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Concept in Evolution
In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary arms race is an ongoing struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes, phenotypic and behavioral traits
Evolutionary_arms_race
Competition between two or more parties to have superior armed forces
Norton. Van Valen, Leigh (1973). "A new evolutionary law" (PDF). Evolutionary Theory. 1: 1–30. "Definition of ARMS RACE". www.merriam-webster.com. 2026-05-29
Arms_race
Animal reliance on other individuals to raise its young
of rearing young. This benefit comes at the cost of provoking an evolutionary arms race between parasite and host as they coevolve: many hosts have developed
Brood_parasitism
Extinct genus of mammal
that M. trumani and the pronghorns evolved cursoriality through an evolutionary arms race, a competition between two groups of organisms developing adaptations
Miracinonyx
Family of birds
led to a coevolution "arms race". This means that if one of the species involved were to stop adapting, it would lose the race to the other species, resulting
Cuckoo
Evolutionary arms race
have suggested that the beginning of this ecological succession/evolutionary arms race extends as far back as the Triassic, with the MMR now being considered
Mesozoic_marine_revolution
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
hypothesis shows that the evolutionary arms race between pathogenic bacteria and humans is a constant battle for evolutionary advantages in outcompeting
Evolutionary_pressure
Species of amphibian known for strong toxicity
prey evolving in response to one another is sometimes termed an evolutionary arms race. As a result, some newts secrete enough toxin to kill several adult
Rough-skinned_newt
Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms
developing similar characteristics Mesozoic marine revolution – Evolutionary arms race Orthogenesis – Hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency
Carcinisation
Biological interaction
and chemicals. Sometimes predator and prey find themselves in an evolutionary arms race, a cycle of adaptations and counter-adaptations. Predation has been
Predation
Group of marsupial mammals
Didelphin opossums and crotaline vipers have been suggested to be in an evolutionary arms race. Some authors have suggested that this adaptation originally arose
Opossum
Term in evolutionary biology
over the mode and frequency of mating, potentially leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females. In one example, males may benefit from
Sexual_conflict
Period of major evolutionary diversification of animal life
predators sufficiently advanced to penetrate shells. A possible "evolutionary arms race" between predators and prey is one of the hypotheses that attempt
Cambrian_explosion
Machine learning framework
unsupervised manner. GANs are similar to mimicry in evolutionary biology, with an evolutionary arms race between both networks. The original GAN is defined
Generative adversarial network
Generative_adversarial_network
Associated populations of species in a given area
cycles seen in the north. Predation can result in coevolution – evolutionary arms race, prey adapts to avoid predator, predator evolves. For example, a
Community_(ecology)
Hypercarnivorous fish that sometimes actively prey upon other fish
selection. Consequently, the predators and prey will be locked in an evolutionary arms race, each looking to gain the upper hand on the other. The presence
Predatory_fish
Group of extinct aquatic animals
suggest that predators attacked in a selective manner, and the evolutionary arms race which this indicates is commonly cited as a cause of the Cambrian
Cloudinidae
Change in the heritable traits of populations
predator, the common garter snake. In this predator-prey pair, an evolutionary arms race has produced high levels of toxin in the newt and correspondingly
Evolution
Adaptive immune gene selection
genetic variation affecting an organism's fitness stems from the co-evolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites. There are two hypotheses for explaining
Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection
Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection
2001 documentary series produced by PBS
Series Credits: Extinction!". PBS. "Evolution Series Credits: The Evolutionary Arms Race". PBS. "Evolution Credits: Why Sex?". PBS. "Evolution Series Credits:
Evolution_(TV_series)
Fossils from the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods
predation, it is more likely that they represent early steps in an evolutionary arms race between predators and increasingly well-defended prey. On the other
Small_shelly_fauna
Aspect of animal behaviour and morphology
There can be a self-perpetuating coevolution, in the shape of an evolutionary arms race, between the perceptive abilities of animals attempting to detect
Crypsis
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
between species. In many cases, the selective pressures drive an evolutionary arms race between the species involved. Pairwise or specific coevolution,
Coevolution
Organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop
better mimic those of the host. The result is an egg colouration evolutionary arms race between the host and parasite. In species such as the common guillemot
