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a list of central banks and currencies of Europe. The currency of the euro area is the euro, and its central bank is the European Central Bank. Each country
Central banks and currencies of Europe
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe
(unrecognized) Europe portal Money portal Numismatics portal Central banks and currencies of Europe Currencies of the European Union List of currencies List of circulating
List_of_currencies_in_Europe
Europe portal List of banks in Yugoslavia Central banks and currencies of Europe List of European cooperative banks Lists of banks Economy of Europe Financial
List_of_banks_in_Europe
and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America Central banks and
List_of_central_banks
Digital form of fiat money
2016). "Fintech and Central Banks" (PDF). National Bank of Belgium. Kumhof, Michael; Noone, Clare (May 2018). "Central bank digital currencies — design principles
Central_bank_digital_currency
List of the central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
This is a list of the central banks and currencies of the Caribbean. There are a number of currencies serving multiple territories; the most widespread
Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean
List of banks and currencies
This is a list of central banks and currencies of the Americas. Weidner, Jan (2017). "The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks". Katalog der Deutschen
Central banks and currencies of the Americas
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas
The recent history of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) has been marked by continuous exploration and development. By March 2024, over 130 countries
Central bank digital currencies by country
Central_bank_digital_currencies_by_country
of central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific. Currency Economy of Asia Economy of Oceania List of banks in Asia List of banks in Oceania List of currencies
Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific
national central banks of all EU countries, including those who operate an independent currency, are part of the European System of Central Banks. The euro
Currencies of the European Union
Currencies_of_the_European_Union
Government body that manages currency and monetary policy
researchers, and specialized business, economics, and finance media. The notion of central banks as a separate category from other banks has emerged gradually
Central_bank
legal tender. Below is a list of the central banks and currencies of Africa. Africa portal Banks portal Africa Economy of Africa United Nations Economic
List of central banks of Africa
List_of_central_banks_of_Africa
banks and currencies of Europe List of stock exchanges European Central Bank Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges Portals: Economics Europe "Market
List of European stock exchanges
List_of_European_stock_exchanges
Currency of the European Union
and administered by the European Central Bank and the Eurosystem, composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries. As an independent central bank
Euro
Currencies held by monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves
A reserve currency is a foreign currency that is held by governments, central banks or other monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves
Reserve_currency
unrecognized states, and their dependencies. However, excluding the pegged (fixed exchange rate) currencies, there are only 130 currencies that float independently
List of circulating currencies
List_of_circulating_currencies
Geographical subregion
Central and Eastern Europe or Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics)
Central_and_Eastern_Europe
Irish monetary authority
Irish and British currencies.[citation needed] Thus, from 1928 to 1979, Ireland was in the UK-controlled Sterling area. Although the Central Bank Act 1942
Central_Bank_of_Ireland
Currency that is widely used internationally
the dollar, some of the world's currencies are pegged against the euro. They are usually Eastern European currencies like the Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible
World_currency
Supranational central bank
Indies Central Bank of Aruba Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean List of central banks List of financial
Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank
Supranational central bank in Europe
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions
European_Central_Bank
Monetary Authority of Cyprus
the European Central Bank. As of April 2022 there were three banks deemed significant, Bank of Cyprus Holdings PCL, Hellenic Bank PCL and RCB Bank. RCB
Central_Bank_of_Cyprus
Symbol used to represent a monetary currency's name
When writing currency amounts, the location of the symbol varies by language. For currencies in English-speaking countries and in most of Latin America
Currency_symbol
Currency stored on electronic systems
the internet. Types of digital currencies include cryptocurrency, virtual currency and central bank digital currency. Digital currency may be recorded on
Digital_currency
EU executive body
The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is an institution that comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all
