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Physiological process
The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins
Visual_cycle
Vitamin A aldehyde, a polyene chromophore
The visual cycle is a circular enzymatic pathway, which is the front-end of phototransduction. It regenerates 11-cis-retinal. For example, the visual cycle
Retinal
Process by which light activates retinal cells
initiating both the visual cycle, which "resets" the chromophore, and the phototransduction cascade, which transmits the visual signal to the brain.
Visual_phototransduction
Protein-coding gene in humans
known as RPE65) is a retinoid isomerohydrolase enzyme of the vertebrate visual cycle. RPE65 is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE, a layer of
RPE65
Layer of cells in the eye
ions. Visual cycle: The visual cycle fulfills an essential task of maintaining visual function and needs therefore to be adapted to different visual needs
Retinal_pigment_epithelium
Blindness present at birth
contributes to the regeneration process of the visual pigment rhodopsin. During the normal visual cycle, all-trans-retinyl palmitate, a stored form of
Congenital_blindness
subsequent cycle issued using the then-prevailing 16-bit digital recording technology, also for Deutsche Grammophon, in 1984. A fourth audio-visual cycle, issued
Karajan: Beethoven Symphonies (1963)
Karajan:_Beethoven_Symphonies_(1963)
Vision proteins
that follows the isomerization and renewal of retinal is known as the visual cycle. Free 11-cis-retinal is photosensitive and carries its own spectral sensitivity
Vertebrate_visual_opsin
Class of enzymes
between those two cofactors. However, not all retinol dehydrogenases in visual cycle are identified, and this remains challenging to scientists due to the
Retinol_dehydrogenase
Integrated development environment by Microsoft
Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) developed by Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs including websites, web apps
Visual_Studio
Chemical compound
molecule notable for its establishment of a new class of compounds known as visual cycle modulators (VCMs). Formulated as the hydrochloride salt, emixustat hydrochloride
Emixustat
that brought him from the biochemistry and structural biology of the visual cycle components to drug discovery and novel treatments of eye diseases. He
Krzysztof_Palczewski
Protein-coding gene in humans
encoded by the RDH8 gene. All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) is a visual cycle enzyme that reduces all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol in the presence
RDH8
Topics referred to by the same term
band founded 2009 Anal bleaching Rhodopsin bleaching, as part of the visual cycle Bleaching of wood pulp, whitening and lignin removal from wood pulp Coral
Bleach_(disambiguation)
Rare inherited eye disease
cells; LRAT, RDH12, and RPE65 in replenishing retinal levels for the visual cycle; IMPDH1 in guanine synthesis (involved in maintaining retinal levels);
Leber_congenital_amaurosis
Clarity of vision
easily established." 6/6 is the visual acuity needed to discriminate roughly 1 cycle per 1.6 arc-minutes (2.15 cycles per miliradian) – 3.5 mm at 6 metres
Visual_acuity
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
to 11-cis-retinal, in the isomerization of the rod and cones of the visual cycle. CRALBP is not just found in retina and retinal pigment epithelial cells
Retinaldehyde-binding protein 1
Retinaldehyde-binding_protein_1
Ovulation cycle occurring in most female mammalian therians
The estrous cycle (US-EN; /ˈɛstrəs/) or oestrous cycle (UK-EN; /ˈiːstrəs/) (from Latin oestrus 'frenzy', originally from Ancient Greek οἶστρος (oîstros)
Estrous_cycle
in the transduction of light into visual signals in the photoreceptor level of the retina (known as the visual cycle). Retinene2 is more formally known
Retinene
Chemical compound
Retinol is an essential compound in the cycle of light-activated chemical reactions called the "visual cycle" that underlies vertebrate vision. Retinol
Retinol
1994–2002 American film series
drawings, and artist's books, created by American visual artist and film-maker Matthew Barney. The Cremaster Cycle was made over a period of eight years (1994–2002)
The_Cremaster_Cycle
isolation and purification of Retinol Binding Proteins involved in the visual cycle. The first biotinylated retinoid was synthesized in 2002 and was used
Biotinylated_retinoids
Microsoft's programming language based on BASIC and COM
Visual Basic (VB), sometimes referred to as Classic Visual Basic, is a third-generation programming language based on BASIC, as well as an associated integrated
Visual_Basic_(classic)
Pharmaceutical compound
reduce the dimerization of vitamin A in the eye without affecting the visual cycle. Gildeuretinol has received breakthrough therapy, orphan drug and Pediatric
