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Machine learning methods using multiple input modalities
Multimodal learning is a type of deep learning that integrates and processes multiple types of data, referred to as modalities, such as text, audio, images
Multimodal_learning
Multimodal representation learning is a subfield of representation learning focused on integrating and interpreting information from different modalities
Multimodal representation learning
Multimodal_representation_learning
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
processing, computer vision (vision transformers), reinforcement learning, audio, multimodal learning, robotics,, playing chess and at disaster responses. It has
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Topics referred to by the same term
an approach to psychotherapy Multimodal learning, machine learning methods using multiple input modalities Multimodal transport, a contract for delivery
Multimodal
Deep learning architecture
Breakthrough SSM Architecture Exceeding Transformer Efficiency for Multimodal Deep Learning Applications". MarkTechPost. Retrieved 13 January 2024. Patro,
Mamba (deep learning architecture)
Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)
Type of large language model
as Meta AI's Llama. Many subsequent GPT models have been trained to be multimodal (able to process or to generate multiple types of data). For example,
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Subset of artificial intelligence
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn
Machine_learning
Type of artificial intelligence system
language models (LLMs), which are limited to text. It is an example of multimodal learning. Many widely used commercial applications now rely on this ability
Vision-language_model
Academic conference in machine learning
The International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) is a machine learning conference typically held in late April or early May each year.
International Conference on Learning Representations
International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations
Type of machine learning model
Rich (18 June 2014). "Multimodal Neural Language Models". Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR: 595–603. Archived
Large_language_model
Field of machine learning
Reinforcement learning is one of the three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning. While supervised learning and
Reinforcement_learning
Academic conference in machine learning
International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) is an international academic conference in machine learning held annually since 1980. It is the oldest
International Conference on Machine Learning
International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a technique to align an intelligent agent with human preferences. It involves
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Type of feedforward neural network
In deep learning, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a kind of modern feedforward neural network consisting of fully connected neurons with nonlinear activation
Multilayer_perceptron
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
Q-learning is a reinforcement learning algorithm that trains an agent to assign values to its possible actions based on its current state, without requiring
Q-learning
Teaching approach with different modes
Multimodal pedagogy is an approach to the teaching of writing with the focus of working with multiple modes of communication to create meaning. In the
Multimodal_pedagogy
Class of artificial neural network
whose middle layer contains recurrent connections that change by a Hebbian learning rule. Later, in Principles of Neurodynamics (1961), he described "closed-loop
Recurrent_neural_network
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, attention is a method that determines the importance of each component in a sequence relative to the other components in that sequence
Attention_(machine_learning)
2025 multimodal model by OpenAI
GPT-5 is a multimodal large language model developed by OpenAI and the fifth in its series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) foundation models
GPT-5
Set of methods for supervised statistical learning
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised max-margin models with associated learning algorithms
Support_vector_machine
Research field that lies at the intersection of machine learning and computer security
Adversarial machine learning is the study of the attacks on machine learning algorithms, and of the defenses against such attacks. Machine learning techniques
Adversarial_machine_learning
Machine learning algorithm
Decision tree learning is a supervised learning approach used in statistics, data mining and machine learning. In this formalism, a classification or
Decision_tree_learning
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
In machine learning, diffusion models, also known as diffusion-based generative models or score-based generative models, are a class of latent variable
Diffusion_model
Form of human-machine interaction using multiple modes of input/output
Multimodal interaction provides the user with multiple modes of interacting with a system. A multimodal interface provides several distinct tools for
Multimodal_interaction
Technique in neural networks for learning joint representations of text and images
highest dot product is outputted. CLIP has been used as a component in multimodal learning. For example, during the training of Google DeepMind's Flamingo (2022)
Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training
Contrastive_Language–Image_Pre-training
Computational model used in machine learning
In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or neural net, is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
2018 text-generating language model
primarily employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually labeled data. This reliance on supervised learning limited their use of datasets
GPT-1
