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Protein used by plants, bacteria and fungi to detect light
Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins found in plants, bacteria and fungi. They respond to light in the red and far-red regions of the visible
Phytochrome
British plant biologist (1953–2022)
research developed to focus on the phytochrome light detecting pigments. They demonstrated that some phytochromes controlled the transcription of some
Jane_Silverthorne
irradiance of light are important signals for plants and are detected by phytochrome. Exploiting different modes of photoreversibility in this molecule allow
Fluence_response
Range of light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum
spectrum of chlorophyll, and it is perceived by the plant photoreceptor phytochrome. However, some organisms can use it as a source of energy in photosynthesis
Far-red_light
Single-celled alga with a silica cell wall
diatoms use photoreceptors called phytochromes to determine the water's depth to respond to light signals. Phytochromes can sense red and far-red light
Diatom
Responses of organisms to the relative lengths of light and dark periods
under one condition. Phytochrome comes in two forms: Pr and Pfr. Red light (which is present during the day) converts phytochrome to its active form (Pfr)
Photoperiodism
Molecular photoreceptors
examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria
Photoreceptor_protein
Basal organ of a vascular plant
PhyA is the phytochrome responsible for causing these architectural changes of the lateral root. Research has also found that phytochrome completes these
Root
Plant growth in reaction to gravity and bending of leaves and roots
(2011-01-25). "Phytochromes inhibit hypocotyl negative gravitropism by regulating the development of endodermal amyloplasts through phytochrome-interacting
Gravitropism
Light-mediated plant development
process from photosynthesis where light is used as a source of energy. Phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins are photochromic sensory receptors that
Photomorphogenesis
Subdiscipline of botany
of photoreceptors: phytochrome, cryptochrome, a UV-B photoreceptor, and protochlorophyllide a. The first two of these, phytochrome and cryptochrome, are
Plant_physiology
Other examples of chromoproteins include other hemochromes, cytochromes, phytochromes and flavoproteins. In hemoglobin there exists a chromoprotein (tetramer
Chromoprotein
Species of grass cultivated as a food crop
flowering is set genetically; the physiological mechanism involves the phytochrome system. Tropical cultivars can be problematic if grown in higher latitudes
Maize
Natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle
several phytochromes and cryptochromes. Phytochrome A, phyA, is light labile and allows germination and de-etiolation when light is scarce. Phytochromes B–E
Circadian_rhythm
Study of plant life
result in adaptive changes in a process known as photomorphogenesis. Phytochromes are the photoreceptors in a plant that are sensitive to light. Plant
Botany
Phenomenon in which the crowns of fully stocked trees do not touch each other
light, a task widely thought to be accomplished by the activity of the phytochrome photoreceptors. Many species of plant respond to an increase in far-red
Crown_shyness
British painter
Phytochrome by Paul Morrison, 2008
Paul_Morrison_(artist)
Growth of a plant in response to a light stimulus
combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light. Together phytochromes and cryptochromes inhibit
Phototropism
Swollen or thickened leaf base
controlled by the circadian clock and light signal transduction through phytochrome. Touch response (thigmonastic) movements appear to be regulated through
Pulvinus
German plant physiologist
of Freiburg. He is recognized for his contributions to the study of phytochromes, light perception in plants, and photomorphogenesis. His work has combined
Eberhard_Schäfer_(scientist)
Developmental pathway followed in flowering plants in absence of visible light
by the exposure of various photoreceptor pigments to light. Phytochrome A and phytochrome B both respond to an increasing proportion of red light to far-red
Etiolation
Green bile pigment
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a complex with reengineered bacterial phytochrome, biliverdin has been employed as an IR-emitting chromophore for in vivo
Biliverdin
Plant sensing and development response
(photomorphogenesis). In Arabidopsis, phytochrome B is the predominant photoreceptor that regulates SAS. Phytochromes exist in two forms: PR and PFR. It
Shade_avoidance
Proteins only found in cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteriochromes are phytochrome-related photoreceptor proteins found only in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteriochrome covalently binds a linear tetrapyrrole
Cyanobacteriochrome
Class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites
are accepted by phytochrome, while high energy radiations are accepted by carotenoids, flavins, cryptochromes in addition to phytochromes. The photomorphogenic
Flavonoid
Food product and protein supplement derived from Pisum sativum
protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Chromoprotein Photoreceptor protein Biliprotein Phycobiliprotein Phytochrome Lipocalin Category Commons
Pea_protein
Evolutionary conserved protein domain
histidine kinase, DNA gyrase B, topoisomerases, heat shock protein HSP90, phytochrome-like ATPases and DNA mismatch repair proteins. More information about
GHKL_domain
Growth of an organism from a seed or spore
cell expansion and overall growth. Within light-stimulated germination, phytochrome B (PHYB) is the photoreceptor that is responsible for the beginning stages
Germination
Movements of higher plants in response to the onset of darkness
dusk and the sleep movements of the leaves of many legumes. Plants use phytochrome to detect red and far red light. Depending on which kind of light is
Nyctinasty
American cell biologist (born 1957)
postdoctoral training, Jones established that the plant photoreceptor, phytochrome A, is dimeric and he showed a minimal structural unit for photoperception
Alan_M._Jones
Young plant developing out from a seed
the young plant. The seedlings sense light through the light receptors phytochrome (red and far-red light) and cryptochrome (blue light). Mutations in these
Seedling
American botanist
determined the impact of red/far red light and the associated photopigment, phytochrome, on plant morphogenesis. Her work on circadian rhythms would define her
Ruth_Lyttle_Satter
Part of a seedling stem of an embryo plant
emerge. Lengthening of the epicotyl is thought to be controlled by the phytochrome photoreceptors. Hypocotyl Radicle Plumule "epicotyl." A Dictionary of
Epicotyl
Instrument to measure the properties of visible light
spectrographs used photographic paper as the detector. The plant pigment phytochrome was discovered using a spectrograph that used living plants as the detector
Optical_spectrometer
Order of flowering plants, mostly from tropics and subtropics
"Phylogeny of Celastraceae Inferred from 26S Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, Phytochrome B, rbcL, atpB, and Morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Celastrales
Class of plant hormones
repressive effects. The first targets of DELLA proteins identified were Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs). PIFs are transcription factors that negatively
Gibberellin
Scientific study of light's effect on living organisms
5 distinct photoreceptors: UVR8, Cryptochrome, Phototropin, Phytochrome r and Phytochrome fr. Light can control morphogenic processes such as leaf size
Photobiology
of phytochrome function, and the rapid nature of the response suggested that changes in bioelectric potential were seminal events in phytochrome signal
Tanada_effect
Requirement of light for certain types of seeds to germinate
cell expansion and overall growth. Within light-stimulated germination, Phytochrome B (PHYB) is the photoreceptor that is responsible for the beginning stages
Photoblasticism
American plant biologist
of the American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB). Tobin studies how phytochrome photoreceptors interact with the circadian clock in plants, in particular
Elaine_M._Tobin
Gene of the species Arabidopsis thaliana
circadian control of hypocotyl growth factor genes PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 5 (PIF5). In 2000, the LUX gene
LUX
Red pigment of the bile
phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light. All of these contain an open chain of
Bilirubin
American botanist
Austin in 1981. His dissertation is titled Studies on the localization of phytochrome and calcium in light-and-gravity-stimulated plants. Slocum researches
Robert_Slocum
Class of pigment proteins in photosynthesising organisms
Quail's 2010 journal article Phytochromes. As described in Hugo Scheer's 1981 journal article Biliproteins, phytochromes function as a sensor of light
Biliprotein
German structural biologist and professor
Nuclear Polarization Provides New Insights into Chromophore Structure in Phytochrome Photoreceptors". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55 (52): 16017–16020. doi:10
Hartmut_Oschkinat
Protein-coding gene in plants
There are distinct, but related, pathways involving blue light and phytochromes that affect CAB regulation. Because the expression of the CAB mRNA is
CAB_gene
Class of chemical compound
bilins also serve as the photopigments of the photoreceptor protein phytochrome. An example of an invertebrate bilin is micromatabilin, which is responsible
Bilin_(biochemistry)
Unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light
pigments include: retinal (in rhodopsin) flavin (in cryptochrome) bilin (in phytochrome) In medical terminology, the term photopigment is applied to opsin-type
Photopigment
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
18463. PMID 10373454. S2CID 46045210. Hoecker U, Quail PH (2001). "The phytochrome A-specific signaling intermediate SPA1 interacts directly with COP1,
SIPA1
Israeli biologist (1922–2021)
aspects of the effects of light on plant development (photoperiodism, phytochrome, photomorphogenesis). After her retirement, Kadman-Zahavi continued her
Avishag_Zahavi
Species of fern
Chlorophyll synthesis in Cinnamon fern leaf primordia is regulated by phytochrome (red/far-red light response) and a blue-light-absorbing pigment system
