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Money held by a central bank to pay debts, if needed
Foreign exchange reserves (also called forex reserves or FX reserves) are cash and other reserve assets such as gold and silver held by a central bank
Foreign_exchange_reserves
Foreign exchange reserves of various countries
Foreign exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, in a strict sense, are foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and monetary authorities. However
List of countries by foreign exchange reserves
List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves
China's holdings of foreign debt and currencies
The foreign exchange reserves of China are the state of foreign exchange reserves held by the People's Republic of China, comprising cash, bank deposits
Foreign-exchange reserves of China
Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_China
India's foreign currency holdings
2014-15 stated India could target foreign exchange reserves of US$750 billion-US$1 Trillion. India's foreign exchange reserves are mainly composed of the United
Foreign-exchange reserves of India
Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India
Chinese State-owned Agency
rules and regulations governing foreign exchange market activities, and managing the state foreign-exchange reserves, which as of April 2026 stood at
State Administration of Foreign Exchange
State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange
Currencies held by monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves
reserves that only deals with allocated (i.e. reported) reserves:[needs update] The percental composition of currencies of official foreign exchange reserves
Reserve_currency
Rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another
proportion of foreign exchange reserves. Compare it with the currency of the country and set the exchange rate. This exchange rate is the basic exchange rate.
Exchange_rate
Monetary policy operation
"influence the level of foreign reserves". In the Cold War-era United States, under the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, intervention was
Currency_intervention
Controls imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies
Foreign exchange controls are various forms of controls imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents, on the purchase/sale
Foreign_exchange_controls
State-owned investment fund
Most SWFs are funded by revenues from commodity exports or from foreign exchange reserves held by the central bank. Some sovereign wealth funds may be held
Sovereign_wealth_fund
China Foreign-exchange reserves of India Gold reserves of the United Kingdom List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves List of countries by foreign-exchange
International reserves of Russia
International_reserves_of_Russia
Chinese Sovereign wealth fund
risk in managing reserves compared to its peers in other countries. SAFE Investment was delegated to manage foreign exchange reserves as well as invest
SAFE_Investment_Company
National monetary authority
banknotes; Manages gold and the foreign exchange reserves of Egypt; Regulates and manages Egypt's presence in the foreign exchange market; Supervises the national
Central_Bank_of_Egypt
Financial agreement
A foreign exchange spot transaction (FX spot) is an agreement between two parties to buy one currency against selling another currency at an agreed price
Foreign_exchange_spot
Method used to eliminate foreign exchange risk
A foreign exchange hedge (also called a FOREX hedge) is a method used by companies to eliminate or "hedge" their foreign exchange risk resulting from
Foreign_exchange_hedge
Derivative financial instrument
In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right
Foreign_exchange_option
Global decentralized trading of international currencies
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This
Foreign_exchange_market
Central bank of Norway
world's largest sovereign wealth fund, as well as the bank's own foreign exchange reserves. The history of the central bank of Norway can be traced back
Norges_Bank
Simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another
In finance, a foreign exchange swap, forex swap, or FX swap is a simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another with two
Foreign_exchange_swap
Exchange rate regime where a currency's value is fixed against another value
desired exchange rate, the central bank, during a time of private sector net demand for the foreign currency, sells foreign currency from its reserves and
Fixed_exchange_rate_system
Indian stock exchange in Mumbai
National Stock Exchange of India Limited, also known as the National Stock Exchange (NSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. It is the 5th
National Stock Exchange of India
National_Stock_Exchange_of_India
State-held stockpile of gold bullion
Reserve Bank of New York Foreign exchange reserves Inflation hedge List of countries by gold production Moscow Gold, the reserves of the Bank of Spain sent
Gold_reserve
Retrieved 2015-07-02. The euro in global foreign exchange reserves and exchange rate anchoring "4. Exchange Rates | The Treasury". www.treasury.gov.au
List of countries by exchange rate regime
List_of_countries_by_exchange_rate_regime
Trading scheme used to defraud traders
Foreign exchange fraud is any trading scheme used to defraud traders by convincing them that they can expect to gain a high profit by trading in the foreign