Machine learning paradigm
Self-Supervised Learning". arXiv:2105.04906v3 [cs.CV]. Ing, Alex; Andrades, Alvaro; Cosenza, Marco Raffaele; Korbel, Jan O. (July 2025). "Integrating multimodal cancer
Self-supervised_learning
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
In machine learning, the perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers. A binary classifier is a function that can decide whether
Perceptron
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
learning Dehaene–Changeux model Diffusion map Dominance-based rough set approach Dynamic time warping Error-driven learning Evolutionary multimodal optimization
Outline_of_machine_learning
Method of machine learning
continual learning to generative AI systems, including large language models, multimodal models, and diffusion models, with the goal of updating capabilities over
Incremental_learning
Reverse-engineering neural networks
identify structures, circuits or algorithms encoded in the weights of machine learning models. This contrasts with earlier interpretability methods that focused
Mechanistic_interpretability
Type of database that uses vectors to represent other data
from the raw data using machine learning methods such as feature extraction algorithms, word embeddings or deep learning networks. The goal is that semantically
Vector_database
Technique in machine learning
Curriculum learning is a technique in machine learning in which a model is trained on examples of increasing difficulty, where the definition of "difficulty"
Curriculum_learning
Concept in communication
Multimodality is the application of multiple literacies within one medium. Multiple literacies or "modes" contribute to an audience's understanding of
Multimodality
Smooth approximation of one-hot arg max
term "softargmax", though the term "softmax" is conventional in machine learning. This section uses the term "softargmax" for clarity. Formally, instead
Softmax_function
Tuning parameter (hyperparameter) in optimization
In machine learning and statistics, the learning rate is a tuning parameter in an optimization algorithm that determines the step size at each iteration
Learning_rate
Set of learning techniques in machine learning
In machine learning (ML), feature learning or representation learning is a set of techniques that allow a system to automatically discover the representations
Feature_learning
Type of artificial neural network
these early efforts did not lead to a working learning algorithm for hidden units, i.e., deep learning. In 1965, Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and Valentin
Feedforward_neural_network
Statistics and machine learning technique
In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from
Ensemble_learning
Method used to normalize the range of independent variables
Since the range of values of raw data varies widely, in some machine learning algorithms, objective functions will not work properly without normalization
Feature_scaling
Conversational software
would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing. Simpler chatbots have existed for decades
Chatbot
Branch of machine learning
'Achievements and Challenges of Deep Learning - From Speech Analysis and Recognition To Language and Multimodal Processing'". Interspeech. Archived from
Deep_learning
Type of feedforward neural network
learns features via filter (or kernel) optimization. This type of deep learning network has been applied to process and make predictions from many different
Convolutional_neural_network
Paradigm in machine learning that uses no classification labels
Unsupervised learning is a framework in machine learning where, in contrast to supervised learning, algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabeled
Unsupervised_learning
Framework for machine learning
Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learning drawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis. Statistical learning theory
Statistical_learning_theory
Automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data
retrieval, bioinformatics, data compression, computer graphics and machine learning. Pattern recognition has its origins in statistics and engineering; some
Pattern_recognition
2023 text-generating language model
API supporting up to 32K tokens. Unlike its predecessors, GPT-4 is a multimodal model: it can take images as well as text as input. It can now interact
GPT-4
Machine learning technique
Transfer learning (TL) is a technique in machine learning (ML) in which knowledge learned from a task is re-used in order to boost performance on a related
Transfer_learning
Process of automating the application of machine learning
Automated machine learning (AutoML) is the process of automating the tasks of applying machine learning to real-world problems. It is the combination
Automated_machine_learning
Concept in machine learning
In statistics and machine learning, leakage (also known as data leakage or target leakage) refers to the use of information during model training that
Leakage_(machine_learning)
Framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning
computational learning theory, probably approximately correct (PAC) learning is a framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning. It was proposed
Probably approximately correct learning
Probably_approximately_correct_learning
Machine-learning and computational-neuroscience conference
Processing Systems (abbreviated as NeurIPS and formerly NIPS) is a machine learning and computational neuroscience conference held annually in December. Along
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems
Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems
Measurable property or characteristic
In machine learning and pattern recognition, a feature is an individual measurable property or characteristic of a data set. Choosing informative, discriminating
Feature_(machine_learning)
Models used to produce word embeddings
Rong, Xin (5 June 2016), word2vec Parameter Learning Explained, arXiv:1411.2738 Hinton, Geoffrey E. "Learning distributed representations of concepts."
