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Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. In the human brain, the brainstem
Brainstem
Clinical syndrome
Brainstem death is a clinical syndrome defined by the absence of reflexes with pathways through the brainstem – the "stalk" of the brain, which connects
Brainstem_death
Medical condition
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, first described by Edwin Bickerstaff in 1951. It may
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis
Bickerstaff_brainstem_encephalitis
Medical condition
A brainstem glioma is a cancerous glioma tumor in the brainstem. Around 75% are diagnosed in children and young adults under the age of twenty, but have
Brainstem_glioma
Central organ of the human nervous system
comprises the central nervous system. It consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The brain controls most of the activities of the body
Human_brain
White matter structures within the brainstem's medulla oblongata
neuroanatomy, the medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem's medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and
Medullary pyramids (brainstem)
Medullary_pyramids_(brainstem)
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei in the brainstem that spans from the lower end of the medulla oblongata to the upper end of
Reticular_formation
State of unconsciousness
layer—and by the reticular activating system (RAS), a structure in the brainstem. General symptoms of a person in a comatose state are: Inability to voluntarily
Coma
Medical condition
Athabaskan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome (ABDS) or Athabascan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome is an extremely rare genetic condition that affects the central
Athabaskan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome
Athabaskan_brainstem_dysgenesis_syndrome
Auditory phenomenon in the brain
auditory brainstem response (ABR), also called brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) or brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) or brainstem auditory
Auditory_brainstem_response
Medical intervention
An auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf, due
Auditory_brainstem_implant
Aspect of neuroanatomy
In human neuroanatomy, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), also called brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs), are very small auditory
Brainstem auditory evoked potential
Brainstem_auditory_evoked_potential
Medical condition
A brainstem stroke syndrome falls under the broader category of stroke syndromes, or specific symptoms caused by vascular injury to an area of brain (for
Brainstem_stroke_syndrome
Cranial nerve IV, for eye movements
The trochlear nerve decussates within the brainstem before emerging on the contralateral side of the brainstem (at the level of the inferior colliculus)
Trochlear_nerve
Cranial nerve responsible for the face's senses and motor functions
From the trigeminal ganglion, a single, large sensory root enters the brainstem at the level of the pons. Immediately adjacent to the sensory root, a
Trigeminal_nerve
Reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients
Lazarus sign or Lazarus reflex is a reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients, which causes them to briefly raise their arms and drop
Lazarus_sign
Structural defect in the cerebellum of the brain
after Chiari and German pathologist Julius Arnold. Findings are due to brainstem and lower cranial nerve dysfunction. The onset of symptoms is less likely
Chiari_malformation
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
region called the substantia nigra and other related cell groups in the brainstem. Misfolded proteins, such as alpha-synuclein, aggregate to form clumps
Parkinson's_disease
Forward-most portion of the brainstem
The midbrain or mesencephalon is the uppermost portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral
Midbrain
Medical condition
the midbrain and upper pons of the brainstem. They are caused by a traumatic downward displacement of the brainstem. They are named after Henri Duret.
