor) transformation
Tensor_(machine_learning)
Detecting small objects in digital images
maintaining the aspect ratio during fine-tuning. These patches are then provided for training the model. Various deep learning techniques are available that
Small_object_detection
2025 large language model
without reasoning. This method was combined with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning from human feedback. The computational resources needed
GPT-4.5
Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum
these inputs to fine-tune motor activity. Cerebellar damage produces disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning in humans. Anatomically
Cerebellum
Series of large language models developed by Google AI
and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning". Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR: 22631–22648. arXiv:2301.13688
T5_(language_model)
Code-generating large language model by OpenAI
Announced in 2021, it was a modified production version of GPT-3 that was fine-tuned on source code in multiple programming languages, and it served as the
OpenAI_Codex_(language_model)
Class of artificial neural network
used in deep learning networks. In particular, deep belief networks can be formed by "stacking" RBMs and optionally fine-tuning the resulting deep network
Restricted_Boltzmann_machine
Use of artificial intelligence in the automation of electronic design
which helps in automatically tuning the design process, as seen in the FIST tool. A major use is in representation learning, where the aim is to automatically
AI-driven_design_automation
Statistical model of language
LLM that is pre-trained to predict the next word. GPTs are then often fine-tuned to follow instructions and to behave as assistants. Benchmark evaluations
Language_model
2023 text-generating language model
datasets. Second, human reviews are used to fine-tune the system in a process called reinforcement learning from human feedback, which trains the model
GPT-4
Technique using a large language model as an evaluator
Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Instruction Tuning Optimization. The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). arXiv:2306.05087
LLM-as-a-Judge
2019 text-generating language model
GPT-2's capacity for prose through fine-tuning on individual authors. Elkins and Chun (2020) reported that fine-tuned GPT-2 could imitate aspects of authorial
GPT-2
Artificial intelligence safety researcher
applications of reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to large language models. He has worked at OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and the United Kingdom's
Geoffrey_Irving
Argument for the existence of God
According to Collins, examples of fine-tuning for discoverability include: The fine-structure constant is fine-tuned for energy usage. If it were stronger
Teleological_argument
types of computer-aided chemistry would benefit from machine learning. A deep learning AI-based process has been developed that uses genome databases
Applications of artificial intelligence
Applications_of_artificial_intelligence
Artificial production of media by automated means
assigned to the learned, often abstract, concept) and model extensions or fine-tuning (such as DreamBooth). The capacity to generate music through autonomous
Synthetic_media
Language model by DeepMind
utilization because it requires much less computer power for inference and fine-tuning. Based on the training of previously employed language models, it has
Chinchilla_(language_model)
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Fine.
Female
Yiddish
 Yiddish name derived from the word bin(e), BINE means "bee." Compare with other forms of Bine.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from Middle English pine, Old French pin, a topographic name for someone who lived by a conspicuous pine tree or in a pine forest. It may also be a Norman habitational name from any of various places named with this word, such as Le Pin in Calvados; in other cases it may originally have been a nickname for a tall man, one thought to resemble a pine tree.German : variant spelling of Peine.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a clever or elegant man, from Old French fin ‘fine’, ‘delicate’, ‘skilled’, ‘cunning’ (originally a noun from Latin finis ‘end’, ‘extremity’, ‘boundary’, later used also as an adjective in the sense ‘ultimate’, ‘excellent’).Jewish (American) : Americanized spelling of Fein.
Male
Irish
 Old Irish form of modern Gaelic Fionn, FINN means "fair, white." In Irish legend, this is the name of a hero, Finn MacCool, who became all-knowing after eating a magic salmon. Compare with another form of Finn.
Girl/Female
French, German, Irish, Swedish
Tribe of the Irish; The Lord Judges
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Old Norse Finnr, FINN means "from Finland." Compare with another form of Finn.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a refiner of gold and other metals, from Middle English fine(n) ‘to refine or purify’ (a derivative of fine ‘fine’, ‘pure’).Probably a translated form of German Feiner.
Female
Yiddish
Yiddish form of Hebrew Diynah, DINE means "judgment."
Male
Scottish
Scottish surname transferred to forename use, FIFE means "from Fife," a place said to have gotten its name from the legendary Pictish hero Fib.