Osmundastrum_cinnamomeum
Research institute at Michigan State University
Retrieved November 3, 2020. Major, I.T.; Gou, Q.; et al. (June 2020). "A Phytochrome B-Independent Pathway Restricts Growth at High Levels of Jasmonate Defense"
MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory
MSU-DOE_Plant_Research_Laboratory
More distantly related group of organisms
Michael (1999). "The Root of Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Duplicate Phytochrome Genes". Science. 286 (5441): 947–950. doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.947
Outgroup_(cladistics)
Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae
Martínez-García, Jaime F. (2006-03-24). "Identification of Primary Target Genes of Phytochrome Signaling. Early Transcriptional Control during Shade Avoidance Responses
Gametophyte
Plants interaction to environment
plant organs contain photoreceptors (phototropins, cryptochromes, and phytochromes), each of which reacts very specifically to certain wavelengths of light
Plant_perception_(physiology)
Ecological metric
Meng (2019). "NCP activates chloroplast transcription by controlling phytochrome-dependent dual nuclear and plastidial switches". Nature Communications
Photosynthetic_efficiency
Light-capturing molecules in algae
closely related to the chromophores of the light-detecting plant pigment phytochrome, which also consist of an open chain of four pyrroles. Chlorophylls are
Phycobilin
Chemical compounds that regulate plant growth and development
response). As the new shoot is exposed to light, reactions mediated by phytochrome in the plant's cells produce a signal for ethylene production to decrease
Plant_hormone
S2CID 54245733. Slocum, Robert Dale (1981). Studies on the localization of phytochrome and calcium in light-and-gravity-stimulated plants (Thesis). OCLC 8489965
List of University of Texas at Austin alumni
List_of_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_alumni
American biochemist and Nobel laureate (1952–2016)
developed from bacterial phytochromes instead of from multicellular organism like jellyfish. Under normal conditions, bacterial phytochromes absorb light for
Roger_Y._Tsien
American Chemical Society program to recognize significant achievements in chemistry
and isolation of phytochrome, a photoreceptive pigment in plants that controls their germination, growth, and flowering. Phytochrome was isolated in 1959
National Historic Chemical Landmarks
National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks
comparable fluorescence to eGFP in cells and is brighter than bacterial phytochrome fluorescent proteins. The free chromophore can be differentiated from
SmURFP
Plant-specific gene
PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and GIGANTEA (GI) (residues 1–261) as well as with PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB) (residues 1–440). The middle region of ELF3 (residues 261–484)
ELF3
hormone – toxin – pollinator – phototropism – skototropism – phototropin – phytochrome – auxin – photoperiodism – gravity General features: morphology (biology)
Outline_of_biology
American plant biologist
2070. PMC 1087129. PMID 16657012. Tanada, T. (1972). "Phytochrome Control of Another Phytochrome-mediated Process". Plant Physiology. 49 (4): 560–562.
Takuma_Tanada
Substances produced by living organisms
rhodopsin Xanthophylls: canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein Proteinaceous: phytochrome, phycobiliproteins Psittacofulvins: a class of red and yellow pigments
Biological_pigment
Class of light-sensitive proteins
replaced with other light-sensitive molecules such as cryptochrome and phytochrome in plants, and animal opsins in animals. Microbial opsins are often known
Opsin
Model plant species in the family Brassicaceae
detailed developmental analysis.[citation needed] The photoreceptors phytochromes A, B, C, D, and E mediate red light-based phototropic response. Understanding
Arabidopsis_thaliana
Genetically modified moss plant
(June 2009). "Analysis of the phytochrome gene family in Ceratodon purpureus by gene targeting reveals the primary phytochrome responsible for photo- and
Knockout_moss
Class of chemical compounds; yellow, orange or red plant pigments
of phytoene synthase gene expression and carotenoid biosynthesis by phytochrome-interacting factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Carotenoid
Phenomenon in plants
Satter, R.L., Schrempf, M., Chaudhri, J. and Galston, A.W. (1977). Phytochrome and circadian clocks in Samanea. Rhythmic redistribution of potassium
Paraheliotropism
American biologist
California, Berkeley, where she studied structure-function properties of phytochrome B. After earning her doctorate, Wagner joined California Institute of
Doris_Wagner_(scientist)
Multiprotein complex involved in transcription in eukaryotes
Chuanyou (November 2020). "Mediator Subunit MED25 Physically Interacts with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 to Regulate Shade-Induced Hypocotyl Elongation in
Mediator_(coactivator)
complex, in which LUX binds to the promoters of Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) and Phytochrome Interacting Factor 5 (PIF5) and inhibits them.