Duret_haemorrhages
Permanent loss of brain function
including the brainstem. The distinctions are medically significant because, for example, in someone with a dead cerebrum but a living brainstem, spontaneous
Brain_death
Medical diagnostic method
Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted
Bone conduction auditory brainstem response
Bone_conduction_auditory_brainstem_response
Involuntary quivering of a muscle
may reflect an underlying tumor in the brainstem (typically a brainstem glioma), loss of myelin in the brainstem (associated with multiple sclerosis) or
Myokymia
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain
nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, including the brainstem, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal
Cranial_nerves
Part of the brainstem in humans and other bipeds
Latin pons, 'bridge'code: lat promoted to code: la ) is the part of the brainstem that, in humans and other mammals, lies inferior to the midbrain, superior
Pons
Cranial nerve VI, for eye movements
level) before exiting the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction.[citation needed] The abducens nerve emerges from the brainstem at the junction of the
Abducens_nerve
Region of the brainstem
or basilar pons, is the ventral part of the pons (ventral pons) in the brainstem; the dorsal part (dorsal pons) is known as the pontine tegmentum. The
Basilar_part_of_pons
to produce high-quality two- or three-dimensional images of the brain, brainstem, and cerebellum without ionizing radiation (X-rays) or radioactive tracers
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain
Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain
Brain and spinal cord
reflexes, the brain is the major processing unit of the nervous system. The brainstem consists of the medulla, the pons and the midbrain. The medulla can be
Central_nervous_system
Medical condition
the brainstem. The cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei are also located in the brainstem making them susceptible to damage from a brainstem lesion
Alternating_hemiplegia
Recognition under the law that a person is no longer alive
brain including the brainstem must be ceased. The brainstem criteria differs from the whole-brain formulation, in that only the brainstem function is ceased
Legal_death
Autoimmune disease
is normally unaffected in Guillain–Barré syndrome, but the Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis subtype may feature drowsiness, sleepiness, or coma. A quarter
Guillain–Barré_syndrome
Sensory perception of sound by living organisms
sound to the brainstem. The sound information from the cochlea travels via the auditory nerve to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. From there, the
Hearing
Gastrointestinal peptide hormone involved in glucose homeostasis
L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. The initial product GLP-1 (1–37) is susceptible
Glucagon-like_peptide-1
Emergent abnormal pattern of breathing
agonal breathing is a distinct and abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping labored breathing and is accompanied by
Agonal_respiration
Region of the brainstem regulating urinary reflexes
collection of neuronal cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition (urination). When
Pontine_micturition_center
Weakness or paralysis of extraocular muscles
syndrome or raised intracranial pressure. The brainstem nuclei of these nerves, as in certain patterns of brainstem stroke such as Foville's syndrome. White
Ophthalmoparesis
Large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle
Alpha_motor_neuron
Cranial nerve IX, for the tongue and pharynx
cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose)
Glossopharyngeal_nerve
Cranial nerve for hearing and balance
motor and modulatory information from the superior olivary complex in the brainstem to the cochlea. The vestibulocochlear nerve consists mostly of bipolar
Vestibulocochlear_nerve
Medical condition
disequilibrium or ataxia depending on the amount of extension on the brainstem. With brainstem extension, midfacial and corneal hyperesthesia, hydrocephalus
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome
Cerebellopontine_angle_syndrome
Abnormal pattern of breathing
infiltrative, expanding tumors of the cortex, primarily involving the brainstem. Over three-quarters of the cases reported since the discovery of CNH
Central neurogenic hyperventilation
Central_neurogenic_hyperventilation
Organ in the medulla part of human brain
side of the medullary pyramids in the medulla, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei. Each olivary body is located on the
Olivary_body
Area of the cranium containing the brainstem and cerebellum
bones, and occipital bone. It lodges the cerebellum, and parts of the brainstem. The posterior cranial fossa is formed by the sphenoid bones, temporal
Posterior_cranial_fossa
Cranial nerve VII, for the face and tasting
or simply CN VII, is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance
Facial_nerve
Stalks between cerebrum and brainstem
ped- means 'foot'.) are the two stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem. They are structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the
Cerebral_peduncle
Vertical misalignment of the eyes
prenuclear vestibular input to the ocular motor nuclei, most commonly due to brainstem or cerebellar stroke. Other causes include multiple sclerosis and head
Skew_deviation
Two-neuron white matter motor pathway
the cerebral cortex to the medullary pyramids, which are part of the brainstem's medulla oblongata (also called "bulbar") region, and are primarily involved