Word2vec
Software user interface
context of machine learning.It is also used in conversational AI to manage complex interactions that require human empathy. In machine learning, HITL is used
Human-in-the-loop
Optimization algorithm
become an important optimization method in machine learning. Both statistical estimation and machine learning consider the problem of minimizing an objective
Stochastic_gradient_descent
AI platform developed by IBM
Feature engineering Feature learning Learning to rank Grammar induction Ontology learning Multimodal learning Supervised learning (classification • regression)
IBM_Watsonx
Method in natural language processing
meaning. Word embeddings can be obtained using language modeling and feature learning techniques, where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors
Word_embedding
Machine learning model for vision processing
exaFLOPs. Transformer (machine learning model) Convolutional neural network Attention (machine learning) Perceiver Deep learning PyTorch TensorFlow All positional
Vision_transformer
Deep learning generative model to encode data representation
In machine learning, a variational autoencoder (VAE) is an artificial neural network architecture introduced by Diederik P. Kingma and Max Welling in 2013
Variational_autoencoder
Similarity measure for number sequences
techniques. This normalised form distance is often used within many deep learning algorithms. In biology, there is a similar concept known as the Otsuka–Ochiai
Cosine_similarity
Tree-based ensemble machine learning methods
Random forests or random decision forests is an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks that works by creating a multitude
Random_forest
Plot of machine learning model performance over time or experience
In machine learning (ML), a learning curve (or training curve) is a graphical representation that shows how a model's performance on a training set (and
Learning curve (machine learning)
Learning_curve_(machine_learning)
Machine learning strategy
Active learning is a special case of machine learning in which a learning algorithm can interactively query a human user (or some other information source)
Active learning (machine learning)
Active_learning_(machine_learning)
2023 text-generating language model
Feature engineering Feature learning Learning to rank Grammar induction Ontology learning Multimodal learning Supervised learning (classification • regression)
IBM_Granite
Method for discovering interesting relations between variables in databases
Association rule learning is a rule-based machine learning method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases. It is intended
Association_rule_learning
Type of activation function
silencing of the parts of the model found to be stimuli-irrelevant during learning that allows for scaling. As the stimuli-irrelevant proportion of the model
Rectified_linear_unit
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
(often called the outcome or response variable, or a label in machine learning parlance) and one or more independent variables (often called regressors
Regression_analysis
Computer programming concept
Temporal difference (TD) learning refers to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate
Temporal_difference_learning
Flaw in mathematical modelling
overfitting occurs when a model begins to "memorize" training data rather than "learning" to generalize from a trend. As an extreme example, if the number of parameters
Overfitting
Software program
Through Deep Visualization. Deep Learning Workshop, International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) Deep Learning Workshop. arXiv:1506.06579. Olah
DeepDream
Extracting features from raw data for machine learning
Feature engineering is a preprocessing step in supervised machine learning and statistical modeling which transforms raw data into a more effective set
Feature_engineering
machine learning (ML) research and have been cited in peer-reviewed academic journals. Datasets are an integral part of the field of machine learning. Major
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research
AI's tendency to abruptly and drastically forget old info after learning new info
to abruptly and drastically forget previously learned information upon learning new information. Neural networks are an important part of the connectionist
Catastrophic_interference
Theory of machine learning
Theoretical results in machine learning often focus on a type of inductive learning known as supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is provided
Computational_learning_theory
Type of convolutional neural network
regression using U-Net and its application on pansharpening; 3D U-Net: Learning Dense Volumetric Segmentation from Sparse Annotation; TernausNet: U-Net
U-Net
Ensemble learning method
In machine learning (ML), boosting is an ensemble learning method that combines a set of less accurate models (called "weak learners") to create a single
Boosting_(machine_learning)
2020 text-generating language model
of 2,048 tokens, and has demonstrated strong "zero-shot" and "few-shot" learning abilities on many tasks. On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that
