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Standard enthalpy change when a chemical bond is cleaved by homolysis
The bond dissociation energy (BDE, D0, or DH°) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond A−B. It can be defined as the standard enthalpy change
Bond_dissociation_energy
Splitting of a chemical bond
energy of a sigma bond is the energy required for homolytic dissociation, but the actual excitation energy may be higher than the bond-dissociation energy
Bond_cleavage
Strength of a chemical bond
average bond enthalpy, or bond strength. IUPAC defines bond energy as the average value of the gas-phase bond-dissociation energy (usually at a temperature
Bond_energy
Breaking a molecular bond such that both fragments retain an electron
the energy of the SOMO will be lowered, as will the bond dissociation energy. Bond dissociation energy is determined by multiple factors: Electronegativity
Homolysis_(chemistry)
Breaking a molecular bond such that both electrons remain with one species
The energy required to break the bond is called the heterolytic bond dissociation energy, which is similar (but not equivalent) to homolytic bond dissociation
Heterolysis_(chemistry)
Covalent chemical bond between hydrogen and carbon atoms
from the original on 29 August 2016. Yu-Ran Luo and Jin-Pei Cheng "Bond Dissociation Energies" in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th Edition
Carbon–hydrogen_bond
Covalent bond between two carbon atoms
generally stronger; the double bond of ethylene and triple bond of acetylene have been determined to have bond dissociation energies of 174 and 230 kcal/mol
Carbon–carbon_bond
Mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase
Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also known as collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation
Collision-induced dissociation
Collision-induced_dissociation
Chemical compound
therefore, very reactive with a bond-dissociation energy (117 kcal/mol or 490 kJ/mol) half that of dinitrogen. The bond distance has been measured at 1.8934
Diphosphorus
Separation of molecules or ionic compounds into smaller constituent entities
value). Bond-dissociation energy Photodissociation, dissociation of molecules by photons (light, gamma rays, x-rays) Radiolysis, dissociation of molecules
Dissociation_(chemistry)
Proposed class of chemical bonds
bond energy. For heteronuclear bonds, A−X, Pauling estimated the covalent contribution to the bond dissociation energy as being the mean of the bond dissociation
Charge-shift_bond
Chemical bond involving six bonding electrons; one sigma plus two pi bonds
reactive diatomic molecule diphosphorus, which has roughly half the bond-dissociation energy of dinitrogen. Huber, K. P.; Herzberg, G. (1979). Molecular Spectra
Triple_bond
Chemical compound
(C6H5)2CH−H, which has a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of 340 kJ/mol (82 kcal/mol). This is well below the published bond dissociation energies for comparable
Diphenylmethane
Covalent bond between carbon and fluorine atoms
Carbon–fluorine bonds can have a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of up to 130 kcal/mol. The BDE (strength of the bond) of C–F is higher than other carbon–halogen
Carbon–fluorine_bond
Topics referred to by the same term
the free dictionary. BDE may refer to: Bond-dissociation energy, the dissociation energy of a chemical bond Brominated diaryl (or diphenyl) ethers, see
BDE
Chemical group (–CH2–C6H5)
benzylic positions is attributed to the low bond dissociation energy for benzylic C−H bonds. Specifically, the bond C6H5CH2−H is about 10–15% weaker than other
Benzyl_group
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 119 (Uue)
metal–metal bond-dissociation energies. The Uue–Uue bond should be slightly stronger than the K–K bond. From these M2 dissociation energies, the enthalpy
Ununennium
Energy needed to remove an electron
recorded ionization energy for a stable chemical compound. Bond-dissociation energy, the measure of the strength of a chemical bond calculated through
Ionization_energy
Chemical compound
rather than substitution takes place, due to the very high C–H bond dissociation energy (112 kcal/mol) that disfavors abstraction of a hydrogen atom. Addition