Corticobulbar_tract
Legal dispute about life support for a boy in England
who was found unconscious and subsequently considered to have suffered brainstem death. The courts ruled in favour of Barts Health NHS Trust, and against
Archie_Battersbee_case
Neural pathway which controls a reflex
cord or to the brainstem An integrating center, the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse Efferent
Reflex_arc
Medical condition
in which syrinxes, or fluid-filled cavities, affect the brainstem (usually the lower brainstem). The exact cause is often unknown, but may be linked to
Syringobulbia
Part of the vertebral column in animals
of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the lower brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate
Spinal_cord
Medical condition
that brainstem auditory responses are normal, but cortical evoked potentials are impaired. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials, also called brainstem auditory
Cortical_deafness
Australian public company
which had a double array, and the Nucleus ABI 541, which was an auditory brainstem implant version of the product. In the mid to late 2000s, the company
Cochlear_Limited
Nerve carrying auditory information from the inner ear to the brain
axons form synaptic connections with cells in the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem. The cell bodies of the cochlear nerve lie within the cochlea and collectively
Cochlear_nerve
State of being awoken
projections from five major neurotransmitter systems that originate in the brainstem and form connections extending throughout the cortex; activity within
Arousal
Sleep breathing disorder
ACHS can develop as a result of severe injury or trauma to the brain or brainstem. Congenital cases are very rare and involve a failure of autonomic control
Central hypoventilation syndrome
Central_hypoventilation_syndrome
Stress and panic response centre
spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus, is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic. It is a part
Locus_coeruleus
Blood vessels
Benno (1976). "IV. The Parenchymal Blood Vessels of the Upper Brainstem". The Upper Brainstem in the Human. Its Nuclear Configuration and Vascular Supply
Inferior_pulvinary_vein
Benign tumor of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve
grow to press on other cranial nerves and vital structures such as the brainstem. Variations in the mutation determine the nature of the tumor's development
Vestibular_schwannoma
the term migraine with brainstem aura is preferred in ICHD-3 beta. There are typical aura symptoms in addition to the brainstem symptoms during most attacks
ICHD classification and diagnosis of migraine
ICHD_classification_and_diagnosis_of_migraine
Topics referred to by the same term
alligator at the California Academy of Sciences Claude's syndrome, a form of brainstem stroke syndrome Claud, a given name This disambiguation page lists articles
Claude
Ascending bundle of axons which cross in the brainstem
large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons that decussate in the brainstem, specifically in the medulla oblongata. The medial lemniscus is formed
Medial_lemniscus
Groove in the pons, part of the brainstem
sulcus (groove for basilar artery) is a groove in the pons, part of the brainstem. The basilar sulcus is vertical directed and lies in the midline of the
Basilar_sulcus
Motor gyrus of the posterior frontal lobe of the brain
the posterior limb of the internal capsule. They continue down into the brainstem, where some of them, after crossing over to the contralateral side, distribute
Precentral_gyrus
Type of neurofibromatosis disease
often precludes the use of such an implant. In these cases, an auditory brainstem implant (ABI) can restore some level of hearing, supplemented by lip reading
Neurofibromatosis_type_II
Potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull
so much that it moves towards the tentorium and puts pressure on the brainstem, most notably the midbrain. The tentorium is a structure within the skull
Brain_herniation
Elevated area of the brainstem
ipsilateral and unopposed contralateral eye deviation. Axial section of the brainstem (pons) at the level of the facial colliculus Fourth ventricle. Posterior
Facial_colliculus
Research institute in Waterloo, Canada
Retrieved 2012-01-08. "Perimeter Institute reaches out to young students with BrainSTEM". Waterloo Region Record. Waterloo Region Record. 11 September 2013. Retrieved
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Perimeter_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics
Medical condition
in the medulla oblongata, or from lesions to these nerves outside the brainstem, and also botulism. This may be caused by any of a number of genetic,
Bulbar_palsy
dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, is a group of neurons located in the brainstem, which are involved in spatial navigation and orientation. The dorsal
Dorsal_tegmental_nucleus
Brain blood supply
arteries (supply the anterior brain) and vertebral arteries (supplying the brainstem and posterior brain). The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations
Cerebral_circulation
Impairments in nervous system function affecting a specific region of the body
speech has a halting jerking quality (scanning speech or staccato speech) Brainstem signs can involve a host of specific sensory and motor abnormalities,
Focal_neurologic_signs
Type of spinal cancer