Egg
Group of venomous snakes
potentially allowing for the rattlesnakes to better keep up in the evolutionary arms race with their prey. Older snakes possess more potent venom, and larger
Rattlesnake
Fish that can generate electric fields
Marcusenius macrolepidotus in this way. This has driven the prey, in an evolutionary arms race, to develop more complex or higher frequency signals that are harder
Electric_fish
Family of salamanders
snakes have evolved to increase their concentrations of TTX in an evolutionary arms race of predator versus prey. Cladograms based on the work of Pyron and
Salamandridae
2010 video game
Galactic Arms Race (GAR) is a space shooter video game first released in 2010 by American studio Evolutionary Games in association with the Evolutionary Complexity
Galactic_Arms_Race
Species of bird
time to mimic those of their host in what can be described as an evolutionary arms race between parasite and host. Also, the smaller the host for the cuckoo
Horsfield's_bronze_cuckoo
Species that is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions
[citation needed] For example, a fish and its parasites are in an evolutionary arms race, a form of coevolution, in which the fish constantly develops defenses
Generalist and specialist species
Generalist_and_specialist_species
sense, i.e. where one organism eats another. Predators are in an evolutionary arms race with their prey, for which advantageous mutations are constantly
Prey_detection
Clade of mammals
scrotiferan groups, carnivorans and ungulates generally entered an evolutionary arms race of opposite daily activity patterns (as nocturnal predators and
Scrotifera
2023 American documentary series
Spielberg and narrated by Morgan Freeman, the series focuses on the evolutionary history of complex life on Earth. Upon its release, the series received
Life_on_Our_Planet
Biological kingdom
fed upon. Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/competitive
Animal
Chemical communication between species that benefits the first but not the second
have developed ways to defend against these plant defenses (in an evolutionary arms race). One method of adapting to allomones is to develop a positive reaction
Allomone
Species of snake
the toxin (see figure).It seems that the two species were in an evolutionary arms race. While resistance to tetrodotoxin is beneficial in acquiring newt
Common_garter_snake
Foreign chemical substance found within an organism
an evolutionary arms race has produced high levels of toxin in the newt and correspondingly high levels of resistance in the snake. This evolutionary response
Xenobiotic
Extinct order of dragonfly-like animals
evolution and radiation of early birds." Bechly also proposes an "evolutionary arms race" for increase in body size between plant-feeding Palaeodictyoptera
Meganisoptera
Extinct genus of insects
the Carboniferous and Permian periods, perhaps accelerated by an evolutionary arms race for increase in body size between plant-feeding Palaeodictyoptera
Meganeura
(evolution) – evidence of common descent – evolution – evolutionary arms race – evolutionary capacitance Evolution: of ageing – of the brain – of cetaceans
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
Bluffing imitation of a species with strong defenses
Most living things have predators and therefore are in a constant evolutionary arms race to develop antipredator adaptations, while the predator adapts to
Batesian_mimicry
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs. This is an evolutionary arms race, in which bacteria develop strains less susceptible to antibiotics
Natural_selection
Highly modified saliva containing zootoxins
the snake that are resistant to snake venom, prey that are in an evolutionary arms race with snakes, and the specific diets that affect the intraspecific
Snake_venom
Blood protein in primates
and T. b. gambiense have acquired resistance to TLF indicating an evolutionary arms race between primates and the protozoan parasite. Hpr is also involved
Haptoglobin-related_protein
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
reproduction Evolutionary arms race – Concept in Evolution Evolutionary capacitance – Evolutionary biology hypothesis Evolutionary fauna Evolutionary pressure –
Outline_of_evolution
Species of snake
venom of B. asper has been suggested to have evolved as part of an evolutionary arms race between these snakes and didelphine opossums, as a defensive adaptation
Bothrops_asper
major radiation events that mark diversification and speciation in the evolutionary history of Cetacea. The first occurred around the middle Eocene (40 Mya)
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Topics referred to by the same term
Queen Hypothesis, an evolutionary hypothesis to the advantage of sex at the level of individuals, and the constant evolutionary arms race between competing
Red_Queen
Species of ants that steal young ants of another species to contribute to their colony
slave-making ant species and their hosts then can escalate to an evolutionary arms race. Host–parasite coevolution Kleptoparasitism Trophobiosis Breed,
Slave-making_ant
Study of chemically-mediated interactions between living organisms
particular, plants and insects are often involved in a chemical evolutionary arms race. As plants develop chemical defenses to herbivory, insects which
