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Contemporary social theory
False necessity, or anti-necessitarian social theory, is a contemporary social theory that argues for the plasticity of social organizations and their
False_necessity
Terms to describe a conditional relationship between two statements
In logic and mathematics, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements. For
Necessity_and_sufficiency
of human life and society. Politics was published in three volumes: False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy
Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory
Politics:_A_Work_in_Constructive_Social_Theory
Poetic concept
is a key component in Unger's theory of false necessity and formative context. The theory of false necessity claims that social worlds are the artifact
Negative_capability
Framework used to study social phenomena
unpredictable events in place of deterministic necessity. Rational choice theory, symbolic interactionism, false necessity are examples of more recent developments
Social_theory
Psychological occurrence
In psychology, a false memory is a phenomenon in which someone recalls something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it
False_memory
Brazilian philosopher and politician
come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather
Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger
Debate in social sciences
address this problem of agency in relation to structure. In his work on false necessity – or anti-necessitarian social theory – Unger recognizes the constraints
Structure_and_agency
Type of fallacy in modal logic
between the two. A fallacy of necessity is an informal fallacy in the logic of a syllogism whereby a degree of unwarranted necessity is placed in the conclusion
Modal_fallacy
Philosophical concept
metaphysical necessity, sometimes called broad logical necessity, is one of many different kinds of necessity, which sits between logical necessity and nomological
Metaphysical_necessity
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
false equivalence or false equivalency is an informal fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed, faulty, or false
False_equivalence
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are
False_dilemma
Type of formal logic
Modal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. In philosophy and related fields it is used as a tool for
Modal_logic
Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others
understand non-autistic people to a higher degree than vice-versa, due to the necessity of functioning in a non-autistic society. Psychopathy is another deficit
Theory_of_mind
Possible truths which are not necessary
statements are true. Contingency is one of three basic modes alongside necessity and impossibility. In modal logic, a contingent statement stands in the
Contingency_(philosophy)
therefore deems it false, or conversely, holds that it must be true because they can't see how it could be false. Argument to moderation (false compromise, middle
List_of_fallacies
Social theory of politics
portal Agonistic democracy False necessity Formative context Radical democracy Unger, Roberto Mangabeira (1987). False Necessity: Anti-necessitarian social
Empowered_democracy
Illegal restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent
False imprisonment or unlawful imprisonment occurs when a person intentionally restricts another person's movement within any area without legal authority
False_imprisonment
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
fallacy is the false positive paradox (also known as accuracy paradox). This paradox describes situations where there are more false positive test results
Base_rate_fallacy
Defence of being elsewhere when a crime happened
used to show the alibi is false; and The court must reject all innocent explanations offered that would explain why a false alibi was fabricated. An alibi
Alibi
concept is in Unger's book False Necessity. The thesis of formative context is central to Unger's theory of false necessity, which rejects the idea of
Formative_context
Type of tort
In United States law, false light is a tort concerning privacy that is similar to the tort of defamation. The privacy laws in the U.S. include a non-public
False_light
Informal fallacy
ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false because of a lack of evidence to the contrary. The fallacy is committed
Argument_from_ignorance
Necessity and duress (compulsion) are different defenses in a criminal case. The defense of duress applies when another person threatens imminent harm
Necessity_and_duress
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
(also known as converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument)
Affirming_the_consequent
necessity gives the state or an individual a privilege to take or use the property of another. A defendant typically invokes the defense of necessity
Necessity_(tort)
Socrates' explation to Glaucon that souls must be immortal
days travel they reached it. This was the Spindle of Necessity. Several women, including Lady Necessity, her daughters, and the Sirens were present. The souls
Myth_of_Er
Falsifying an oath or affirmation