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
electrons and a nucleus) Bond dissociation energy (binding energy between the atoms in a chemical bond) Electron binding energy (energy required to free an
Nuclear_binding_energy
Biologically active form of vitamin B12
radical through homolytic dissociation of the carbon-cobalt bond. This bond is exceptionally weak, with a bond dissociation energy of 31 kcal/mol, which is
Adenosylcobalamin
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 120 (Ubn)
metal–metal bond lengths in these M2 molecules increase down the group from Ca2 to Ubn2. On the other hand, their metal–metal bond-dissociation energies generally
Unbinilium
Organic compounds that contain sulfur
energy decreases to 73 kcal/mol (305 kJ/mol). The single carbon to oxygen bond is shorter than that of the C−C bond. The bond dissociation energies for
Organosulfur_chemistry
Chemical compound
it is thermally sensitive, as a result of its weak N–NO bond whose bond dissociation energy was measured to be 33.4 kcal/mol. Black (1983) and Brückner
Diazald
Process of converting methane to another molecule
into consideration. Firstly, the C−H bond is extremely inert and non-polar, with a high bond dissociation energy, making methane a relatively unreactive
Methane_functionalization
Energy required to separate particles
In physics and chemistry, binding energy is the smallest amount of energy required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a
Binding_energy
Molecules that can produce radicals and catalyze radical reactions
substances generally possess weak bonds—bonds that have small bond dissociation energies. Radical initiators are utilized in industrial processes such
Radical_initiator
Type of mass spectrometry
CTD causes backbone Cα-C bond cleavage of peptides and provides a•- and x-type product ions. The energy required for dissociation can be added by photon
Tandem_mass_spectrometry
Chemical compound
isoelectronic with dioxygen. The bond dissociation energy of H−NO is 49.5 kcal/mol (207 kJ/mol), which is unusually weak for a bond to the hydrogen atom. Nitroxyl
Nitroxyl
Functional group with the chemical structure R–S–S–R′
a typical bond dissociation energy of 60 kcal/mol (251 kJ mol−1). However, being about 40% weaker than C−C and C−H bonds, the disulfide bond is often the
Disulfide
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
to give hydrogen iodide does not proceed to completion. The H–I bond dissociation energy is likewise the smallest of the hydrogen halides, at 295 kJ/mol
Iodine
Energy needed to remove a specified particle from an atom's nucleus
etc. Bond-dissociation energy is the energy required to break one bond of a molecule or ion, usually separating an atom or atoms. Binding energy Look
Separation_energy
Chemical compound
fluoride. In comparison, the dissociation of difluorine to atomic fluorine requires cleaving a F–F bond with a bond dissociation energy of 150 kJ/mol (36 kcal/mol)
Krypton_difluoride
Chemical compound
benzaldehyde and phosphorus pentachloride. The Ph3C-H bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of 81 kcal/mol, or about 24 kcal/mol less
Triphenylmethane
Chemical compound
bond in the hydrogenated derivative (the hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) TEMPO–H is weak. With an O–H bond dissociation energy
TEMPO
Chemical group (–CH2–CH=CH2)
allylic. The bond dissociation energy of C−H bonds on a doubly allylic centre is about 10% less than the bond dissociation energy of a C−H bond that is singly
Allyl_group
Chemical compound
spectroscopy: the iodine-fluorine distance is 190.9 pm and the I−F bond dissociation energy is around 277 kJ mol−1. At 298 K, its standard enthalpy change
Iodine_monofluoride
Average distance between two nuclei of chemically bonded atoms
participate in bond formation the bond is shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy: all other factors
Bond_length
KER) comes from bond softening of the H2+ ion, which dissociates into a proton and a neutral hydrogen atom (undetected). The dissociation starts at the
Bond_hardening
Chemical compound
