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Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation
Understanding of the evolution of insects is based on studies of the following branches of science: molecular biology, insect morphology, paleontology, insect taxonomy
Evolution_of_insects
Class of arthropods
Insects (from Latin insectum) are invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have an exoskeleton
Insect
Profound change in body structure during the postembryonic development of an organism
as adults. The earliest insect forms showed direct development (ametabolism), and the evolution of metamorphosis in insects is thought to have fuelled
Metamorphosis
Independent evolution of similar features
of those groups. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy. The recurrent evolution of flight is a classic example, as flying insects,
Convergent_evolution
Form of jointed appendage of arthropods
Galis, Frietson (1996). "The evolution of insects and vertebrates: homeobox genes and homology". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 11 (10): 402–403. Bibcode:1996TEcoE
Arthropod_leg
Significance of the peppered moth in evolutionary biology
The evolution of the peppered moth is an evolutionary instance of directional colour change in the moth population as a consequence of air pollution during
Peppered_moth_evolution
Change in the heritable characteristics of populations
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It happens when individuals in a population
Evolution
Mechanisms and evolution of insect flight
Insects are the only group of invertebrates that have evolved wings and flight. Insects first flew in the Carboniferous, some 300 to 350 million years
Insect_flight
rank of class, but above the rank of family. With around 1 million insect species having been formally described and assigned a binomial name, insects are
List_of_insect_orders
Scientific study of insects
ἔντομον (éntomon), meaning "insect", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study", is the branch of zoology that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology
Entomology
Body part used by insects to fly
Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the
Insect_wing
Second era of the Phanerozoic Eon
Mario E. (16 January 2026). "Evolution of Insect Pollination Before Angiosperms and Lessons for Modern Ecosystems". Insects. 17 (1): 103. doi:10.3390/insects17010103
Mesozoic
Fourth and current eon of the geological timescale
diverse forms; the evolution of plants; the evolution of fish, arthropods and molluscs; the terrestrial colonisation and evolution of insects, chelicerates
Phanerozoic
Origin and diversification of butterflies through geologic time
Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521821490. Fordyce, James A. (2010-07-07). "Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of
Evolution_of_butterflies
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
implies divergent evolution. For example, many insects (such as dragonflies) possess two pairs of flying wings. In beetles, the first pair of wings has evolved
Homology_(biology)
Classes of possible reproductive strategies
Fritz, Stamp & Halverson (1982) define semelparous insects as "insects that lay a single clutch of eggs in their lifetime and deposit them at one place
Semelparity_and_iteroparity
Order of stick and leaf insects
as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or
Phasmatodea
Juvenile form of distinct animals before metamorphosis
inactive as of July 2025 (link) Nagy, Lisa M.; Grbić, Miodrag (1999), "Cell Lineages in Larval Development and Evolutions of Holometabolous Insects", The Origin
Larva
Extinct species of arthropod
questionable, and the early fossil records of insects still remains scarce and problematic. Evolution of insects Garrouste, Romain; Clément, Gaël; Nel, Patricia;
Strudiella
Highest level of animal sociality a species can attain
(2003). "The ecology and evolution of eusociality in sponge-dwelling shrimp". Genes, Behaviors and Evolution of Social Insects: 217–254. Duffy, J. E.;
Eusociality
Retaining juvenile features into adulthood
females. Flightlessness in some female insects has been linked to higher fecundity. Aphids are an example of insects which may never develop wings, depending
Neoteny
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
"In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets – An Evolutionary View of Domestication"
Cat
Extinct order of dragonfly-like animals
that insects really do breathe, with "rapid cycles of tracheal compression and expansion". Recent analysis of the flight energetics of modern insects and
Meganisoptera
The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have proceeded in modern day Pakistan during the Eocene epoch (56–34 mya), the second epoch of the Paleogene
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Biological experiment on the peppered moth
