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Type of connection between neurons
An electrical synapse is a synapse in which electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction. It is one of the two major
Electrical_synapse
Structure connecting neurons in the nervous system
either chemical or electrical, depending on the mechanism of signal transmission between neurons. In the case of electrical synapses, neurons are coupled
Synapse
Biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent
word "synapse" was introduced by Sir Charles Scott Sherrington in 1897. Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological
Chemical_synapse
Neuron communication by electric impulses
potentials move only in one direction through an electrical synapse.[citation needed] Electrical synapses are found in all nervous systems, including the
Action_potential
Type of synapse
direct contact between cells (i.e., via gap junctions), as in an electrical synapse, but most commonly occurs via the vesicular release of neurotransmitters
Excitatory_synapse
Cell-cell junction composed of innexins or connexins
vinnexins in viruses. An electrical synapse is a gap junction that can transmit action potentials between neurons. Such synapses create bidirectional continuous-time
Gap_junction
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
neighboring cells through electrical synapses or cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at chemical synapses. A cell that receives a synaptic
Nervous_system
Impulse transmission between neurons
(except in the case of an electrical synapse through a gap junction); instead, neurons interact at close contact points called synapses. A neuron transports
Neurotransmission
Form of nervous system communication
that is distinct from direct communication systems like electrical synapses and chemical synapses. The phrase may refer to the coupling of adjacent (touching)
Ephaptic_coupling
Innate escape mechanism by crustaceans
that the synapses they subsequently made with the MoG passed depolarizing currents in a direct and unidirectional manner. These electrical synapses account
Caridoid_escape_reaction
Primary cell of the nervous system
receive and conduct impulses. Neurons communicate with other cells via synapses, which are specialized connections that commonly use minute amounts of
Neuron
In neurophysiology, a reduction of neuronal synapse efficacy
depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs
Long-term_depression
Chemical or electrical synapse from a neuron onto itself
An autapse is a chemical or electrical synapse from a neuron onto itself. It can also be described as a synapse formed by the axon of a neuron on its
Autapse
Connections between dendrites
Dendrodendritic synapses are connections between the dendrites of two different neurons. This is in contrast to the more common axodendritic synapse (chemical
Dendrodendritic_synapse
Branch of neuroscience
signal is the postsynaptic neuron or cell. Synapses can be either electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses are characterized by the formation of gap
Cellular_neuroscience
Concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells
important additions to our knowledge about how neurons function. Electrical synapses are more common in the central nervous system than previously thought
Neuron_doctrine
Type of neuron in fish and amphibians
cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses. Mauthner cells first appear in lampreys (being absent in hagfish
Mauthner_cell
Support-cells in the nervous system
of neurons. For example, glial cells were not believed to have chemical synapses or to release transmitters. They were considered to be the passive bystanders
Glia
Topics referred to by the same term
company Synapse Group, a marketing company Chemical synapse, in neurobiology Electrical synapse, in electrophysiology Immunological synapse, in immunology
Synapse_(disambiguation)
motor giant fast flexor neurons was the first known example of an electrical synapse (Furshpan & Potter 1957). Mauthner cell Medial giant interneuron Squid
Lateral_giant_interneuron
Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness
condensates in other neurons and glial cells via the gap junctions of electrical synapses. He proposed that the gap between the cells is sufficiently small
Orchestrated objective reduction
Orchestrated_objective_reduction
Ability of a synapse to strengthen or weaken over time according to its activity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity
Synaptic_plasticity
Network or circuit of neurons
of connections between neurons are synapses: both chemical and electrical synapses. The establishment of synapses enables the connection of neurons into
Neural_circuit
Science regarding functions in organisms or living systems
January 2019. Pereda, AE (April 2014). "Electrical synapses and their functional interactions with chemical synapses". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 15 (4):
Physiology
Structure in the brain
interneurons themselves are connected through both chemical and electrical synapses, allowing for widespread and synchronous inhibition of local claustrum
Claustrum
Family of gastropods
Aplysia has proved useful as a model in neurobiology for the study of electrical synapses, which mediate the release of the clouds of ink. Sea hares are hermaphrodites
Aplysiidae
Part of the thalamus
PMC 2718849. PMID 19357274. Hestrin, Shaul (2011). "The strength of electrical synapses". Science. 334 (6054): 315–316. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..315H. doi:10
Thalamic_reticular_nucleus
Overview of and topical guide to the human brain
direction cell Spatial view cell Pyramidal cell Granule cell Synapse Chemical synapse Electrical synapse Neurotransmitter Synaptic vesicle Active zone Neural
Outline_of_the_human_brain