of benzyl chloride using aluminium chloride as a catalyst. The bond dissociation energy for the 9- and 10- carbon–hydrogen bonds are estimated at 78 kcal mol−1
9,10-Dihydroanthracene
Class of chemical compounds
C−O−O−H dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of 45–50 kcal/mol (190–210 kJ/mol), less than half
Hydroperoxide
Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
there are not enough different covalent compounds for which bond dissociation energies are known to make this approach feasible. The chemical effects
Electronegativity
Chemical compound
The compound's Si−H bond is notably weak, with a bond dissociation energy estimated at 79–84 kcal/mol. For comparison, the Si−H bond in trimethylsilane
Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane
Class of functional groups with a –N=O group attached
generally have even lower bond dissociation energies. For instance, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, Ph2N–N=O, has a N–N bond dissociation energy of only 23 kcal/mol
Nitroso
Poisonous gas consisting of carbon and oxygen
respectively). The bond-dissociation energy of 1072 kJ/mol is stronger than that of N2 (942 kJ/mol) and represents the strongest chemical bond known. The ground
Carbon_monoxide
Polymer material
groups to encourage the dynamic dissociation of the S−S bond; these chemistries can result in the bond dissociation energy being reduced to half (or even
Covalent_adaptable_network
Chemical compounds containing iodine
to give hydrogen iodide does not proceed to completion. The H–I bond dissociation energy is likewise the smallest of the hydrogen halides, at 295 kJ/mol
Iodine_compounds
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
incorrect predictions. Simple (Heitler–London) valence bond theory correctly predicts the dissociation of homonuclear diatomic molecules into separate atoms
Covalent_bond
Organic compounds of the form R–O–O–R′
H, C) dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of 45–50 kcal/mol (190–210 kJ/mol), less than half
Organic_peroxides
Enthalpy change when a substance melts
intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy (a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces). When liquid water is cooled
Enthalpy_of_fusion
Measure of an acid's strength in solution
a coordinate covalent bond. An acid dissociation constant is a particular example of an equilibrium constant. The dissociation of a monoprotic acid, HA
Acid_dissociation_constant
Chemical compound
bond, with an estimated bond dissociation energy of 533.5 kJ/mol. Unlike in the case of POF3, the Schomaker-Stevenson rule predicts appropriate bond length
Phosphoryl_chloride
Organic compound containing at least one covalent carbon-iodine bond
carbon-halogen bond. For example, in the molecules represented by CH3X, where X is a halide, the carbon-X bonds have strengths, or bond dissociation energies, of
Organoiodine_chemistry
Two-electron chemical bond where both electrons derive from the same atom
adduct (H3N → BH3) is given as a classic example: the bond is weak, with a dissociation energy of 31 kcal (130 kJ) mol-1 (cf. 90 kcal (380 kJ) mol-1 for
Coordinate_covalent_bond
Chemical data page for water
Thomas R.; Boyarkin, Oleg V. (2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 125 (18): 181101. Bibcode:2006JChPh
Water_(data_page)
Thermodynamic model in physical chemistry
group additivity. Heats of formations are intimately related to bond-dissociation energies and thus are important in understanding chemical structure and
Benson_group_increment_theory
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
secondary < tertiary < benzyl < allyl, reflecting the order in C–H bond dissociation energy Allylic (and benzylic) C−H bonds and especially doubly allylic
Radical_(chemistry)
Organic compound containing at least one covalent carbon-bromine bond
carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. Carbon–halogen bond strengths, or bond dissociation energies are of 115,
Organobromine_chemistry
Any organic compound containing a C=C=C group
weaker and more acidic compared to typical vinylic C–H bonds: the bond dissociation energy is 87.7 kcal/mol (compared to 111 kcal/mol in ethylene), while
Allene
One of two foundational theories of quantum chemistry