Gildeuretinol
Essential nutrient
progresses to corneal ulceration and blindness. The role of vitamin A in the visual cycle is specifically related to the retinal compound. Retinol is converted
Vitamin_A
Vitamin A chemical compound
inverse is catalyzed by REH. The esters are also intermediates in the visual cycle: RPE65 isomerizes the retinyl part to 11-cis-retinal. Vitamin A palmitate
Retinyl_palmitate
Protein found in humans
the sole carrier for retinol, which is an essential nutrient for the visual cycle. Animal studies using RBP4-antagonists showed that lowering RBP4 can
Retinol_binding_protein_4
F., Thiede, S., Herrmann, C. (2018). Life cycle engineering based on visual analytics. 25th CIRP Life cycle engineering conference, 30 April – 2 May 2018
Life-cycle_engineering
Narrative-focused video game genre
"Visual Novel Series". The next year, the term "visual novel" was used during the development and release cycle of Tactics's Moon (1997). Video game journalist
Visual_novel
Thinking through visual processing
Visual thinking, also called visual or spatial learning or picture thinking, is the phenomenon of thinking through visual processing. Visual thinking has
Visual_thinking
Molecular photoreceptors
light responses as varied as visual perception, phototropism and phototaxis, as well as responses to light-dark cycles such as circadian rhythm and other
Photoreceptor_protein
Neuroscience principle
Taxonomy of Visual Processes. Psychology Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-317-66895-4. Reike, Fred (2000). Vertebrae Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle. Academic
Absolute_threshold
Decreased ability to see
Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear
Visual_impairment
Genetic form of macular degeneration
the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA4) protein of the visual phototransduction cycle. Defective ABCA4 leads to improper shuttling of vitamin A throughout
Stargardt_disease
Communication through visual elements
Visual rhetoric is the art of effective communication through visual elements such as images, typography, and texts. Visual rhetoric encompasses the skill
Visual_rhetoric
Class of light-sensitive proteins
that produce metabolites to open ion channels. Retinylidene protein Visual cycle Visual phototransduction Microbial rhodopsin Channelrhodopsins Illustration
Opsin
Amino acid
the retinylidene group causes signal transduction in color vision (See visual cycle for details). There has been a long discussion that lysine, when administered
Lysine
Attraction on the basis of sexual desire
menstrual cycle affect a woman's overt behaviours, influencing the way a woman presents herself to others during stages of her menstrual cycle, in an attempt
Sexual_attraction
Events leading to cell division
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequence of events that take place in a cell and lead to its division into two daughter cells. These events
Cell_cycle
Enzyme
metabolism. In vertebrates, RPE65 is the active retinol isomerase in the visual cycle. A lack of RPE65 function results in congenital blindness in children
Retinol_isomerase
Light-sensitive receptor protein
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a light-sensitive receptor
Rhodopsin
Soft-bodied, aquatic invertebrates
capture prey or to defend against predators. Jellyfish have a complex life cycle, and the medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces planula larvae
Jellyfish
Visual tool used for family planning
CycleBeads is a visual tool that was developed by the Institute for Reproductive Health at Georgetown University. This device helps women use the Standard
CycleBeads
PMID 38711994. Cai X, Conley SM, Naash MI (June 2009). "RPE65: role in the visual cycle, human retinal disease, and gene therapy". Ophthalmic Genet. 30 (2):
Cis-trans_isomerase
Visual art consisting of moving images
A film, movie, or motion picture is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or
Film
Graph structure studied in group theory
a cycle graph of a group is an undirected graph that illustrates the various cycles of that group, given a set of generators for the group. Cycle graphs
Cycle_graph_(algebra)
Austrian-American biochemist
only direct action of light on the visual system. She also identified the specific intermediate in the visual cycle (called metarhodopsin2) that leads
Ruth_Hubbard
Visual programming language
Max/MSP/Jitter, is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. Over its
Max_(software)
Sequence of steps for decision-making
A decision cycle or decision loop is a sequence of steps used by an entity on a repeated basis to reach and implement decisions and to learn from the
Decision_cycle
American artist, author and actor (born 1955)
created in his Malibu home as an ongoing visual–philosophical environment beginning in 2001. His pen-drawn tarot cycle was published as Tarot ReVisioned (2003)