as a sarcoma. Chordomas are sometimes mistakenly referred to as brain, brainstem, or spinal-cord tumors due to their location near those critical structures
Chordoma
Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia
Lists_of_unusual_deaths
Sensory spinal pathway
the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, and the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. There are three groupings of neurons that are involved in the pathway:
Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
Dorsal_column–medial_lemniscus_pathway
Medical condition
symptoms due to ischemia in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. The ischemia is a result of a blockage most commonly in the vertebral
Lateral_medullary_syndrome
Rare genetic disorder
Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity (HBSL) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which is caused by a mutation
Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity
Hypomyelination_with_brainstem_and_spinal_cord_involvement_and_leg_spasticity
Cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve
vestibular nerve located in the brainstem. In Terminologia Anatomica, they are grouped in both the pons and the medulla in the brainstem. The fibers of the vestibular
Vestibular_nuclei
Component of human brain circulatory system
Benno (1976). "IV. The Parenchymal Blood Vessels of the Upper Brainstem". The Upper Brainstem in the Human. Its Nuclear Configuration and Vascular Supply
Lateroventral_thalamic_vein
Fetish involving sexual attraction to corpses
Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia
Necrophilia
Branch of neuroscience
between the forebrain (axis ending rostrally at the optic chiasma) and the brainstem and spinal cord (axis roughly vertical, but including additional minor
Neuroanatomy
The nucleus of Darkschewitsch is an accessory oculomotor nucleus situated in the ventrolateral portion of the periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon
Nucleus_of_Darkschewitsch
Structure in the human brain
The red nucleus or nucleus ruber is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. The red nucleus is pale pink, which is believed
Red_nucleus
Temporary disruption of short-term memory
disease Dejerine–Roussy syndrome Watershed stroke Lacunar stroke Brain stem Brainstem stroke syndrome Medulla Medial medullary syndrome Lateral medullary syndrome
Transient_global_amnesia
Medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting
The area postrema, a paired structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries and sensory
Area_postrema
Change in breathing to restore blood pH
Respiratory compensation is the modulation by the brainstem respiratory centers, which involves altering alveolar ventilation to try to bring the plasma
Respiratory_compensation
Region of the brain which controls coughing
coughing. The cough center is located in the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. Cough suppressants focus their action on the cough center. The exact
Cough_center
Specific form of hearing loss
middle ear reflexes and severely abnormal or completely absent auditory brainstem response (ABRs). Early diagnosis of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
Auditory_neuropathy_spectrum_disorder
Group of neurological disorders affecting motor neurons
disease. UMNs are motor neurons that project from the cortex down to the brainstem or spinal cord. LMNs originate in the anterior horns of the spinal cord
Motor_neuron_diseases
Hypothalamic nucleus
including the posterior pituitary, the median eminence as well as the brainstem and spinal cord. Neurons which project to the posterior pituitary secrete
Paraventricular_nucleus
Sensory nucleus in the brainstem
nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It is located in the brainstem. It receives proprioceptive sensory information from the muscles of mastication
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve
Blood vessel
Parenchymal Blood Vessels of the Upper Brainstem, Its Nuclear Configuration and Vascular Supply (1976). The Upper Brainstem in the Human. Springer Berlin Heidelberg:
Artery_of_Percheron
Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia
List of unusual deaths in antiquity
List_of_unusual_deaths_in_antiquity
the pons of the brainstem. From the ventral CN (VCN), nerve signals project to the superior olivary complex (SOC), a set of brainstem nuclei that consists
Binaural_fusion
Vertebrate brain structure separating the cerebellum from the occipital lobes
the tentorium gives passage to the midbrain (the upper-most part of the brainstem). The free border of the tentorium is U-shaped; it forms an aperture -
Cerebellar_tentorium
Part of the brainstem
pons that surrounds the superior cerebellar peduncle as it enters the brainstem from the cerebellum. They are named from the Latin term for the superior
Parabrachial_nuclei
Connection between brain and spinal cord
corticobulbar tracts) may directly innervate motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem (anterior (ventral) horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei), whereas
Extrapyramidal_system
White matter of the cerebellum
section of the brainstem. Midsagittal section of the brainstem. Arbor vitae labelled at the center. Midsagittal section of the brainstem. Coronal section
Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)
Neuron cluster in the brainstem
acusticum") is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), it forms the cochlear
Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus
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