Perjury (also known as forswearing) is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in
Perjury
Performance-degrading usage pattern
In computer science, false sharing is a performance-degrading usage pattern that can arise in systems with distributed, coherent caches at the size of
False_sharing
In modal logic, the necessity of identity is the thesis that for every object x and object y, if x and y are the same object, it is necessary that x and
Necessity_of_identity
Field of legal research
S2CID 171040750. Solum, Lawrence (2014). "The Positive Foundations of Formalism: False Necessity and American Legal Realism". Harvard Law Review. 127: 2464. Raz, Joseph
Experimental_jurisprudence
Any information created or obtained illegally in order to sway a verdict in court
False evidence, fabricated evidence, forged evidence, fake evidence or tainted evidence is information created or obtained illegally in order to sway
False_evidence
1947 book by Rudolf Carnap
or false without being L-true or L-false are factually true or false. Logical necessity is expressed in the object language by an operator N (read "it
Meaning_and_Necessity
Legal concept regarding a defendant's state of mind
Alibi Consent Mistake Duress Age Necessity Pardon Political Provocation Self-defense Sanctuary Statute of limitations False confession Entrapment See also
Insanity_defense
Criminal defense
In the criminal law of many nations, necessity may be either a possible justification or an exculpation for breaking the law. Defendants seeking to rely
Necessity_(criminal_law)
Logical reasoning method
conclusion, but the conclusion does not follow as a matter of logical necessity. Determining the strength of the argument requires that we take into consideration
Argument_from_analogy
Attacking the person rather than their argument
attack is an attack on the character of the target who tends to feel the necessity to defend himself or herself from the accusation of being hypocritical
Ad_hominem
Bearer of truth values
the same content. True propositions describe the world as it is, while false ones fail to do so. Researchers distinguish types of propositions by their
Proposition
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man"), instead of the opponent's proposition
Straw_man
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
valid logical form and yet be unsound because one or more premises are false. An argument can be both a formal fallacy and an informal fallacy. In everyday
Formal_fallacy
Type of informal fallacy
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
past claims are inconsistent with the truth of claim X. Therefore, X is false. For example: Alice: Smoking is associated with chronic health disorders
Tu_quoque
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Godwin's_law
Legal claim of civil wrong
an important factor in determining whether defence or necessity is being pled. An act of necessity is calculated to avert harm by inflicting it on an innocent
Tort
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Circular_reasoning
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
true statement false, but cannot make false statements true: If A is true, then A ∧ B {\displaystyle A\land B} might be false (if B is false). However, if
Conjunction_fallacy
Internet rage incitement technique
purely for strategic effect. An example is a December 2018 advertisement falsely claiming that two-thirds of people wanted Santa Claus to be female or gender-neutral
Rage-baiting
Legal doctrine
incriminating acts DPP v Armstrong Outrageous government conduct Frameup – Falsely prove someone guilty of a crime Abscam Provocatie (België) A fuller quote
Entrapment
Criminal act resulting from loss of self control of individual(s)
Alibi Consent Mistake Duress Age Necessity Pardon Political Provocation Self-defense Sanctuary Statute of limitations False confession Entrapment See also
Provocation_(law)
Logical fallacy
of the language. Affirming the consequent Modus ponens Modus tollens Necessity and sufficiency Plausible reasoning Matthew C. Harris. "Denying the antecedent"
Denying_the_antecedent
Informal logical fallacy
simply the opposite of 'verifies'; and it therefore means 'shows to be false'.) Allowing that this is indeed such a counter example, he ought to withdraw;
No_true_Scotsman
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
McNamara_fallacy
Informal logical fallacy
is a fallacy in informal logic. It asserts that a proposition must be false because it contradicts one's personal expectations or beliefs, or is difficult
Argument_from_incredulity
Logic founded on unproven premises
the false reasoner, one is not just pointing out a tactical psychological misjudgment by the questioner. It is not simply that the questioner falsely thought
Begging_the_question
Refutation of a logical fallacy
argument is flawed does not necessarily imply that the resulting conclusion is false. Statistical methods have been proposed that use correlation as the basis
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Type of informal fallacy
"argument" has the following form: Unfavorable information (be it true or false) about person A is presented by another. Example: "Before you listen to
Poisoning_the_well
Question containing an unjustified assumption