of quantum mechanics to describe chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemical
Valence_bond_theory
Antioxidant
the inductive effect and the hyperconjugation effect, reduce the bond dissociation energy of the phenolic hydroxyl group, and enhance its reactivity to lipid
Butylated_hydroxytoluene
Photochemical reaction
carbon chain. The rate and yield of this product depends upon the bond-dissociation energy of the ketone's α substituents. Typically the more α substituted
Norrish_reaction
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
thermodynamic basis of this low reactivity is the very strong H–H bond, with a bond dissociation energy of 435.7 kJ/mol. It does form coordination complexes called
Hydrogen
Type of adsorption process
electrons participating in the molecular bond are divided in the dissociation process. In homolytic dissociative adsorption, electrons are divided evenly
Dissociative_adsorption
Flight faster than Mach 5 below 90 km
1970). "Table of Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules] BDE: bond dissociation enthalpy" (PDF). Clark, Jim (3 October 2013). "Bond Enthalpies". Chemistry
Hypersonic_flight
contributions into the overall bond dissociation energies, the Au-NHC bonds have the greatest bond dissociation energies in magnitude). Of the remaining covalent
Coinage metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
Coinage_metal_N-heterocyclic_carbene_complexes
Catabolism of ATP into ADP
(1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules", Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 31, 52 pages. "Common Bond Energies (D". www
ATP_hydrolysis
Synthetic materials with properties similar to natural resins
a promoter; the promoter is generally understood to lower the bond dissociation energy of the radical initiator. Cobalt salts are the most common type
Synthetic_resin
Dissociation of molecular ions
laser induced dissociation which uses laser to induce the ion formation, electron-capture dissociation (ECD) due to capturing of low energy electrons, electron-transfer
Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)
Fragmentation_(mass_spectrometry)
catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The C-I bond is the weakest of the halogens: the bond dissociation energy of C-I is 57.6 kcal/mol, while fluoride, chloride
Vinyl_iodide_functional_group
Chemical compound
formation of diphenyl oxalate and benzoic anhydride and some related bond dissociation energies". Journal of the Chemical Society B: Physical Organic: 1611. doi:10
Diphenyl_oxalate
Chemical compound
the production of SF6. The S−S bond dissociation energy is 305±21 kJ/mol, about 80 kJ/mol stronger than the S−S bond in diphenyldisulfide. At temperatures
Disulfur_decafluoride
Chemical compound
facility of this reaction reflects the weakness of the Se-H bond, bond dissociation energy of which is estimated to be between 67 and 74 kcal/mol. In contrast
Benzeneselenol
Organosulfur compound and oxoacid
1-triptycenesulfenic acid has been found to have a pKa of 12.5 and an O–H bond-dissociation energy (bde) of 71.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, which can be compared to a pKa of
Sulfenic_acid
Chemical reaction in which a carbon-halogen bond is cleaved
strength of the bond between the carbon and halogen atom. The bond dissociation energies of carbon-halogen bonds are described as: H3C−I (234 kJ/mol),
Dehalogenation
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
amount of energy released is related to bond-dissociation energy or ionization energy and is usually in the range of a few to few tens of eV per bond. However
Nuclear_isomer
Chemical compound
J. P.; Farid, S.; Goodman, J. L.; Gould, I. R. (1999). "Α-C−H Bond Dissociation Energies of Some Tertiary Amines". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 64
Triallylamine
Model of the potential energy of a diatomic molecule
precise empirical values for physical parameters such as the dissociation energy, equilibrium bond length, and long-range constants. Cases of particular note
Morse/Long-range_potential
Chemical compound
9 November 2016. animation of dissociation Extance, Andy (12 September 2013). "Sulfur difluoride dimer exposes bonding strangeness". Chemistry World.