body colour in relation to their environmental background. Thus, the evolution of a dark-coloured body provided a survival advantage in a polluted locality
Kettlewell's_experiment
Chemical emitted to trigger a response among the same species
pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of chemical ecology. The portmanteau word "pheromone"
Pheromone
Order of insects
Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Some others also have unusual characteristics
Beetle
Ecological interaction between taxa
metabolism and DNA repair. When insects' endosymbiotic bacteria are passed on to the insects' offspring, populations of intracellular bacteria are reduced
Symbiosis
Evolutionary mechanism
Historically, insects have been the most significant herbivores, and the evolution of land plants is closely associated with the evolution of insects. While
Plant defense against herbivory
Plant_defense_against_herbivory
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
especially insects (particularly flying insects) also underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the late Carboniferous. Vast swaths of forests and
Carboniferous
The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the
Evolution_of_mammals
Order of insects including praying mantises
confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea), other elongated insects such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera), or other more distantly related insects with raptorial
Mantis
Anatomical structures of insects
Insects have mouthparts that may vary greatly across insect species, as they are adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing
Insect_mouthparts
One kind of insect metamorphosis
of insect development which includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (or adult). Holometabolism is a synapomorphic trait of all insects
Holometabolism
Practice of eating insects by organisms
(/ˌɛntəˈmɒfədʒi/, from Greek ἔντομον éntomon, 'insect', and φαγεῖν phagein, 'to eat') is the practice of eating insects. An alternative term, usually applied to
Entomophagy
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
OCLC 703739906. Kaiser VB, Bachtrog D (2010). "Evolution of sex chromosomes in insects". Annual Review of Genetics. 44: 91–112. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163600
Biological_sex
Academic journal
International Journal of Entomology in 1983 and discontinued in 1985. It was the organ of the "Zoogeography and Evolution of Pacific Insects" program. It should
Pacific_Insects
Subclass of insects
subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and groups which lost them secondarily. Pterygota group comprises 99.9% of all insects. The orders
Pterygota
Fossilized tree resin
of several recent families of terrestrial arthropods. Even older Jurassic amber has been found recently in Lebanon as well. Many remarkable insects and
Amber
Clade of insects
Bees are winged insects that form a monophyletic clade Anthophila within the superfamily Apoidea of the order Hymenoptera, with over 20,000 known species
Bee
Order of mammals
(2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2):
Carnivora
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution: In biology, evolution is change in the heritable allele frequencies of biological organisms over
Outline_of_evolution
Morphological phenomenon in insects
some gall midges. Larviform females are an area of interest in the study of the evolution of insect metamorphosis. Since these females have lower ability
Larviform_female
Extinct genus of insects
(vein or nerve)) is a genus of extinct insects from the Late Carboniferous (about 300 million years ago). It is a member of the extinct order Meganisoptera
Meganeura
Order of reptiles with a shell
Gilles (2017). "On the Value of Reptilian Brains to Map the Evolution of the Hippocampal Formation". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 90 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1159/000478693
Turtle
Anatomical structure
ventral surface of the abdomen of most larval forms of insects of the order Lepidoptera, though they can also be found on larvae of insects such as sawflies
Proleg
Extinct order of insects
extinct order of medium-sized to very large, primitive Palaeozoic paleopterous insects. They are informative about the evolution of wings in insects. They were
Palaeodictyoptera
Family of beetles
coccinellid species are carnivorous predators, preying on insects such as aphids and scale insects. Other species are known to consume non-animal matter,
Coccinellidae
Subclass of sessile marine crustaceans
relationships of the Cirripedia within Thecostraca as of 2021. The Thoracica appears to have gone through a whole genome duplication early in its evolution. It
Barnacle
Informal group of reptiles
snake-like elongated body due to convergent evolution. Some lizards, such as the arboreal Draco, are capable of gliding flight using fanned-out gular membranes
Lizard
Accumulation of genetic differences