GPT-3
Machine learning technique
Mixture of experts (MoE) is a machine learning technique where multiple expert networks (learners) are used to divide a problem space into homogeneous
Mixture_of_experts
Technology for sentiment analysis
Multimodal sentiment analysis is a technology for traditional text-based sentiment analysis, which includes modalities such as audio and visual data. It
Multimodal_sentiment_analysis
Representation learning method
Sparse dictionary learning (also known as sparse coding or SDL) is a representation learning method which aims to find a sparse representation of the input
Sparse_dictionary_learning
Method of improving artificial neural network
and changes in the distribution of the inputs of each layer affect the learning rate of the network. However, newer research suggests it doesn’t fix this
Batch_normalization
AI that learns decision rules from data
Rule-based machine learning (RBML) is a term in computer science intended to encompass any machine learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves
Rule-based_machine_learning
Type of artificial neural network
learning machines are feedforward neural networks for classification, regression, clustering, sparse approximation, compression and feature learning with
Extreme_learning_machine
Problem in machine learning and statistical classification
In machine learning and statistical classification, multiclass classification or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into
Multiclass_classification
3D reconstruction technique
about half the size of ray-based NeRF. In 2021, researchers applied meta-learning to assign initial weights to the MLP. This rapidly speeds up convergence
Neural_radiance_field
Difficulties arising when analyzing data with many aspects ("dimensions")
in domains such as numerical analysis, sampling, combinatorics, machine learning, data mining and databases. The common theme of these problems is that
Curse_of_dimensionality
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are models created using machine learning to perform a number of tasks. While the computational implementations of ANNs
History of artificial neural networks
History_of_artificial_neural_networks
2019 text-generating language model
exaggerated; Anima Anandkumar, a professor at Caltech and director of machine learning research at Nvidia, said that there was no evidence that GPT-2 had the
GPT-2
Deep learning library
PyTorch is an open-source deep learning library, originally developed by Meta Platforms and currently developed with support from the Linux Foundation
PyTorch
Academic journal
The Journal of Machine Learning Research is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering machine learning. It was established in 2000 and the
Journal of Machine Learning Research
Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research
Method of machine learning
In computer science, online machine learning is a method of machine learning in which data becomes available in a sequential order and is used to update
Online_machine_learning
Machine learning that combines deep learning and reinforcement learning
Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) is a subfield of machine learning that combines reinforcement learning (RL) and deep learning. RL considers the problem
Deep_reinforcement_learning
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, normalization is a statistical technique with various applications. There are two main forms of normalization, namely data normalization
Normalization (machine learning)
Normalization_(machine_learning)
Machine learning model training problem
In machine learning, the vanishing gradient problem is the problem of greatly diverging gradient magnitudes between earlier and later layers encountered
Vanishing_gradient_problem
Integrated circuit technology
digital, or mixed-mode VLSI, prioritize robustness, adaptability, and learning by emulating the brain’s distributed processing across small computing
Neuromorphic_computing
Programming paradigm
parameters in the program, often via gradient descent, as well as other learning approaches that are based on higher-order derivative information. Differentiable
Differentiable_programming
Use of machine learning to rank items
Learning to rank (LTR) or machine-learned ranking (MLR) is the application of machine learning, often supervised, semi-supervised or reinforcement learning
Learning_to_rank
Recurrent neural network architecture
its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models, and other sequence learning methods. It aims to provide a short-term memory for RNN that can last thousands
Long_short-term_memory
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
Boy/Male
Indian
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vidyasagar | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®¾à®•à®°Â
Ocean of learning
Vidyasagar | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®¾à®•à®°Â
Surname or Lastname
English, French, German, Hungarian (Donát), Polish, and Czech (Donát)