Chemical_ecology
Attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now-extinct species
Mediterranean region. Atavism Coevolution Coextinction Evolutionary arms race Evolutionary mismatch Evolutionary trap Exaptation Holocene extinction Keystone species
Evolutionary_anachronism
Order of insects including moths and butterflies
birds, bats, lizards, amphibians, dragonflies, and spiders. An "evolutionary arms race" can be seen between predator and prey species. Strategies for defense
Lepidoptera
Method used by several animal species to determine location using sound
insect-hunting systems and this cycle culminates in a moth-bat "evolutionary arms race". Because bats use echolocation to orient themselves and to locate
Animal_echolocation
Practice of animals eating their own mating partners
where the female is much larger than the male. Arthropods portal Evolutionary arms race Femme fatale Interlocus sexual conflict Matriphagy Sexual conflict
Sexual_cannibalism
Order of reptiles
diversification is thought to be the result of a predator–prey evolutionary arms race, where both are adapting to counter the other. An estimated 125
Squamata
Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology. It defines a framework of contests, strategies, and
Evolutionary_game_theory
Species of amphibian
snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance. This evolutionary arms race has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess
California_newt
Part of the post-WWII era and the Cold War
The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies
Nuclear_arms_race
Mutually adaptive genetic change of a host and a parasite
to each other. This can create an evolutionary arms race between them. A more benign possibility is of an evolutionary trade-off between transmission and
Host–parasite_coevolution
Biological electricity-related abilities
Marcusenius macrolepidotus in this way. This has driven the prey, in an evolutionary arms race, to develop more complex or higher frequency signals that are harder
Electroreception and electrogenesis
Electroreception_and_electrogenesis
Mating practice in invertebrates
genital shield, will draw predators to a female until she copulates. Evolutionary arms race Sexual conflict Sexual cannibalism Arnqvist, Göran; Rowe, Locke
Traumatic_insemination
Viral protein
considered a significant virulence factor and a component of an evolutionary arms race between plants and their pathogens. The p19 protein received its
RNA_silencing_suppressor_p19
2014 board game
carnivores may have ways of overcoming those defences creating an evolutionary arms race. At the end of the round, species that failed to feed their population
Evolution_(board_game)
Fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm
select for ever more aggressive male sperm, however, leading to an evolutionary arms race. On the one hand, polyspermy creates inviable zygotes and lowers
Polyspermy
Hunting strategy by some predators
feeding success but also metapopulation persistence. Just as the evolutionary arms race has led to the development of pursuit behavior of predators, so
Pursuit_predation
Species of roundworm
adapted to its presence. Deer and P. tenuis have coadapted in an evolutionary arms race over time. Deer remain largely unaffected by the presence of P.
Parelaphostrongylus_tenuis
SARS-related coronaviruses coevolve with bat ACE2 receptors in an evolutionary arms race. Bats, along with their viruses, have large overlapping geographic
Zoonotic_origins_of_COVID-19
2014 nonfiction book by Elizabeth Kolbert
various ecological systems. Kolbert points out that there is an evolutionary arms race, in which each species must be equipped to defend against their
The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History
Involution (shrinking) of the thymus after the neonatal period
Turke P (1995). "Microbial parasites versus developing T cells: an evolutionary arms race with implications for the timing of thymic involution and HIV pathenogenesis"
Thymic_involution
It is believed that teeth in piglets evolved as a product of an evolutionary arms race caused by sibling competition, resulting in armed sibling rivalry
Sibling_rivalry_(animals)
Species of plant
the bottom of the nectar tube. Because of this, there exists an evolutionary arms race between the plant and the fly selecting for longer flower tubes
Lapeirousia_oreogena
Origin and diversification of snake venom through geologic time
delivery systems. Snake venom evolution is thought to be driven by an evolutionary arms race between venom proteins and prey physiology. The common mechanism
Evolution_of_snake_venom
2009 American film
telepaths led by the Number 9 man. No. 9 tells Fry of two species in an evolutionary arms race: the nearly-extinct "Encyclopods", who evolved to preserve the DNA
Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder
Futurama:_Into_the_Wild_Green_Yonder
American cognitive scientist
evolution of such signals may have been reflected in the context of an evolutionary arms race resulting from parent-offspring conflict. Another key area of Mehr's
Samuel_Mehr
Type of sexual conflict
either or both sexes from the fitness optima for the traits. A co-evolutionary arms race is established between the sexes in which either sex evolves a set
Interlocus_sexual_conflict