accumulated are similar. An example of convergent evolution is the development of flight in birds, bats, and insects, all of which are not closely related but
Divergent_evolution
Biological process
gametophyte and asexual diploid sporophyte, is known as alternation of generations. The evolution of sexual reproduction is considered paradoxical, because asexual
Sexual_reproduction
Ion channel enzyme pump found in the membrane of all animal cells
fertility. Insects have at least one copy of both genes, and occasionally duplications. Low expression of ATPα2 has also been noted in other insects. Duplications
Sodium–potassium_pump
Species of mammal
"Convergence and remarkably consistent constraint in the evolution of carnivore skull shape". Evolution. 61 (5): 1251–1260. Bibcode:2007Evolu..61.1251W. doi:10
Honey_badger
Evolutionary process
distantly related insects that feed on the same plants, and even in a bird that feeds on monarchs through convergent evolution, a hallmark of adaptation. Convergence
Adaptation
Paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods, onychophorans and annelids
appendages of the second head segment. All insects have antennae, however they may be greatly reduced in the larval forms. Amongst the non-insect classes of the
Antenna_(zoology)
Birds from the order Strigiformes
mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except the
Owl
Anatomical structure resembling a penis
successful mating.[failed verification] The only known example of a pseudo-penis to occur in the insects is found in the barklouse genus Neotrogla. In this genus
Pseudo-penis
Control of harmful species
buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have
Pest_control
Species of hominid in the genus Homo
"Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults". Human Biology. 69 (5): 605–628. PMID 9299882. Gibbons A. "The Evolution of Diet". National
Human
Life arising from non-living matter
biological evolution caused the development of a wide range of species with varied forms and biochemical capabilities. However, the derivation of the LUCA
Abiogenesis
Form of collective animal behaviour
[Eds.] The evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Costa JT. 2006. The other insect societies. Belknap:
Sociality
Totality of psychological phenomena
Invertebrates, like clams and insects, typically either have no or relatively simple brains. In the course of evolution, the brains of vertebrates tended to grow
Mind
Family of birds
eat a large number of prey items such as insects and worms. One species, the atoll fruit dove, is specialised in taking insect and reptile prey. Snails
Columbidae
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
flowering plants and insects in On the Origin of Species (1859). He used the similar word coadaptation and suggested how plants and insects could evolve through
Coevolution
Species of mammal
Fanning, D (1979). "Standard Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy". Australian Journal of Zoology. 27 (4): 511. doi:10.1071/ZO9790511
Platypus
Pain scale for insect stings
that the evolution of sociality in Hymenoptera was dependent on the evolution of venom that was both painful and toxic. Pain is a signal of damage in
Schmidt_sting_pain_index
Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates
secondarily acquired a fish-like body shape through convergent evolution. On the other hand, Fishes of the World comments that "it is increasingly widely accepted
Fish
Termination of a species' lineage
dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, and mammoths. Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation. Species become extinct when they are no
Extinction
Many-legged arthropods with elongated bodies
centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they avoid
Centipede
in other work his theory of the later development of insects out of carrion, and the adoption of the old emanation or evolution theory, showing that "certain
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Examples of separate lineages of organisms developing similar characteristics
Convergent evolution—the repeated evolution of similar traits in multiple lineages which all ancestrally lack the trait—is rife in nature, as illustrated
List of examples of convergent evolution
List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution
Suborder of carnivores
species feeding on insects or invertebrates). An overview of each family is provided here. For detailed taxa and descriptions of the species in each
Feliformia
Description of the physical form of insects
Insect morphology is the study and description of the physical form of insects. The terminology used to describe insects is similar to that used for other
Insect_morphology
American entomologist
a major study of the phylogenomics of insect evolution, and developed molecular phylogeny of Hexapoda (the group that contains insects and springtails
Jessica_Ware
Order of insects