Repressilator
Indian-American photobiologist
postdoctoral research, Khanna isolated PIF5 (Phytochrome Interacting Protein 5) and identified the APB (Active-Phytochrome Binding) motif, the specific region
Rajnish_Khanna
Topics referred to by the same term
a type of Flame Retardant pFR, a form of the light-sensing pigment phytochrome found in plants pFR, polymeric Flame Retardant, a type of Flame Retardant
PFR
American biologist
a bacterial phytochrome, and predicted that the bacteriophytochrome architecture first arose around one billion years ago. The phytochrome tells plants
Katrina_Forest
Controlling biological cells with light
interaction between plant phytochrome and phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) to control gene transcription in yeast. By fusing phytochrome to a DNA-binding domain
Optogenetics
Scientific method
biliverdin-binding fluorescent proteins, which are largely derived from bacterial phytochromes. NIR systems are similar to inverse pericams in that both experience
Calcium_imaging
Lighting to aid plant growth
electromagnetic spectrum through a network of photoreceptors including phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropin, and zeiltupe. Each receptor is able to sense
Grow_light
Peptide sequence in short-lived proteins
paths to activation. One of the most well-known examples is phytochrome. Before phytochrome is activated, it exists in its dark form with a half-life of
PEST_sequence
British-born chronobiologist
discovery and functional analysis of many photoreceptors, including phytochrome, cryptochrome, ZTL and LKP2 and their roles in circadian rhythms. Kay
Steve_A._Kay
Class of photoreceptor proteins in plants
found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the
Phototropin
Indian botanist (1933–2019)
period. His work assisted in genetic engineering of plants and in the phytochrome control of plant metabolism. Maheswari is the founder of the Department
Satish_Chandra_Maheshwari
Commercial production of flowering plants
response in the short-day plant chrysanthemum, suggesting differential phytochrome-mediated regulation of flowering. Journal of plant physiology, 169(18)
Floriculture
Phylum of green algae
Clark (May 2017). "The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2". The New Phytologist. 214 (3): 1145–1157. Bibcode:2017NewPh
Chlorophyta
Genus of algae
rotates to minimize irradiation. Chloroplast rotation is mediated by phytochrome molecules located at the plasma membrane, as well as an additional pigment
Mougeotia
Protective sheath in certain plants
reorientation. Geotropic reaction is regulated by light (more exactly by phytochrome action). The coleoptile acts as a hollow organ with stiff walls, surrounding
Coleoptile
American botanist and bioethicist (1920–2008)
microspectrophotometric measurements, he was the first researcher to report that phytochromes were located in plant nuclei, a result that would be confirmed using
Arthur_Galston
Chemical compound
photobiology biosynthesis of phycobilins. Formation of the chromophore of phytochrome, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
Phycocyanobilin
Uzbek statesman and scientist
cotton plant of Uzbekistan", "Characterization and molecular mapping of phytochromes and flowering genes in cotton", "Molecular characterization and association
Ibrokhim_Abdurakhmonov
American botanist (1907–1998)
Linda C. (December 2, 2012). Pigment of the Imagination: A History of Phytochrome Research. Elsevier. pp. 61–66. ISBN 978-0-323-13854-3. Archived from
Alice_Withrow
Class of photoreceptors in plants and animals
known to have its own set of photoreceptors, the phototropins. Unlike phytochromes and phototropins, cryptochromes are not kinases. Their flavin chromophore
Cryptochrome
Chronobiologist (b. 1976)
and LUX were required for proper expression of Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) and Phytochrome Interacting Factor 5 (PIF5), two transcription
Dmitri_Nusinow
Form and structure of a phylum
of wavelengths, cyanobacteria possess various photoreceptors of the phytochrome superfamily. Morphological plasticity, or the ability of one cell to
Cyanobacterial_morphology
Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana
1469-8137.2007.02263.x. PMID 18078472. Oh E; et al. (2007). "PIL5, a phytochrome-interacting bHLH protein, regulates gibberellin responsiveness by binding
GAI (Arabidopsis thaliana gene)
GAI_(Arabidopsis_thaliana_gene)
American plant biologist
that external calcium ions were necessary for the red light-stimulated, phytochrome-mediated signal transduction chain that leads to the germination response
Randy_Wayne_(biologist)
American plant biologist (1955–2024)
in Arabidopsis. Her work identified mutants that are deficient in the phytochrome photoreceptors and in nuclear-localized repressors and also revealed
Joanne_Chory
Genus of flowering plants
Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome A Media related to Aureolaria at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Aureolaria
Aureolaria
Wahleithner JA, Lagarias JC (1993). "Biosynthesis of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 306 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.1473.
Phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Phytochromobilin:ferredoxin_oxidoreductase
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Seaborn.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Unique precious gem
Boy/Male
British, English, Hungarian
Lord; God's Own; Belonging to Lord
Boy/Male
Tamil
Delightful
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Atom; Universe
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
The flower Jasmin
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Steadfastness; Firmness; Endurance
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lotus
Female
Egyptian
, the mother goddess of time.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Blessings of Dhruva and Sarwathi Krupa
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME
PHYTOCHROME