Species of moth
seeking methods for controlling the cabbage looper. Known as an evolutionary arms race, scientists are constantly researching ways to control the cabbage
Cabbage_looper
Type of ant that exploits other ant species
significantly less healthy host worker ants. Parasites can cause an evolutionary arms race against their hosts, with colonies rapidly evolving to develop methods
Parasitic_ant
process, which is characterized by a never-ending antagonistic evolutionary arms race, does not only apply to species but also to genes within the genome
Interlocus_contest_evolution
Genus of extinct non-mammalian synapsids
land and grew larger teeth to deal with larger herbivores in an evolutionary arms race. This creature's name means 'Berman's Bear heart.' The genus name
Shashajaia
Evolutionary strategy
side-effect of deterring vertebrate predators. Mimicry can result in an evolutionary arms race if mimicry negatively affects the model, in which case the model
Mimicry
Species of fly
a very long proboscis that is believed to be the product of an evolutionary arms race between pollinating insects and long-tubed flowers. The species
Moegistorhynchus_longirostris
Genetic process
competition between host and parasite is often characterized as an evolutionary "arms race", so the more rapidly one organism can change its method of attack
Selective_sweep
Communication between different species
have developed ways to defend against these plant defenses (in an evolutionary arms race). One method of adapting to allomones is to develop a positive reaction
Interspecies_communication
For killing and preventing the growth of algae
chemical signalling responses. This reciprocal adaptation is an evolutionary arms race between algae and bacteria. Algicidal activity can be highly strain-specific
Algaecide
Several types of pest management intervention
tolerance of whatever pressures are brought to bear, resulting in an evolutionary arms race. Unintended consequences: Studies have found broad spectrum biopesticides
Biopesticide
Species of fly
paternity over their offspring. These covariances are an example of an "evolutionary arms race". This suggests that each sex evolves certain traits to undermine
Scathophaga_stercoraria
characteristics becoming more or less common within the population. evolutionary arms race The positive feedback mechanism operating between competing sets
Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology
Species of amphibian
selective pressure favoring snakes with greater resistance. This evolutionary arms race has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess
Sierra_newt
Species of butterfly
slightly change their larva chemicals as a defence, leading to an evolutionary "arms race" between the two species. Generally, Lycaenidae species which have
Phengaris_alcon
Extinct genus of Cambrian arthropod
monsters called radiodonts had incredible vision that likely drove an evolutionary arms race". theconversation.com. 2020. Fu, D.; Legg, D. A.; Daley, A. C.;
Erratus
Marine animals without a vertebral column
successful defense against predation and may indicate the start of an evolutionary arms race. Some tiny Early Cambrian shells almost certainly belonged to molluscs
Marine_invertebrates
Sexual reproduction involving a large, female gamete and a small, male gamete
female choice. Since this can often be dangerous for the female, an evolutionary arms race between the sexes is often an outcome. Charles Darwin wrote that
Anisogamy
Theory in evolutionary biology
species". They argued that such communication ought to be viewed as an evolutionary arms race in which signallers evolve to become better at manipulating receivers
Signalling_theory
have to adapt by becoming more complex, thus triggering an ongoing evolutionary arms race towards more complexity. This trend may be reinforced by the fact
Evolution of biological complexity
Evolution_of_biological_complexity
pathogens. Thompson and Burdon describe how agriculture rules out the evolutionary arms race.[dubious – discuss] Zhan et al. conducted a study to understand
Gene-for-gene interactions in rust fungi
Gene-for-gene_interactions_in_rust_fungi
2004 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins & Yan Wong
Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life is a popular science book by the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins and Yan Wong. It retraces the history of life
The_Ancestor's_Tale
Epigenetic modification of HSV genetic code
viral gene expression is likely a result, at least in part, of the evolutionary arms race in which a cellular host attempts to silence viral DNA, such as
HSV_epigenetics
American documentary production company
Churchill "Extinction!" Richard Hutton "Extinction!" Gail Wilumsen "Evolutionary Arms race" PBS Liam Neeson (Narrator) PBS 2003 Far from Heaven Feature film
Vulcan_Productions
Species of spider
species from P. fimbriata′s range. This may be an example of an evolutionary arms race. P. fimbriata does not stalk at all species of the ant-mimic jumping
Portia_fimbriata
Class of chemical compounds
antimicrobial properties of GLVs have also been proposed to be part of an evolutionary arms race. During an infection, plants emit GLVs to act as microbial agents
Green_leaf_volatiles
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