Foreign_exchange_fraud
asterisk (*). Source: World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves, International Monetary Fund City of Amsterdam – Bank of Amsterdam
List_of_central_banks
Indian civil servant and former Governor of Reserve Bank of India (1931–2023)
were noted to have helped the country out of the crisis when its foreign-exchange reserves had almost depleted and helped usher in the country's economic
S._Venkitaramanan
acts as custodian of the National Jewels, as well as the foreign exchange and gold reserves of Iran. It is also a founding member of the Asian Clearing
Central_Bank_of_Iran
Balance-of-payments crisis in India
economic crisis was a balance-of-payments crisis in which India's foreign-exchange reserves fell to a level barely sufficient to pay three weeks of imports
1991_Indian_economic_crisis
Financial derivative whose payoff depends on the foreign exchange rates
A foreign exchange derivative is a financial contract whose value changes depending on currency exchange rates. It is used when people or companies want
Foreign_exchange_derivative
Chinese sovereign wealth fund
proceeds of the bond issuance to buy foreign exchange reserves from the People's Bank of China, and (3) these reserves were used to fund CIC. The state-owned
China_Investment_Corporation
Currency value as determined by foreign market events
September 1998. The US dollar also sees very little change of its foreign reserves. From 1946 to the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system made fixed
Floating_exchange_rate
Monetary system where exchange rates determined by supply and demand
if central bank holds official foreign exchange reserves sufficient to at least cover the entire monetary base. Exchange rate movements cannot buffer external
Exchange-rate_flexibility
Reliable and stable globally-traded currency
favored within the foreign-exchange reserves of countries: The percental composition of currencies of official foreign exchange reserves from 1995 to 2025
Hard_currency
Supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the IMF
Special drawing rights (SDRs, code XDR) are a supplementary foreign exchange reserve asset defined and maintained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Special_drawing_rights
Topics referred to by the same term
Bank reserves, holdings of deposits in central banks plus currency that is physically held in bank vaults Foreign-exchange reserves, the foreign currency
Reserve
Central bank of Nepal
in foreign currency exchange. Before 1956, Nepal's foreign exchange reserves were held in Indian banks. As of now, Nepal's foreign exchange reserves are
Nepal_Rastra_Bank
Indian stock exchange in Mumbai
the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. Established in 1875, it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia, and also
Bombay_Stock_Exchange
Governors Central Bank of India
India’s foreign exchange reserves and formulates policies under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. This involves maintaining exchange rate stability
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India
Governor_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India
Topics referred to by the same term
currency in the foreign exchange market Exchange rate, the price for which one currency is exchanged for another Foreign-exchange reserves, holdings of other
Foreign exchange (disambiguation)
Foreign_exchange_(disambiguation)
Difference between the inflow and outflow of money to a country at a given time
central bank is building up foreign exchange reserves) or in deficit (which implies the central bank is running down its reserves or borrowing from abroad)
Balance_of_payments
Market where banks exchange different currencies
The interbank market is the top-level foreign exchange market where banks exchange different currencies. The banks can either deal with one another directly
Interbank foreign exchange market
Interbank_foreign_exchange_market
Currency of China
international reserve currency has gradually emerged. In the first quarter 2020, the share of renminbi in global foreign exchange reserves rose to 2.02%
Renminbi
Monetary policy relating to currency exchange rates
buying/selling currency reserves, changing interest rates, and through foreign trade agreements. Fixed (or pegged) exchange rate regimes exist when a
Exchange_rate_regime
Capital and most populous city of DR Congo
new jobs are classified as informal. By late 2022, the city's foreign exchange reserves had improved significantly, surpassing $4.5 billion. The DRC maintains
Kinshasa
rest of the world, Asia has accumulated over US$8.5 trillion of foreign exchange reserves – more than half of the world's total, and adding tertiary and
Economy_of_Asia
country to that country’s total foreign exchange (FX) reserves. The ratio can be inverted and is referred to as the reserves to imports ratio. This ratio
Import_ratio
crisis. In 2025, the public debt stood at 44.4% of GDP. Serbian foreign exchange reserves were highly augmented from 2000 to 2009, when they amounted 10
Economy_of_Serbia
represent, foreign currency deposits, foreign exchange reserves, gold, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve position
List of sovereign wealth funds by country
List_of_sovereign_wealth_funds_by_country
Financial concept
liquidity, etc.) AM — Asset management firm FOREX — Foreign exchange reserves HF — Hedge fund MF — (Exchange Traded) Mutual fund PEN — Pension fund PE — Private
Global assets under management