Type of stable macromolecular complex
the gap-junction in two neurons that transmit signals through an electrical synapse. When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene form a complex
Protein_complex
Genus of sea slugs
withdrawal reflex, as studied in Aplysia californica, is mediated by electrical synapses, which allow several neurons to fire synchronously. This quick neural
Aplysia
Language used to describe the human body
neighbouring cells through electrical synapses or cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at chemical synapses. The CNS includes astrocytes
Medical_terminology
Controversies around the Nobel Prize
interconnected through gaps called synapses. Recent studies suggest that there are notable exceptions. Electrical synapses are more common in the central
Nobel_Prize_controversies
Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity
hours, have suggested a relationship between the electrical resistance of the spine and the effective synapse strength, due to their relationship with intracellular
Long-term_potentiation
Type of artificial neural network
artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron
Physical_neural_network
Formation of neuronal junctions in the nervous system
formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system. Although it occurs throughout a healthy person's lifespan, an explosion of synapse formation
Synaptogenesis
Marvel Comics character
Rambeau are able to stop him by devising a device that blocks the electrical synapses in his brain. Thanos recovers during the "Thanos Returns" story and
Thanos
Regulation of neurons by neurotransmitters
Tricyclic antidepressants also block reuptake of biogenic amines from the synapse, but may primarily affect serotonin or norepinephrine or both. They typically
Neuromodulation
Small projection on a neuron that receives signals
dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons (usually via their axons) via synapses which are located at
Dendrite
Electrical signal inhibiting a neuron from firing
is very important in the integration of electrical information produced by inhibitory and excitatory synapses. The size of the neuron can also affect
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential
The squid giant synapse is a chemical synapse found in squid. It is the largest known chemical junction in nature. The squid giant synapse (Fig 1) was first
Squid_giant_synapse
reach its threshold of excitation and elicit an action potential. Electrical synapses do not use quantal neurotransmitter release and instead use gap junctions
Quantal neurotransmitter release
Quantal_neurotransmitter_release
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
such as the cells in the heart muscle or the neurons with electrical synapses. Electrically coupled cells fire synchronously because generated currents
Reticular_formation
Mechanical computer built using dominoes
this goal, but "mechanical synapses" can also be used (see online ), to the analogy of electrical synapses or chemical synapses. The logic OR gate is simple
Domino_computer
1345. PMID 6145757. Kopell N. & Ermentrout B. (2004). "Chemical and Electrical Synapses Perform Complementary Roles in the Synchronization of Interneuronal
Theta_model
System of communication
special case of paracrine signaling (for chemical synapses) or juxtacrine signaling (for electrical synapses) between neurons and target cells. Many cell signals
Cell_signaling
patterns of stimulation in electrical rules and the chemical mechanisms by which synapses get persistently stronger and which synapses get persistently weaker
Schaffer_collateral
Biological process that adjusts the strength of connections between neurons in the brain
influenced by synapse location and neuromodulators like dopamine and acetylcholine. Variants of STDP have been found at inhibitory synapses and in response
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity
Spike-timing-dependent_plasticity
Use of magnesium by organisms
channels) and have been shown to affect gap junction channels forming electrical synapses. The previous sections have dealt in detail with the chemical and
Magnesium_in_biology
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane
changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials, and should not be confused
Postsynaptic_potential
A synaptic transistor is an electrical device that can learn in ways similar to a neural synapse. It optimizes its own properties for the functions it
Synaptic_transistor
Glutametergic neuronal junction that is typically inactive
In neuroscience, a silent synapse is an excitatory glutamatergic synapse whose postsynaptic membrane contains NMDA-type glutamate receptors but no AMPA-type
Silent_synapse
Contact-based cell-cell signalling
cytoplasm of cells and exchange ions and messenger signals. Electrical synapses are electrically conductive gap junctions between neurons. Gap junctions are
Juxtacrine_signalling
1984 video game
by David Bunch for Atari 8-bit computers and published by Synapse Software in 1984. Synapse sold the game as a "Double Play", with the game New York City
Electrician_(video_game)
Biological neural circuit that produces rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input
Sungjin; Sieburth, Derek (2021-05-18). "Presynaptic coupling by electrical synapses coordinates a rhythmic behavior by synchronizing the activities of
Central_pattern_generator
Type of synapse
axo-axonic synapse is a type of synapse, formed by one neuron projecting its axon terminals onto another neuron's axon. Axo-axonic synapses have been found
Axo-axonic_synapse
Nerve fiber part
cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic side (A) of a synapse. Some of these vesicles are docked, i.e., connected to the membrane by
Axon_terminal
Organ central to the nervous system
neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion. Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons, typically communicating with one another
Brain
Division of the autonomic nervous system
usually arise from specific nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS) and synapse at one of four parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic
Parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic_nervous_system
Australian neuroscientist (born 1939)
the function of synapses. Max Bennett was a student at Christian Brothers College, St Kilda and did his undergraduate work in electrical engineering and
Max_Bennett_(scientist)
Electric current produced in living cells
membrane (Vmem) of individual cells propagate across distances via electrical synapses known as gap junctions (conductors), which allow cells to share their
Developmental_bioelectricity
Release of milk from the mammary glands
bodies, where they are stored until the synapse between second- and third-order neurons. Following the electrical impulse, oxytocin is released into the
Lactation
Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission
signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron,
Neurotransmitter
enormous. A much studied example of gap junctions electrical signalling abilities is in the electrical synapses found on nerves. In heart muscle gap junctions
Intercellular_communication
Principle in neuroscience
state that neurons release one and only one transmitter at all of their synapses, which is generally false. Others, including Eccles himself in later publications
Dale's_principle
Branch of biology concerning depressive disorders in humans
depressive behaviors. Learned helplessness induced potentiation of LHb synapses are reversed by antidepressant treatment, providing predictive validity
Biology_of_depression
Type of brain cell
brain that are closely associated with neuronal synapses. They regulate the transmission of electrical impulses within the brain. Glycogen fuel reserve
Astrocyte
Anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter
Many synapses use multiple types of glutamate receptors. AMPA receptors are ionotropic receptors specialized for fast excitation: in many synapses they
Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)
Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
initiates a neural signal, which is carried to a synapse. The signal is then transferred across the synapse to a motor neuron, which evokes a target response
Reflex
Long projection on a neuron that conducts signals to other neurons
a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or
Axon
Medical treatment
in a synapse: they are affected by spiking inputs and, in turn, impact the timing of spike outputs. Because of the above facts, both electrical and magnetic
Neurotherapy
Action potential generated in the dendrite of a neuron
significantly less if the voltage-gated sodium channels are clustered at the synapse. The same type of voltage-gated channels may differ in distribution between
Dendritic_spike
Group of proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions
01.009. PMC 2704064. PMID 18353664. Connors BW, Long MA (2004). "Electrical synapses in the mammalian brain". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27: 393–418. doi:10
Connexin
Nerve cell sending impulse to muscle
motor neurons and lower motor neurons. Axons from upper motor neurons synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord and occasionally directly onto lower
Motor_neuron
Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter
plasma membrane of an axon terminal (i.e., the pre-synaptic neuron at a synapse) or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural
Reuptake
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
(/ˈmɛmrɪstər/; a portmanteau of memory resistor) is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. It was described
Memristor
Large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
neurotransmitters to transduce the electrical signal into a chemical signal and back. One way they differ is that synapses between neurons typically use glutamate
Alpha_motor_neuron
use. Both spiking and non-spiking chemical synapses, as well as electrical synapses, are available. Both short-term (through facilitation) and long term
AnimatLab
Mathematical descriptions of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system
connect to a large number of downstream neurons at sites called synapses. At these synapses, the spike can cause the release of neurotransmitters, which
Biological_neuron_model
Simulation software for modeling neurons
diffusion-reaction models, and integrating diffusion functions into models of synapses and cellular networks. Parallelization is possible via internal multithreaded
Neuron_(software)
Hu, Caroline K.; Huguenard, John R.; Fernald, Russell D. (2015). "Electrical synapses connect a network of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons in a
Russell_Fernald
American video game developer and entrepreneur
subsidiary of Activision Blizzard, Inc., that was founded in 1991 as Silicon & Synapse. He served on the Vivendi Games executive committee from January 1999,
Michael_Morhaime
causes current to travel more slowly through the neuron. Ribbon synapses are a type of synapse often found in sensory neurons and are of a unique structure
Electrotonic_potential
Sensory receptor cell responding to mechanical pressure or strain
are located on sensory neurons that convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals that, in animals, are sent to the central nervous system. Cutaneous
Mechanoreceptor
Phenomenon of neural activity
20–50 Hz. Thalamic cells synapse on apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in the cortex. These pyramidal cells reciprocally synapse back on thalamic neurons
Recurrent thalamo-cortical resonance
Recurrent_thalamo-cortical_resonance
American neuroscientist