Leigh_McCloskey
Type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye
as a photoisomerase. Unlike the visual opsins in rod cells and cone cells, which rely on the standard visual cycles for recharging all-trans-retinal
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cell
Medieval European play
2010 at the Wayback Machine The York Cycle as performed in Toronto in 1998 Medieval Imaginations: literature and visual culture in the Middle Ages Tewkesbury's
Mystery_play
Group of insects in the order Lepidoptera
likely originated in the Cretaceous. Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle, and like other holometabolous insects they undergo complete metamorphosis
Butterfly
Medical award
electrical responses of retinal neurons, and the exchange of retinoids in the visual cycle. Dowling's discoveries have been essential to the work of virtually every
The_Llura_Liggett_Gund_Award
Visual phenomenon
The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous rotational or other cyclic motion is represented by a series
Stroboscopic_effect
Eye disease
Golczak M, Moise AR, Palczewski K. Diseases Caused by Defects in the Visual Cycle: Retinoids as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Annual Review of Pharmacology
White_dot_syndromes
2025 film by James Cameron
delays to allow the crew more time to work on writing, pre-production, and visual effects. Avatar: Fire and Ash started shooting simultaneously with The Way
Avatar:_Fire_and_Ash
Protein-coding gene in humans
dehydrogenase activity of RDH10 and its interaction with visual cycle proteins". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 50 (11): 5089–5097. doi:10.1167/iovs
RDH10
Group of tetraterpenes
Golczak M, Palczewski K (January 2014). "Chemistry of the retinoid (visual) cycle". Chemical Reviews. 114 (1): 194–232. doi:10.1021/cr400107q. PMC 3858459
Retinoid
Area of sociology
Visual sociology is an area of sociology concerned with the visual dimensions of social life. Visual sociology can be theoretically framed around three
Visual_sociology
Chemical compounds subclass
3-hydroxyretinal for visual activities, which means that β-cryptoxanthin and other xanthophylls (such as lutein and zeaxanthin) may function as forms of visual "vitamin
Xanthophyll
Canadian fashion model (born 1994)
contestant on the 21st cycle of the U.S. television series America's Next Top Model. Harlow later appeared in the Beyoncé-directed visual album Beyoncé: Lemonade
Winnie_Harlow
Method of organizing pitches and keys
In music theory, the circle of thirds, also known as the cycle of thirds, is a way of organizing pitches, and a musical tool that helps musicians remember
Circle_of_thirds
Swiss eye surgeon and researcher (born 1967)
That same year, Hafezi was part of a research group that identified the visual cycle enzyme RPE65 as essential component of light-induced retinal degeneration
Farhad_Hafezi
Natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle
A circadian rhythm (/sərˈkeɪdiən/), or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms can refer to any
Circadian_rhythm
Biomedical engineer
virus-mediated retinal transduction". Vertebrate Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle, Part B. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 316. pp. 777–789. doi:10
Jean_Bennett
Periodic shedding of the uterine lining
menstrual cycle. Female domestic animals used for breeding—for example dogs, pigs, cattle, or horses—are monitored for physical signs of an estrous cycle period
Menstruation_(mammal)
Sport of cycling adapted for cyclists who have various disabilities
Para-cycling (or paracycling/para cycling) is the sport of cycling adapted for cyclists who have various disabilities. It is governed by the Union Cycliste
Para-cycling
Development tools for Microsoft Office
Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) is a set of development tools available in the form of a Visual Studio add-in (project templates) and a runtime
Visual Studio Tools for Office
Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Office
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
ester during phototransduction, an essential reaction for the retinoid cycle in visual system and vitamin A status in liver. Mutations in this gene have been
Lecithin retinol acyltransferase
Lecithin_retinol_acyltransferase
another reason for ion-differentials. Physiology of vision The traditional visual cycle does not have any direct role for oxygen and entails the rods and cones
Murburn_concept
English actor (1943–2026)
inaugural productions of The Henrys and, in 1987, the seven-play history cycle of The Wars of the Roses, which toured worldwide and was televised. Pennington
Michael_Pennington
Artistic style of representing subjects realistically