Global_assets_under_management
Part of foreign exchange market
Retail foreign exchange trading is a small segment of the larger foreign exchange market where individuals speculate on the exchange rate between different
Retail foreign exchange trading
Retail_foreign_exchange_trading
Currency Peg System in Hong Kong
The Hong Kong dollar is backed by one of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, which is over 7 times the amount of money supplied in circulation
Linked exchange rate system in Hong Kong
Linked_exchange_rate_system_in_Hong_Kong
region leader in measures of economic growth, fiscal stability and foreign reserves, although it remains a historically poor country. The Bolivian economy
Economy_of_Bolivia
When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country
Flag_of_India
Country in South Asia
wildlife sanctuaries and eighteen biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; its eighty-nine wetlands are registered
India
From 221 BCE
silver. The government also sought to stabilize exchange rates and maintained a foreign exchange reserves. The reforms succeeded, and fabi became widely
History of monetary policy in China
History_of_monetary_policy_in_China
also known as Norway's gold reserves, were a formally defined entity related to Norges Bank's foreign-exchange reserves as well as the physical quantity
Gold_holdings_of_Norway
and stable rate of inflation an orderly foreign exchange market an adequate level of foreign exchange reserves As noted earlier, Trinidad and Tobago passed
Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
Central_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
Indian act of parliament
The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (COFEPOSA) is an act of parliament passed in 1974 during the administration
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974
Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974
Singapore's central bank and financial regulatory authority
sector in general, as well as currency issuance and manages the foreign-exchange reserves. It was established in 1971 to act as the banker to and as a financial
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore
Total unpaid borrowed funds carried by the Government of Pakistan
repayment, current account deficit financing, and increasing foreign exchange reserves. The talks between Pakistan and the IMF were delayed due to concerns
National_debt_of_Pakistan
from the large Bangladeshi diaspora became a vital source of foreign exchange reserves. Agriculture in Bangladesh is supported by government subsidies
Economy_of_Bangladesh
Public financing mechanism
advancing strategic interests internationally, and diversifying its foreign exchange reserves. Typically, sovereign wealth funds are mostly commodity based
Sovereign_funds_of_China
Value of banknotes and coins still issued
collectors, or held in reserve within the banking system, including currency held by foreign central banks as a foreign exchange reserve asset. The currency
Currency_in_circulation
Use of US dollars around the world
announced moves to diversify reserves away from the U.S. dollar. After the euro's share of global official foreign exchange reserves approached 25% as of year-end
International use of the U.S. dollar
International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
is limited by the amount of foreign currency reserves the central bank owns; the prospect of running out of these reserves and having to abandon this process
Devaluation
Currency of Macau
board system under which the pataca is 100 per cent backed by foreign exchange reserves, in this case currently the Hong Kong dollar (itself backed by
Macanese_pataca
Standardization of money
the foreign exchange shortage, the government needs adequate international reserves. Appropriate exchange rate regime and level The level of exchange rate
Currency
of the sale of foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). From 2019 to 2020, the CBRT sold foreign currency amounting
Currency interventions under Erdoğan administration
Currency_interventions_under_Erdoğan_administration
resilient domestic demand, easing cost pressures and comfortable foreign-exchange reserves. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2024
Economy_of_India
Integrated Schematic National Programs for Economic Development
Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure
Five-Year_Plans_of_India
Upper house of the Indian Parliament
government reserves the power to make laws directly affecting the citizens across all the States whereas, a single state in itself reserves the power to
Rajya_Sabha
1985 international agreement on fiscal policy
but the German authorities intervened heavily to sell dollars in foreign exchange markets in February and March. In April at an OECD meeting, the US
Plaza_Accord
State-owned bank in Malaysia
dollar. Malaysia's foreign exchange reserves have increased steadily since the initial capital flight, and as at 31 March 2007 the reserves stood at approximately
Central_Bank_of_Malaysia
2022. The Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP) filed by the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in 2026 has categorized Indian households into four categories:
Income_in_India
Head of government
(IAS) and rarely from the Indian Foreign Service (IFS). The prime minister's spouse sometimes accompanies them on foreign visits. The prime minister's family
Prime_Minister_of_India