English, French, German, Hungarian (Donát), Polish, and Czech (Donát) : from a medieval personal name (Latin Donatus, past participle of donare, frequentative of dare ‘to give’). The name was much favored by early Christians, either because the birth of a child was seen as a gift from God, or else because the child was in turn dedicated to God. The name was borne by various early saints, among them a 6th-century hermit of Sisteron and a 7th-century bishop of Besançon, all of whom contributed to the popularity of the baptismal name in the Middle Ages, which was not checked by the heresy of a 4th-century Carthaginian bishop who also bore it. Another bearer was a 4th-century gramMarian and commentator on Virgil, widely respected in the Middle Ages as a figure of great learning.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vaagdevi | வாகà¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Vaagdevi | வாகà¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excellent, Eminent in learning (1)
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidyasri | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Wisdom, Knowledge, Learning, Goddess Durga
Vidyasri | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Goddess Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sarasvati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
A Goddess of learning
Sarasvati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswathi | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€Â
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswathi | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€Â
Girl/Female
Sikh
Knowledge, Learning
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vidaysagar | விதாயà¯à®¸à®¾à®•à®°
Learning ocean
Vidaysagar | விதாயà¯à®¸à®¾à®•à®°
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswathy | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€ Â
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswathy | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€ Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidhyavathi | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€
Wisdom, Knowledge, Learning, Goddess Durga
Vidhyavathi | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidhya | விதà¯à®¯à®¾,விதà¯à®¯à®¾Â
Knowledge, Learning
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
Boy/Male
Tamil
Praagya | பà¯à®°à®¾à®œà¯à®ž
Lord Vishnu, Prowess
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
From the Raven Farm; From the Settlement of the Roe Deer
Boy/Male
Scottish
A smith.
Boy/Male
Indian
Sword
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian
Example
Boy/Male
Tamil
Decorated, An object that gives light, And never stops doing so
Boy/Male
American, Danish, French, German, Italian, Norse, Swedish
Ever Ruler; Ruler of the People; Peaceful Ruler; Forever or Alone
Male
English
Short form of English Isidore, DORE means "gift of Isis."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese
Talent; Big; Person from Thailand; Great; Extreme
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian
Fire
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
MULTIMODAL LEARNING
n.
One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in any branch, or in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant.
a.
A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements.
a.
Signifying many different things; of manifold meaning; equivocal.
a.
Pertaining to theory; depending on, or confined to, theory or speculation; speculative; terminating in theory or speculation: not practical; as, theoretical learning; theoretic sciences.
prep.
As sign of the infinitive, to had originally the use of last defined, governing the infinitive as a verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective; thus, ready to go, i.e., ready unto going; good to eat, i.e., good for eating; I do my utmost to lead my life pleasantly. But it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is direct object or subject; thus, I love to learn, i.e., I love learning; to die for one's country is noble, i.e., the dying for one's country. Where the infinitive denotes the design or purpose, good usage formerly allowed the prefixing of for to the to; as, what went ye out for see? (Matt. xi. 8).
v. t.
To be without; to be destitute of, or deficient in; not to have; to lack; as, to want knowledge; to want judgment; to want learning; to want food and clothing.
a.
Not exhibiting learning; as, unlearned verses.
n.
Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching.
n.
An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning.
v. t.
To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach.
n.
A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as, the school of the prophets.
n.
The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning.
a.
Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning.
n.
The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry.
n.
The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning.
a.
Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use.
n.
A book used in schools for learning lessons.
n.
A beginner in learning; one who is in the rudiments of any branch of study; a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject; a novice.
n.
The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy.
n.
A multivocal word.