Female
German
Short form of German Wilhelmine, MINE means "will-helmet."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Fast, Clever, The mind
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil, Traditional
Lovable; Light; Accommodations; Adaptation; Fine-tuning
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Box Where we Keep Arrow
Surname or Lastname
Indian (northern states)
Indian (northern states) : Hindu name meaning ‘lamp’, from Sanskrit dīpa. It occurs commonly as the final element of compound personal names, e.g. in Kuldeep ‘light of the family’. Subsequently, it appears to have evolved into a surname.English : presumably from the adjective deep, either a topographic name for someone who lived in a deep valley, or perhaps a nickname for a ‘deep’, thoughtful person.
Girl/Female
Australian, British, Dutch, English, French, German, Hebrew, Irish, Italian, Spanish, Swedish
Jehovah Increases; Burning Ones; Fiery; The Lord Judges
Girl/Female
Celtic Irish
Fire or joy.
Male
Romanian
Pet form of Romanian Åžtefan, FANE means "crown."
Male
Italian
Short form of Italian Serafino, FINO means "burning one" or "serpent." Also used as a short form of other names ending with -fino. The feminine form is Fina.
Female
Italian
Short form of Italian Serafina, FINA means "burning one" or "serpent." Also used as a short form of other names ending with -fina. The masculine form is Fino.
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
Boy/Male
Muslim
Battleground, Fighting point
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old Norse drengr ‘young man’, but with more than one possible interpretation. It may reflect the personal name (originally a byname) of this form, which had some currency in the most Scandinavian-influenced areas of medieval England. Alternatively it may reflect the Middle English borrowing of the vocabulary word in the sense ‘servant’, later a technical term of the feudal system of Northumbria for a free tenant who held land by military and agricultural service, sometimes paying rent as well or in commutation.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Morning
Male
Hebrew
(×ַרְדִּי) Hebrew name ARDIY means "I shall subdue." In the bible, this is the name of a son or grandson of Benjamin.Â
Biblical
streets; populous
Girl/Female
Arabic
Angel on Paradise
Boy/Male
Welsh
Legendary son of Ner.
Boy/Male
Dutch
Victorious army.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Creative
Girl/Female
Greek
Purple.
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
FINE TUNING-DEEP-LEARNING
a.
To make fine; to refine; to purify, to clarify; as, to fine gold.
superl.
Not thick or heavy; slender; filmy; as, a fine thread.
superl.
Extending far back from the front or outer part; of great horizontal dimension (measured backward from the front or nearer part, mouth, etc.); as, a deep cave or recess or wound; a gallery ten seats deep; a company of soldiers six files deep.
a.
Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; as, a deep-sea line (i. e., a line to take soundings at a great depth); deep-sea lead; deep-sea soundings, explorations, etc.
superl.
Made of fine materials; light; delicate; as, fine linen or silk.
v. i.
To pay a fine. See Fine, n., 3 (b).
superl.
Having (such) a proportion of pure metal in its composition; as, coins nine tenths fine.
superl.
Strongly colored; dark; intense; not light or thin; as, deep blue or crimson.
n.
To impose a pecuniary penalty upon for an offense or breach of law; to set a fine on by judgment of a court; to punish by fine; to mulct; as, the trespassers were fined ten dollars.
superl.
Profound; thorough; complete; unmixed; intense; heavy; heartfelt; as, deep distress; deep melancholy; deep horror.
n.
That which is deep, especially deep water, as the sea or ocean; an abyss; a great depth.
superl.
Thin; attenuate; keen; as, a fine edge.
a.
To change by fine gradations; as (Naut.), to fine down a ship's lines, to diminish her lines gradually.
a.
To make finer, or less coarse, as in bulk, texture, etc.; as. to fine the soil.
superl.
Hard to penetrate or comprehend; profound; -- opposed to shallow or superficial; intricate; mysterious; not obvious; obscure; as, a deep subject or plot.
a.
Laid deeply; formed with cunning and sagacity; as, deep-laid plans.
imp. & p. p.
of Fine
superl.
Low in situation; lying far below the general surface; as, a deep valley.
superl.
Not coarse; comminuted; in small particles; as, fine sand or flour.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Fine