producer, and the third-largest coal exporter. As of 2026, its foreign exchange reserves are the fourth-largest in the world. As of 2026[update] few people
Economy_of_Russia
Type of financial crisis
whether a country's central bank has sufficient foreign exchange reserves to maintain the country's fixed exchange rate, if it has any. The crisis is often accompanied
Currency_crisis
preserve and enhance the long-term purchasing power of Kazakhstan’s foreign exchange reserves. The National Fund investments in less liquid high yielding asset
National Investment Corporation of National Bank of Kazakhstan
National_Investment_Corporation_of_National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan
Indian border force for Indo-Pakistan and Indo-Bangladesh Borders
"Fortress India – By Scott Carney, Jason Miklian, and Kristian Hoelscher". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March
Border_Security_Force
government's emphasis on Zambia's foreign-exchange reserves, which had reached about US$6.5 billion, arguing that the reserves were not improving the living
2026_Zambian_general_election
Country in Central Asia
surplus (between 9% and 11% of GDP from 2003 to 2005). In 2018, foreign exchange reserves, including gold, totalled around US$25 billion. Uzbekistan's IT
Uzbekistan
Profit from minting money
widely recognized. As a reserve currency, it makes up about 0.1% of the currency composition of official foreign-exchange reserves.[citation needed] Governments
Seigniorage
1674–1818 empire in the Indian subcontinent
treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the Sutlej River in exchange for their allegiance to the British General Gerard Lake acting on his dispatch
Maratha_Empire
rise in oil prices caused by the Gulf War of 1990–91. India's foreign exchange reserves fell to dangerously low levels, covering less than three weeks
Economic liberalisation in India
Economic_liberalisation_in_India
Central bank of Australia
official institutions. The Reserve Bank manages Australia's gold and foreign exchange reserves. Nearly 94% of the RBA's employees work at its headquarters and
Reserve_Bank_of_Australia
Act of the Parliament of India, replaces Act 46 of 1973
(Forex) reserves of the country were low, Forex being a scarce commodity. FERA therefore proceeded on the presumption that all foreign exchange earned
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act,_1999
Second-highest constitutional office in India
Every candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹15,000 (US$160) in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional
Vice_President_of_India
India's first successful nuclear weapons test (1974)
March 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2011. New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review. Vol. 24. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1974. p. 35. Archived from the original
Smiling_Buddha
Debt owed by India to foreign creditors
cent at end-June 2024 from 21.2 per cent at end-March 2021. The foreign currency reserves is at US$652.9 billion as on 13 December 2024. It was US$619 billion
External_debt_of_India
Type of regulation on commercial banks
wish to withdraw cash out of their accounts in excess of the bank reserves. The reserves only provide liquidity to cover withdrawals within the normal pattern
Reserve_requirement
China a top priority. Foreign exchange reserves totaled $155 billion in 1999 and $165 billion in 2000. Foreign exchange reserves exceeded $800 billion
Economy_of_China
Indian network of intelligence agencies
and R&AW, as well as regulatory bodies such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), National Bank for Agriculture
Indian_Intelligence_Community
Act of the Parliament of India, replaces Act 18 of 1965
leading to drastic devaluation of the Indian rupee and depletion of foreign exchange reserves to alarming levels. Devaluation of the Indian rupee also leads
Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968
Egyptian economic event
of foreign exchange in the face of increasing external public debt service payments and the absence of measures to boost foreign exchange reserves, the
2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
2023–2024_Egyptian_financial_crisis
Political party in India
in its treasury being almost empty, high inflation, and dwindling forex reserves. The brief War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the
Indian_National_Congress
are 18 biosphere reserves in India. Thirteen of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO
Biosphere_reserves_of_India
Modernization of agriculture
by private (and foreign) interest—notably MNCs like Monsanto—as encouraged by Neoliberalism. Ultimately, this is leading to foreign ownership over most
Green_Revolution_in_India
Two common currencies of 14 African countries
guarantee, member countries were required to deposit half of their foreign exchange reserves with the French Treasury, but this requirement was dropped in
CFA_franc
surpluses overseas. As a result, Taiwan has the world's sixth-largest foreign exchange reserves, and has holdings of overseas fixed income securities totaling
Economy_of_Taiwan
1975–1977 state of emergency in India under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
and Internal Security of India Rules. Another law, Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act passed in December 1974
The_Emergency_(India)
travel, tourism, insurance
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