parental correction". Barber paradox Complex question Entailment (pragmatics) False dilemma Gotcha journalism Implicature Leading question Presupposition Suggestive
Loaded_question
against physical integrity. The main limit of self-defense was defined as "necessity". Following the Communist Coup a new Criminal Act was enacted in 1950
Self-defence law (Czech Republic)
Self-defence_law_(Czech_Republic)
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Faulty_generalization
Statements involving superpositions of truth
two types of necessity: necessary necessity and contingent necessity, or universal necessity vs singular necessity. Universal necessity concerns universal
Problem_of_future_contingents
Rhetorical device or literal parade with grotesque costumes
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Parade_of_horribles
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion. A red herring may be used intentionally, as in mystery fiction
Red_herring
Psychological defense mechanism
prompted him to commit, are generally dressed out and painted with all the false beauties [color] which, a soft and flattering hand can give them". According
Rationalization_(psychology)
1970 compilation album by Charles Mingus
"Reprise" - 0:42 "Love Is a Dangerous Necessity" [First False Start] - 1:06 "Love Is a Dangerous Necessity" [Second False Start] - 1:49 "Pithecanthropus Erectus"
Charles Mingus in Paris: The Complete America Session
Charles_Mingus_in_Paris:_The_Complete_America_Session
Belief that is strongly at variance with customs
moral law for their sanctification. Methodist Christians thus teach the necessity of following the moral law as contained in the Ten Commandments, citing
Heresy
Statistical fallacy
effect might appear to be highly effective in twins, simply by virtue of the false positives clustering around that subgroup. The researcher did not set out
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Insincere flattery, once meant a false accuser
a necessity in supporting the laws and preventing wrongdoing. Suda mention that one of the epithets of the devil is Sycophant (Συκοφάντης; "false accuser")
Sycophancy
American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)
metaphysics and essentialism after the decline of logical positivism, claiming necessity is a metaphysical notion distinct from the epistemic notion of a priori
Saul_Kripke
Legal defense
Alibi Consent Mistake Duress Age Necessity Pardon Political Provocation Self-defense Sanctuary Statute of limitations False confession Entrapment See also
Diminished_responsibility
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
also contributed to Y.) Causal oversimplification is a specific kind of false dilemma where conjoint possibilities are ignored. In other words, the possible
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Legal defence in Australian criminal law
Alibi Consent Mistake Duress Age Necessity Pardon Political Provocation Self-defense Sanctuary Statute of limitations False confession Entrapment See also
Self-defence_(Australia)
Philosophy and tradition inspired by David Hume
Cognitivists assert that ought-statements are truth-apt, i.e. are either true or false. They resemble is-statements in this sense, which is rejected by non-cognitivists
Humeanism
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Reification_(fallacy)
Criminal act of unlawful physical contact
assault/battery) Defence of self or others Prevention of crime Mistake Duress Necessity Insanity Automatism Provocation Alibi Diminished responsibility Consent
Battery_(crime)
Legal term - Latin for "the thing speaks for itself"
common law series Tort law (Outline) Trespass to the person Assault Battery False imprisonment Intentional infliction of emotional distress Property torts
Res_ipsa_loquitur
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
fallacies. Other terms with this type of ambiguity are: satisfiable, true, false, function, property, class, relation, cardinal, and ordinal. In mathematics
Ambiguity
Logical fallacy
it is an "appeal to the common man". When the source of the claim is a false authority, such as when the supposed authority is not a real expert, or
Argument_from_authority
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
Argument to moderation (Latin: argumentum ad temperantiam)—also known as the false compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground
Argument_to_moderation
Evidence relying on personal testimony
confusion due to its varied interpretations. Anecdotal evidence can be true or false but is not usually subjected to scholarly methods, scientific methods, or
Anecdotal_evidence
Logical fallacy
The questionable cause—also known as causal fallacy, false cause, or non causa pro causa ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informal fallacies
Questionable_cause
Unwanted observation
Mullen and Purcell wrote that popular interest in stalking was promoting false claims. In 2004, Sheridan and Blaauw conducted research involving 357 participants
Stalking
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
linguistic misconception Evasion (ethics): Tell the truth while deceiving False equivalence: Fallacy based on flawed reasoning If-by-whiskey: An example