European System of Central Banks
European_System_of_Central_Banks
Unregulated means of exchange within a user group
centralized virtual currencies in 2013 as virtual currencies that have a "centralized repository", similar to a central bank, and a "central administrator"
Virtual_currency
such as Montenegro which had used pre-euro currencies, while other minor currencies tied to pre-euro currencies were also replaced by the euro, such as in
International status and usage of the euro
International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro
State-owned bank in Suriname
Bank Central Bank of Aruba Economy of Curaçao Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean List of central banks
Central_Bank_of_Suriname
Head of the European Central Bank
president of the European Central Bank is the head of the European Central Bank (ECB), the main institution responsible for the management of the euro and monetary
President of the European Central Bank
President_of_the_European_Central_Bank
Money designed to lose purchasing power
most demurrage currencies were banned by central banks for violating national monopolies on currency. As of 2026, there are only a handful of local demurrage
Demurrage_currency
Organization established in 1979 under the Jenkins European Commission
linked their currencies to prevent large fluctuations in relative value. It was initiated in 1979 under then President of the European Commission Roy
European_Monetary_System
Standard defining codes for currencies
newspapers or posted in banks use only these to delineate the currencies, instead of translated currency names or ambiguous currency symbols. ISO 4217 alpha
ISO_4217
renamed their currencies for various reasons. Today, inflation often creates a demand for more stable (but forbidden) foreign currency, while in rural
List_of_currencies_in_Africa
Central bank of the Czech Republic
member of the European System of Central Banks. It was established on 1 January 1993 from the division of the State Bank of Czechoslovakia as part of the
Czech_National_Bank
Central bank digital currency of Russia
romanized: Tsifrovoy rubl') is a central bank digital currency (CBDC), developed by the Central Bank of Russia, the third form of Russian national currency in addition to
Digital_ruble
Singapore's central bank and financial regulatory authority
The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), is the central bank and financial regulatory authority of Singapore. It administers the various statutes pertaining
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore
French central bank
Banques départementales French franc Governor of the Bank de France List of central banks List of banks in France Anti–money laundering framework for
Bank_of_France
Central bank of Germany
structure of the central bank system. The central banks of the Länder were now no longer independent note-issuing banks, but became regional headquarters of the
Deutsche_Bundesbank
Headquarters of the ECB in Frankfurt, Germany
The seat of the European Central Bank is situated in Frankfurt, Germany. Its premises comprise a twin-tower skyscraper and the city's former Wholesale
Seat of the European Central Bank
Seat_of_the_European_Central_Bank
Type of currency swap
actual currency swap lines (between eight central banks) were set up in the 1960s: they were activated and used by three jurisdictions, the Bank of England
Central_bank_liquidity_swap
Central Bank of the Russian Federation
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Russian: Центральный банк Российской Федерации), commonly known as the Bank of Russia (Russian: Банк России)
Central_Bank_of_Russia
European system to reduce exchange rate variability after the Euro
to the euro (having the common currency as a central point). The goal was to improve the stability of those currencies, as well as to gain an evaluation
European Exchange Rate Mechanism
European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism
State-owned bank in Montenegro
currency, and unilaterally adopted the euro in 2002. The stated mission of the central bank is to establish and maintain a sound banking system and monetary
Central_Bank_of_Montenegro
Central bank of Hungary
Bank (Hungarian: Magyar Nemzeti Bank [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈnɛmzɛti ˈbɒŋk], MNB) is the central bank of Hungary and as such part of the European System of Central Banks
Hungarian_National_Bank
Chinese currency
unit of currency of a number of historical and contemporary currencies throughout Greater China, such as the renminbi in the People's Republic of China
Yuan_(currency)
Monetary authority of Mexico
The Bank of Mexico (Spanish: Banco de México), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico, is Mexico's central bank, monetary authority and lender of last resort. The
Bank_of_Mexico
Banknote of the European Union
months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten
500_euro_note
Digital currency issued by China's central bank
advantage of the situation is for central banks to take the lead, both in supervising private digital currencies and in developing digital legal tender of their
Digital_renminbi
Trinidad and Tobago Securities and Exchange Commission Economy of Trinidad and Tobago Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean List of central banks List
Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
Central_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
System for money transfers within the European Union area
pan-European banking associations – European Banking Federation (EBF), European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB) and the European Savings Banks Group
Single_Euro_Payments_Area
Monetary unit used from 1975 to 1979
collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the EUA was redefined as a basket of European currencies. The EUA was used for Lomé Convention and European Investment
European_Unit_of_Account
Standardization of money
balances in online bank accounts, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money in common
Currency
Monetary authority of Guyana
Economy of the Caribbean Economy of South America Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Banknotes of Demerary and Essequibo List of central banks Weidner
Bank_of_Guyana
Agreement involving states sharing a single currency
whose currency is the euro. The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is made up of the ECB and the national central banks of all Member States of the
Currency_union
Monetary policy on interest rates
targeting is a monetary policy where a central bank follows an explicit target for the inflation rate for the medium-term and announces this inflation target
Inflation_targeting
Currency of the United States
Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi – in the currency basket of the special drawing rights of the International Monetary Fund. Central banks worldwide have
United_States_dollar
Money held by a central bank to pay debts, if needed
the cash or securities are retained by the central bank of the reserve or other currency and the "holdings" of the foreign country are tagged or otherwise
Foreign_exchange_reserves
Region of Europe
views of Central Europe Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe. Central Europe is known
Central_Europe
Central bank of Bulgaria
Bulgaria joined the European Union, and ever since the BNB has been a member of the European System of Central Banks. The bank is organized into three
Bulgarian_National_Bank
Profit from minting money
central banks on the total amount of currency issued. This usually takes the form of interest payments on treasury bonds purchased by central banks,
Seigniorage
European Investment Bank European Union value added tax Eurosclerosis List of largest European companies by revenue Central banks and currencies of Europe
Economy_of_the_European_Union
John Deuss and Hushang Ansary. Tromp was fired from his position in 2017. Banks portal Central Bank of Aruba Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten
Central_Bank_of_Curaçao_and_Sint_Maarten
A list of all currencies, current and historic. The local name of the currency is used in this list, with the adjectival form of the country or region
List_of_currencies
represents Poland in the European System of Central Banks, an EU organization. The bank uses its Polish name Narodowy Bank Polski in all its English-language
National_Bank_of_Poland
Issued by individual, company or group
with fiat currency issued by governments or central banks. In many countries, the issuance of private paper currencies and/or the minting of metal coins
Private_currency
Obsolete unit of account of the European Community
ECU, or XEU) was a unit of account used by the European Economic Community and composed of a basket of member country currencies. The ECU came in to operation
European_Currency_Unit
Monetary authority of the eurozone
of the eurozone, the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency. The European Central Bank
Eurosystem
State-owned bank in Malaysia
the Central Bank of Malaya (Bank Negara Tanah Melayu), its main purpose is to issue currency, act as the banker and advisor to the government of Malaysia
Central_Bank_of_Malaysia
Central Bank of Morocco
Banks portal Economy of Morocco List of central banks of Africa List of central banks Weidner, Jan (2017). "The Organisation and Structure of Central
Bank_Al-Maghrib
Monetary Authority of Iceland
policy. The Central Bank Act of 1986 eliminated the ability of the Central Bank to regulate the interest rates of commercial banks and savings banks. Though
Central_Bank_of_Iceland
Central bank digital currency project
a project of the European Central Bank (ECB), launched in July 2021, to explore the possible introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The
Digital_euro
Central bank of Croatia
Croatian National Bank is the central bank of the Republic of Croatia and part of the European System of Central Banks. The primary objective of the CNB is maintaining
Croatian_National_Bank
business with the central bank. Iran is reportedly making increasing use of barter trade, cash smuggling, gold and local currencies of its trading partners
Central_Bank_of_Iran
Central bank of Sweden
state-owned central bank outside of the Russian Empire. It is also a member of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB). The first part of the word riksbank
Sveriges_Riksbank
currencies, which included a list of more than 70 risks associated with its dissemination. In 2016, the European Central Bank issued an analysis of virtual
Cryptocurrencies_in_Europe