S, Zelikowsky M, Ponnusamy R, Jacobs NS, Blair HT, Fanselow MS. Electrical synapses control hippocampal contributions to fear learning and memory. Science
Moriel_Zelikowsky
Electrical signal encouraging a neuron to fire
chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Many of these
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential
Theory about pain and the nervous system
may form a synapse on the same projection neuron. The same neurons may also form synapses with an inhibitory interneuron that also synapses on the projection
Gate_control_theory
American mathematician (born 1942)
PMID 10677548. Kopell, N; Ermentrout, B (Oct 2004). "Chemical and electrical synapses perform complementary roles in the synchronization of interneuronal
Nancy_Kopell
Action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus
pathway consisting of three main central synapses, or signals that travel through the brain. First, there is a synapse from the auditory nerve fibers in the
Startle_response
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
and dendrites, which allow them to communicate with other neurons via synapses. Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Small protrusion on a dendrite that receives input from a single axon
from a single axon at the synapse. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell
Dendritic_spine
Scientific study of the nervous system
neurons and other cell types through specialized junctions called synapses, at which electrical or electrochemical signals can be transmitted from one cell
Neuroscience
Fatty substance insulating nerve cell axons
action potential provokes the release of neurotransmitters across the synapse, which bind to receptors on the post-synaptic cell such as another neuron
Myelin
English pharmacologist and physiologist (1875–1968)
the synapse was electrical. It was later found that most synaptic signalling is chemical, but there are some synapses that are electrical. Dale also originated
Henry_Hallett_Dale
Electrical properties of biological cells
origin'; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of
Electrophysiology
Professor of Neurobiology
it affects synaptic strength. Neurons communicate with one another via synapses. Regehr was one of the first to use fluorescent imaging to see the synaptic
Wade_Regehr
Nerve carrying auditory information from the inner ear to the brain
auditory canal, through which it connects to the brainstem. There, its fibers synapse with the cell bodies of the cochlear nucleus. In mammals, cochlear nerve
Cochlear_nerve
American neuroscientist
potential and chemical synapse, but through non-synaptic interactions without such impulses. Today we know that this type of electrical interaction is mediated
Theodore_Holmes_Bullock
directly produce fast electrical responses in target neurons. Instead, they modify the efficacy of neurotransmission at nearby synapses, often producing longer-lasting
Heterosynaptic_plasticity
Mathematical function conceived as a crude model
neuron, and its value propagates to the input of the next layer, through a synapse. It may also exit the system, possibly as part of an output vector. It
Artificial_neuron
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
Boy/Male
Arabic
Electric Light
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, from Greek kyanos, CYAN means "dark blue" and "lapis lazuli." The color cyan is also sometimes called blue-green, electric blue, and turquoise.Â
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Lord of the Immortals
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hamsadeepika | ஹமஸாதீபிகா
Name of a Raga
Girl/Female
Scottish
Name of a prominent Scottish clan spelled to preserve original Scottish pronunciation.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Palm tree
Male
Scottish
Pet form of Scottish Gaelic Tòmas, TÒMAG means "twin."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Daughter, Born of the body
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Sheep Meadow
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Wine; Water
Male
English
Modern English form of Anglo-Saxon Cuthbeorht, CUTHBERT means "bright fame."Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Carried by the mind
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
a.
Operating by induction; as, an inductive electrical machine.
a.
Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; -- said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.
n.
Any apparatus by which an electrical current is originated.
v. i.
To become electric.
n.
The electric catfish.
a.
Pertaining to, or characterized by, electricity by the action of magnets; as, magneto-electric induction.
a.
Electrifying; thrilling; magnetic.
a.
Alt. of Magneto-electrical
a.
Pertaining to electricity; consisting of, containing, derived from, or produced by, electricity; as, electric power or virtue; an electric jar; electric effects; an electric spark.
n.
A supposed medium around various bodies; as, electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround electrical bodies.
a.
Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects.
a.
Alt. of Electrical
n.
The cushion of an electrical machine.
a.
Capable of occasioning the phenomena of electricity; as, an electric or electrical machine or substance.
a.
Pertaining to the development of electricity, especially electrical currents, by power; producing electricity or electrical currents by mechanical power.
a.
Alt. of Elenctical
n.
A genus of South American fresh-water fishes, including the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel. It has a greenish, eel-like body, and is possessed of electric power.
a.
The state or quality of being electrical.
n.
The art or process of making electrical measurements.
n.
A genus of African siluroid fishes, including the electric catfishes. See Electric cat, under Electric.