terms are not necessarily synonymous. Naturalism, as an idea relating to visual representation in Western art, seeks to depict objects with the least possible
Realism_(arts)
Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines, track cycling and road cycling. The venues were the Rio Olympic
Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Cycling_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics
1999 film by the Wachowskis
The Matrix popularized terms such as the red pill, as well as a novel visual effect known as "bullet time" in which a character's heightened perception
The_Matrix
Transport network in Greater Manchester, England
transport network in Greater Manchester, England. It comprises bus, tram, cycling and walking routes. Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) is expected
Bee_Network
Discontinued source control software
Microsoft Visual SourceSafe (VSS) is a discontinued source control program oriented towards small software development projects. Like most source control
Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe
Loss and regain of color vision during the evolution of primates
class - of cones is defined by its opsin, a protein fundamental to the visual cycle that tunes the cell to certain wavelengths of light. The opsins present
Evolution of color vision in primates
Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
pathogenic activity. ALDH1a3 is not necessary for spermatogenesis or the visual cycle. ALDH1a3 is established as a primary marker of failing beta cells in
ALDH1A3
Biochemical cycles (i.e., the urea cycle or the citric acid cycle) and their metabolites can be represented by means of hands and fingers (visual imagery
List_of_visual_mnemonics
Experimental gene therapy
an isomerase, converting all-trans-retinol to 11-cis-retinol in the visual cycle. Loss of this protein results in an early-onset retinal degeneration
Retinal gene therapy using lentiviral vectors
Retinal_gene_therapy_using_lentiviral_vectors
Physiological theory on human attraction
related to sexual reproduction. While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, smells can also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent
Human_sex_pheromones
Xue; Conley, Shannon M.; Naash, Muna I. (2009). "RPE65: Role in the visual cycle, human retinal disease, and gene therapy". Ophthalmic Genetics. 30 (2):
Christian_Hamel
Cognitive modeling method
processors along with the visual image, working memory, and long term memory storages. A diagram is shown below. Each processor has a cycle time and each memory
Human_processor_model
Capacity of a system for its users to perform tasks
usability method. It explains the implications of the stage of the life cycle and the individual project characteristics for the selection of usability
Usability
Type of social theories
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society
Social_cycle_theory
Japanese anime television series
confront their family's dark past. A two-part compilation film titled Re:cycle of Penguindrum premiered in 2022, with the first part premiering in April
Penguindrum
2002 action video game
gameplay's lack of innovation, simplistic AI, and short length, though the visuals (particularly those of the motorcycle levels) and music were assessed positively
XXX_(video_game)
Pedal-driven two-wheel vehicle
A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, with two wheels
Bicycle
Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place in two separate locations. Track cycling took place at the Izu Velodrome from 25 to 28 August 2021 and
Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Cycling_at_the_2020_Summer_Paralympics
Epic poem attributed to Homer
between the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the largely lost poems of the Epic Cycle; about whether Homer lived and, if he did, when; and whether the poems reflect
Odyssey
Mammalian protein found in humans
responsible for Stargardt disease". Vertebrate Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle, Part A. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 315. pp. 879–97. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(00)15888-4
ABCA4
2008 live album by Lacuna Coil
Visual Karma (Body, Mind and Soul) is the first live album by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil, that was released in November 2008. The DVD is retrospective
Visual Karma (Body, Mind and Soul)
Visual_Karma_(Body,_Mind_and_Soul)
Film by Dean DeBlois
live-action/animated hybrid of all time. It earned a nomination for Best Special Visual Effects at the 79th British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, How to Train
How to Train Your Dragon (2025 film)
How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(2025_film)
California Software Company
headquartered in Campbell, California. The company provides product life-cycle management (PLM) and AI software globally, as well as planning, pricing