Equivocation
Distinction in formal semantics
President of the US in 2001 still could not have been Al Gore. This claim seems false; presumably, in some other accessible possible worlds where the Supreme
De_dicto_and_de_re
Legal concept of intentional interference
trespasses: threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem (or maiming), and false imprisonment. Through the evolution of the common law in various jurisdictions
Trespass
Acquisition results from intentional misrepresenting of a past or existing fact
obtained by false pretenses when the acquisition results from the intentional misrepresentation of a past or existing fact. The elements of false pretenses
False_pretenses
Purposefully unclear communication
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Obfuscation
Bias in the sampling of a population
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Sampling_bias
Formal fallacy
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Association_fallacy
Attacking player position in football
attributes include: Good dribbling and circumventing defenders Speed as a necessity to produce effective counter-attacks Technical ability to strike a ball
Forward (association football)
Forward_(association_football)
Distrust of compromised certificates
single filter constructed from a list of revoked certificates produces false positives. With an open domain, this is an insuperable problem for revocation
Certificate_revocation
Defenses used in Criminal Law
person). An overarching theory of criminal defenses is the doctrine of necessity. Generally speaking, a criminal act can be justifiable if it is necessary
Criminal_defenses
Management attitude for innovation or development
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Not_invented_here
Logical paradox from vague predicates
and v ′ ( L p ) = False {\displaystyle v'(L\;p)={\text{False}}} . So L p {\displaystyle L\;p} is neither super-true nor super-false. However, the tautology
Sorites_paradox
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. It is also called argument to logic (argumentum ad logicam), the fallacy
Argument_from_fallacy
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Tone_policing
Bias towards recently acquired information
Existential Necessity Four terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution
Availability_heuristic
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
to be true or false, it is actually true or false. This fallacy has the form "I wish that P were true/false; therefore, P is true/false." Wishful thinking
Wishful_thinking
Right for people to use reasonable force or defensive force
a fear of violent death, which justifies self-defense as the highest necessity. The English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) posited that natural rights
Right_of_self-defense
Overview of and topical guide to tort law
clothing). It differs from assault in that it requires actual contact. False imprisonment – A person is intentionally confined without legal authority
Outline_of_tort_law
FALSE NECESSITY
FALSE NECESSITY
Boy/Male
Hindu
The false pride
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English hals ‘neck’ (Old English h(e)als). This was a nickname for a man with a long neck or for a conspicuous sufferer from goiter (a common affliction in medieval times).English (Devon) : topographic name denoting someone living on a neck of land (from Middle English atte halse ‘at the neck’), or a habitational name from either of two places in Devon and Somerset named Halse, from this word. To a lesser extent Halse in Northamptonshire, named from Old English hals + hÅh ‘ridge’, may also have contributed to the surname.Norwegian : habitational name from any of three farmsteads in the county of Møre og Romsdal. The farmsteads are so named from the Old Norse dative singular of hals ‘neck’, referring to a neck of land, or a ridge between two valleys.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Batchelor, altered by false association with elder.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Sanskrit, Telugu
False Pride; Illusion
Female
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Ashtarowth, ASHTAROTH means "star." In the bible, this is the name applied to false goddesses in the Canaanite religion, usually related to a fertility cult. It is also the name of a city in Bashan east of the Jordan given to Manasseh.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a patch of fallow land, Middle English falwe (Old English f(e)alg). This word was used to denote both land left uncultivated for a time to recover its fertility and land recently brought into cultivation.The name is also borne by Ashkenazic Jews, as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.
Biblical
idols; masters; false gods
Boy/Male
Tamil
Durmada | தà¯à®°à¯à®®à®¤à®¾
The false pride
Durmada | தà¯à®°à¯à®®à®¤à®¾
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Indian, Kannada
The False Pride
Female
Hebrew
(עַש×ְתְּרï‹×ª) Hebrew name, ASHTAROWTH means "star." In the bible, this is the name applied to false goddesses in the Canaanite religion, usually related to a fertility cult. It is also the name of a city in Bashan east of the Jordan given to Manasseh.