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described
Hymenoptera
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
blood-sucking insects. Other blood-sucking insects infect livestock with diseases that kill many animals and greatly reduce the usefulness of others. Ticks
Arthropod
Concept in biology and psychology
susceptible to supernormal stimuli, including insects, birds, and humans. Supernormal stimuli are present in areas of biology and psychology, but are also studied
Supernormal_stimulus
Common name for many species of bird
grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep
Duck
Species of carnivorous plant
prey—chiefly insects and arachnids—with a "jaw"-like clamping structure, which is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves; when an insect makes
Venus_flytrap
Tall African hoofed mammal
(2003). "On the origin, evolution, and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 58 (1): 51–73
Giraffe
Order of reptiles
and terrestrial carnivores, and herbivores. The earliest stage of crocodilian evolution was the protosuchians in the late Triassic and early Jurassic,
Crocodylia
Order of small, herbivorous mammals
5962/bhl.title.163548. A complete natural history of the world's creatures, fishes, reptiles, insects, birds and mammals Elwell, Walter A.; Comfort, Philip
Hyrax
Insect-like creatures
the term insectoid ("insect-like") denotes any fantastical fictional creature sharing physical or other traits with ordinary insects (or arachnids). Most
Insectoids in science fiction and fantasy
Insectoids_in_science_fiction_and_fantasy
Connected group of individuals
mortality among Hiwi hunter-gatherers: Implications for human evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 52 (4): 443–454. Bibcode:2007JHumE..52..443H. doi:10.1016/j
Society
Origin and diversification of primates through geologic time
other primates require assisted birth. Evolution of mammals List of fossil primates Timeline of human evolution Maxwell 1984, p. 296 Rui Zhang; Yin-Qiu
Evolution_of_primates
Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
The evolution of the eye is the origin and development with diversification by natural selection over geological time of organs of photosensitivity and
Evolution_of_the_eye
Subfamily of rodents (Cricetinae)
feed primarily on seeds, fruits, vegetation, and occasionally burrowing insects. In the wild, they are crepuscular: they forage during the twilight hours
Hamster
Type of insect that feeds on human blood
result of two species of insects from genus Cimex: Cimex lectularius (the common bed bug) and Cimex hemipterus (the tropical bed bug). These insects feed
Bed_bug
Class of ectothermic tetrapods
description of the tadpole". Journal of Herpetology. 26 (1): 102–105. doi:10.2307/1565037. JSTOR 1565037. Uno, Yoshinobu (2021). "Inference of evolution of vertebrate
Amphibian
Union of opposite-sex gametes in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
fusion of nuclei of spermatozoa and of ova of sea urchins. The evolution of fertilisation is related to the origin of meiosis, as both are part of sexual
Fertilisation
Order of insects
Zoraptera is an order of insects, sometimes called angel insects or ground lice. They are small and soft bodied insects with two forms: winged with wings
Zoraptera
Group of insects in the order Lepidoptera
Butterflies are winged insects from the lepidopteran superfamily Papilionoidea, characterised by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold
Butterfly
Cultivation of plants and animals to produce foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials
Schultz, Ted R. (December 2005). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 36: 563–595. doi:10
Agriculture
Genus of mammals
irritation due to biting insects, reduction of ectoparasite load (ticks and lice), and thermoregulation. In the process of wallowing, bison may become
Bison
Predator at the top of a food chain
mesopredator, for food such as insects, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and the eggs of ground-nesting birds. Removal of badgers (in a trial investigating
Apex_predator
Plant fiber from the genus Gossypium
by the evolution of new biotypes of insects and of new pathogens. Maintaining good yield requires strategies to slow these adversaries' evolution. Historically
Cotton
Superfamily of insects
Scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha. Of dramatically variable appearance and extreme sexual dimorphism, they
Scale_insect
Family of mammals
the forest floor, eating earthworms and insects. The species are Western long-beaked echidna (Z. bruijni), of the highland forests; Sir David's long-beaked
Echidna
timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens, throughout the history of life
Timeline_of_human_evolution
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EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
EVOLUTION OF-INSECTS
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