Difluorodisulfanedifluoride
Any organic compound having a sulfanyl group (–SH)
divalent sulfur centers. The S−H bond is much weaker than the O−H bond as reflected in their respective bond dissociation energies (BDE). For CH3S−H, the BDE
Thiol
Association of atoms to form chemical compounds
between the two atomic nuclei. Energy is released by bond formation. This is not as a result of reduction in potential energy, because the attraction of the
Chemical_bond
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
ground state that is bound, but only very weakly, with an Xe–F bond dissociation energy of ~13 kJ mol−1 (~3 kcal mol−1). Although xenon is rare and relatively
Xenon
Method in mass spectrometry
techniques for activation and dissociation of mass selected precursor ion in MS/MS. It involves the direct introduction of low-energy electrons to trapped gas-phase
Electron-capture_dissociation
Covalent bond involving 12 bonding electrons
neighboring 4d transition metal, and suggestive of higher bond orders. However, the bond dissociation energies of ditungsten and dimolybdenum are rather low, because
Sextuple_bond
Chemical reaction
thereby maximizing selectivity.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Bond dissociation energies strongly influence any radical process and in a few unusual cases
Free-radical_halogenation
Chemical compound
acronym being PINO. It is a powerful H-atom abstracting agent. The bond dissociation energy of NHPI (i.e., PINO–H) is 88–90 kcal/mol (370–380 kJ/mol), depending
N-Hydroxyphthalimide
Mass spectrometry method for fragmenting complex macromolecules
CID is the most common method of dissociation used, but ETD has been used as a complementary method. Unique bond cleavages resulting from ETD supply
Electron-transfer dissociation
Electron-transfer_dissociation
Periodic table group
derivatives of other groups. In the case of carbon, the high bond dissociation energy of the C–C bond and lack of electronegativity difference between the central
Carbon_group
that the binding energy EG results from the bond dissociation energy E int minus the sum of the singlet-triplet excitation energies ΣΔE S → T of the resulting
Carter–Goddard–Malrieu–Trinquier model
Carter–Goddard–Malrieu–Trinquier_model
Chemical compound
1991). "Effects of structural changes on acidities and homolytic bond dissociation energies of the hydrogen-nitrogen bonds in amidines, carboxamides, and
Benzamide
bonds in terms of bond dissociation energy follows the trend: Pd-Alkynyl > Pd-Vinyl ≈ Pd-Aryl > Pd-Alkyl and the metal-carbon bond length changes in the
Organopalladium_chemistry
Chemical compound
quadruple bond based on molecular orbital theory is also reasonable. Bond dissociation energies (BDE) of B2, C2, and N2 show increasing BDE, indicating single
Diatomic_carbon
Compound with a magnesium to magnesium bond
the primary investigation, with the bond length found to be 2.76-2.89 Å. Additionally, the bond dissociation energy was found to be between 45 and 48 kcal
Magnesium(I)_dimer
Type of chemical bond
A catch bond is a type of noncovalent bond whose dissociation lifetime increases with tensile force applied to the bond. Normally, bond lifetimes are
Catch_bond
Chemical compound
the ground state, 12Γ forms a Van der Waals complex. It has a bond-dissociation energy of 0.075eV and a dissymmetric triangular configuration. The Xe–Cl
Xenon_monochloride
above-threshold dissociation. A comprehensive review puts the mechanism of bond softening in a broader research context. Anticrossings of diatomic energy curves
Bond_softening
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 126 (Ubh)
with a fairly strong bond dissociation energy of 2.68 eV. Calculations suggest that a diatomic UbhF molecule will feature a bond between the 5g orbital
Unbihexium
Chemical reaction used in organic synthesis
lower reactivity in the halogen sequence (its shorter bond length and stronger bond dissociation energy makes it more difficult to break via oxidative addition)
Stille_reaction
Elements of an inverted Hessian matrix
from the lack of a universally accepted bond descriptor. While bond dissociation energies (BDE) and rigid force constants have been generally regarded as
Compliance_constants
Chemical compound
active at both the Mn-Mn and Mn-CO bonds due to low, and similar, bond dissociation energies of ~36 kcal/mol (151 kJ/mol) and ~38 kcal/mol (160 kJ/mol), respectively
Dimanganese_decacarbonyl
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BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
BOND DISSOCIATION-ENERGY
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