Boy/Male
German
Surname relating to falconry.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Ashtaroth, ASTAROTH means "star." In the bible, this is the name applied to false goddesses in the Canaanite religion, usually related to a fertility cult. It is also the name of a city in Bashan east of the Jordan given to Manasseh.
Boy/Male
Danish, German
Relating to Falconry; Falconer
Male
Greek
(ΒαÏιησοÏ) Greek form of Aramaic Bar-Yesu, BARIESOU means "son of Jesus." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a false prophet.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Greek Bariesou, BAR-JESUS means "son of Jesus." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a false prophet.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Idols; masters; false gods.
Boy/Male
Polynesian
House.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English, Old French palmer, paumer (from palme, paume ‘palm tree’, Latin palma), a nickname for someone who had been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Such pilgrims generally brought back a palm branch as proof that they had actually made the journey, but there was a vigorous trade in false souvenirs, and the term also came to be applied to a cleric who sold indulgences.Swedish (Palmér) : ornamental name formed with palm ‘palm tree’ + the suffix -ér, from Latin -erius ‘descendant of’.Irish : when not truly of English origin (see 1 above), a surname adopted by bearers of Gaelic Ó Maolfhoghmhair (see Milford) perhaps because they were from an ecclesiastical family.German : topographic name for someone living among pussy willows (see Palm 2).German : from the personal name Palm (see Palm 3).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Vauxhall, habitational name from a place in Surrey so called, on the south bank of the River Thames, now part of Greater London. This was named in the 13th century as Faukeshalle ‘the Hall of Fauke’, a reference to Baron Falke de Breaulté, who was granted the manor by King John in 1233. This was the site of a famous pleasure garden frequented by 18th-century Londoners.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish (of Norman origin)
English and Scottish (of Norman origin) : habitational name, a variant of Vaux.English and Scottish (of Norman origin) : There are a number of early English examples of the name with articles rather than prepositions, which Reaney explains as being from a southern form of Middle English faus ‘false’, ‘untrustworthy’ (late Old English fals, from Latin falsus, reinforced by Old French fals, faus from the same source).
FALSE NECESSITY
FALSE NECESSITY
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Treasure of Excellence
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sibling
Girl/Female
Christian, English, Irish
Shining; Sea Bright
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Liquid which when Consumed Makes the Person Live Life-long without a Death; Purity
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lotus stem
Boy/Male
Biblical
The Lord is judge.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
A Newly Born Bud
Girl/Female
Indian
Delighted, Agreed, Happy
Boy/Male
Indian
Firm, Resolute, Energetic
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wealth, Lord Vishnu, An ancient king
FALSE NECESSITY
FALSE NECESSITY
FALSE NECESSITY
FALSE NECESSITY
FALSE NECESSITY
v.
False swearing.
n.
False religion.
a.
False-hearted.
a.
To mislead by want of truth; to deceive.
a.
To feign; to pretend to make.
a.
To betray; to falsify.
adv.
Not truly; not honestly; falsely.
a.
Faitless; false; treacherous.
superl.
Not genuine or real; assumed or designed to deceive; counterfeit; hypocritical; as, false tears; false modesty; false colors; false jewelry.
superl.
Not according with truth or reality; not true; fitted or likely to deceive or disappoint; as, a false statement.
superl.
Not in tune.
a.
False; specious; counterfeit.
n.
False optics.
a.
Making a false appearance; unreal; false; as, pretended friend.
superl.
Not well founded; not firm or trustworthy; erroneous; as, a false claim; a false conclusion; a false construction in grammar.
superl.
Not essential or permanent, as parts of a structure which are temporary or supplemental.
superl.
Uttering falsehood; unveracious; given to deceit; dishnest; as, a false witness.
a.
To report falsely; to falsify.
superl.
Not faithful or loyal, as to obligations, allegiance, vows, etc.; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; as, a false friend, lover, or subject; false to promises.
a.
Deceiving by false show; deceitful; deceptive; false; illusory; unreal.