Centric_Software
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
dehydrogenases/Reductases in retina". Vertebrate Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle, Part B. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 316. pp. 372–83. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(00)16736-9
HSD17B11
German anatomist
the discoverer of rhodopsin because he was able to describe its "visual pigment cycle". Müller also described the fibers of neuroglia cells that make up
Heinrich Müller (physiologist)
Heinrich_Müller_(physiologist)
exact order of the visual brightness of stars is not perfectly defined for four reasons: Stellar brightness is based on the apparent visual magnitude as perceived
List_of_brightest_stars
2026 Indian Telugu film by Manasa Sharma
villagers have continued the ritual for generations. During the previous cycle, a toddler was offered as a sacrifice. Veerababu “Veeru” (Sangeeth Sobhan)
Raakaasa
Type of aeronautical chart
air navigation under visual flight rules (VFR). In Australia, Canada and some other countries, the equivalent charts used for visual flight are called VFR
Sectional_aeronautical_chart
VISUAL CYCLE
VISUAL CYCLE
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Biblical
Parables, governing.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Huge, Broad, Great
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Roman Latin Vitalis, VIDAL means "of life; vital."
Surname or Lastname
English, of French (Huguenot) origin
English, of French (Huguenot) origin : altered form of French Vassal, status name for a medieval retainer (see Vassell).
Boy/Male
Hindu
Vishtrata- enlarge
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Big; Huge; Broad; Great; Immense; Giant; Massive; Long; Bold; Mercy; Star
Girl/Female
Indian
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Male
Hindi/Indian
(विशाल) Hindi name VISHAL means "large."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Indian
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Boy/Male
Sikh
Heroic protector, Protector of the brave
Boy/Male
Hindu
Faith, Trust
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fragrance
Boy/Male
Hindu
Very great
Boy/Male
Hindu
Great
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Calm; Sharp; Spacious
VISUAL CYCLE
VISUAL CYCLE
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of French Louis, LAJOS means "famous warrior."Â
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish, Scandinavian
Jehovah has been Gracious; Has Shown Favor; Jan's Son; Son of Jan; Similar to the Hebrew John
Girl/Female
British, Christian, English, Indian
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Australian, British, Celtic, Christian, English, German, Spanish, Teutonic
Noble; Of the Nobility
Girl/Female
Muslim
Branch, Twig
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil
Immortal Everlasting
Girl/Female
Latin
Accustomed.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Innocent, Blameless, Excelling, Originator
Girl/Female
Spanish American English French Italian
Manly.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kaavyanjali | காவà¯à®¯à®¾à®‚ஜலி
The offering of poetry
VISUAL CYCLE
VISUAL CYCLE
VISUAL CYCLE
VISUAL CYCLE
VISUAL CYCLE
a.
Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as, ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law.
n.
A vital part; one of the vitals.
n.
A public officer in Scotland who prosecutes in petty criminal cases; -- called also procurator fiscal.
n.
Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as, the ritual of the freemasons.
a.
Pertaining to, or resembling, a disk; as, discal cells.
v. t.
To supply with provisions for subsistence; to provide with food; to store with sustenance; as, to victual an army; to victual a ship.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Mass, or to a missal or Mass book.
a.
Of or pertaining to a widow; vidual.
pl.
of Vista
a.
Pertaining to that which is distal; as, the distal tuberosities of a bone.
a.
Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as, casual expenses.
n.
A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as, the Jewish ritual.
a.
Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life; as, vital blood.
a.
Remote from the point of attachment or origin; as, the distal end of a bone or muscle
n.
The visual purple. See under Visual.
a.
Resembling a vassal; slavish; servile.
v. t.
To treat as a vassal; to subject to control; to enslave.
a.
Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions.
a.
Of or pertaining to sight; used in sight; serving as the instrument of seeing; as, the visual nerve.
a.
Gloomy to the eye or ear; sorrowful and depressing to the feelings; foreboding; cheerless; dull; dreary; as, a dismal outlook; dismal stories; a dismal place.