Global decentralized trading of international currencies
market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines
Foreign_exchange_market
Many European trading companies came to India's during the 18th century. These trading companies set up private banks which issued paper currencies in Indian
History of paper currency in the Indian subcontinent
History_of_paper_currency_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
Central bank of Italy
the European system of central banks. From this date, therefore, the quantity of currency in circulation is decided autonomously by the Central Bank. With
Bank_of_Italy
Monetary authority for Malta
Incumbent Economy of Malta Maltese lira List of central banks Banks portal Weidner, Jan (2017). "The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks" (PDF). Katalog
Central_Bank_of_Malta
Central bank of New Zealand
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) (Māori: Te Pūtea Matua) is the central bank of New Zealand. It was established in 1934 and is currently constituted
Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand
The history of Canadian currencies began with Indigenous peoples in Canada prior to European contact, when they used items such as wampum and furs for trading
History of Canadian currencies
History_of_Canadian_currencies
Central Bank of Lithuania
an agent of the State Treasury. As a member of the European System of Central Banks, the Bank of Lithuania participates in the formulation and implementation
Bank_of_Lithuania
Central bank of Estonia
(ESRB). Like other central banks, the Bank of Estonia refers to itself in its native language even in English-speaking contexts. The bank was established
Bank_of_Estonia
Currency of China
official currency of the People's Republic of China and the unrecognized territory of Wa State. The currency is issued by the People's Bank of China, the
Renminbi
Monetary policy operation
currencies. There are many reasons a country's monetary and/or fiscal authority may want to intervene in the foreign exchange market. Central banks generally
Currency_intervention
all of the world's major currencies. The widespread currency floats and devaluations set back aspirations for EMU. However, in March 1979 the European Monetary
History_of_the_euro
Dutch bank
the European Central Bank. The magazine Global Finance rated BNG Bank the third safest bank in the world in its list of "World’s 50 Safest Banks 2019"
BNG_Bank
State-owned bank in Oman
portal Economy of Oman List of banks in Oman List of central banks Weidner, Jan (2017). "The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks" (PDF). Katalog
Central_Bank_of_Oman
transferred between its central bank and commercial banks was in electronic form. By the 2000s most money existed as digital currency in banks' databases. In 2012
History_of_money
Currency value as determined by foreign market events
However, even with floating currencies, central banks sometimes participate in markets to attempt to influence the value of floating exchange rates. The
Floating_exchange_rate
Currency of Iceland
ECB European Central Bank. Currencies other than the euro have also been mentioned. But considering the characteristics required of such a currency, there
Icelandic_króna
Object or record accepted as payment
most demurrage currencies were banned by central banks for violating national monopolies on currency. As of 2026, there are only a handful of local demurrage
Money
Problem in macroeconomics
trap and limiting the central bank's capacity for inflation targeting. The root cause of the ZLB is the issuance of paper currency by central banks, effectively
Zero_lower_bound
Historical region
Robert Magocsi (2002). "Jews and Armenians in Central Europe, ca. 1900". Historical Atlas of Central Europe. University of Toronto Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6
Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)
Proposed currency of ECOWAS
Central Bank. Its function and organisation are inspired by the European Monetary Institute. Thus, WAMI is to provide a framework for central banks in
Eco_(currency)
Proposed currency of the Gulf Cooperation Council
with a basket of currencies in which the US Dollar would have a lion's share. The currencies of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain are pegged
Khaleeji_(currency)
Form of physical currency made of paper, cotton or polymer
directly issued by political authorities, and banknotes issued by banks, namely banks of issue including central banks. In some cases, paper money may be issued
Paper_money
Central Bank of Slovenia
Dolenc's nomination. Banks portal Economy of Slovenia List of central banks List of financial supervisory authorities by country List of banks in Slovenia Weidner
Bank_of_Slovenia
Reliable and stable globally-traded currency
modern day, paper currencies of some developed countries have earned recognition as hard currencies at various times. These currencies have included United
Hard_currency
Economic union and policies
the European Central Bank (ECB) is created, and on 31 December 1998, the conversion rates between the 11 participating national currencies and the euro
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
CENTRAL BANKS-AND-CURRENCIES-OF-EUROPE
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