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Base set of symbols with which a language is formed
In formal language theory, an alphabet, often called a vocabulary in the context of terminal and nonterminal symbols, is a non-empty set of indivisible
Alphabet_(formal_languages)
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet". The alphabet of a formal language consists of symbols
Formal_language
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Alphabet (formal languages), in formal language theory, a finite sequence of members of an underlying base set English alphabet, a Latin alphabet consisting
Alphabet_(disambiguation)
Token in a mathematical or logical formula
top of the formal structure: There is in my opinion no important theoretical difference between natural languages and the artificial languages of logicians;
Symbol_(formal)
Spoken alphabet for radio communication
The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, is an internationally recognized set of names for the letters
NATO_phonetic_alphabet
Latin script for the Turkish language
The Turkish alphabet (Turkish: Türk alfabesi or Türk abecesi) is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters
Turkish_alphabet
Structure of a formal language
language over an alphabet. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings—only their form. In applied mathematics, formal language theory is the
Formal_grammar
Formal language
grammars. Recursively enumerable languages are known as type-0 languages in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages. All regular, context-free, context-sensitive
Recursively enumerable language
Recursively_enumerable_language
Modern writing system of 33 letters
The Russian alphabet is the writing system used to write the Russian language. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters: twenty consonants (⟨б⟩
Russian_alphabet
formal language theory, a cone is a set of formal languages that has some desirable closure properties enjoyed by some well-known sets of languages,
Cone_(formal_languages)
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
as a minimum: Formal language, which is a set of well-formed formulas, which are strings of symbols from an alphabet, formed by a formal grammar (consisting
Formal_system
Set of letters used to write a given language
An alphabet is a writing system that uses a standard set of symbols, called letters, to more or less represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically
Alphabet
Establishment of a theorem using inference from the axioms
well-formed formulas of a formal language. It is synonymous with the set of strings over the alphabet of the formal language which constitute well formed
Formal_proof
Alphabet of the Latin language
(standardised today as the ISO basic Latin alphabet, which is utilized by Modern Latin), was motivated by vernacular languages. This slightly expanded inventory
Latin_alphabet
Manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language
American manual alphabet is a one-handed manual representation of the alphabet used in English. It is used by users of American Sign Language to represent
American_manual_alphabet
Formal language in mathematics and computer science
recursive (or decidable) language is a recursive subset of the Kleene closure of an alphabet. Equivalently, a formal language is recursive if there exists
Recursive_language
Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters
used to write the languages of Europe. English alphabet A Received Pronunciation British English speaker reciting the English alphabet Problems playing
English_alphabet
Writing system of the Macedonian language
number of phonemes not found in neighboring languages. The committees charged with drafting the Macedonian alphabet decided on phonemic principle with a one-to-one
Macedonian_alphabet
Formal language that can be expressed using a regular expression
hierarchy, regular languages are the languages generated by Type-3 grammars. The collection of regular languages over an alphabet Σ is defined recursively
Regular_language
Writing system in Mongolia
⟨ü⟩. The alphabet was introduced in 1941, and due to strong Soviet influence, the Mongolian People's Republic formally adopted the language on January
Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet
Mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages
In programming language theory, semantics is the rigorous mathematical logic study of the meaning of programming languages. Semantics assigns computational
Semantics (programming languages)
Semantics_(programming_languages)
Hierarchy of classes of formal grammars
grammar describes how to form strings from a formal language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. The linguist Noam Chomsky theorized
Chomsky_hierarchy
Form of a language used in written literature
Literary language is the register of a language used when writing in a formal, academic, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such
Literary_language
Fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other Western European languages, and others worldwide. Its
N
Categories of symbols in formal grammars
In formal languages, terminal and nonterminal symbols are parts of the vocabulary under a formal grammar. Vocabulary is a finite, nonempty set of symbols
Terminal and nonterminal symbols
Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols
Language defined by context-sensitive grammar
this language is intended to mean a binary alphabet). This was proved by Hartmanis using pumping lemmas for regular and context-free languages over a
Context-sensitive_language
System of phonetic notation
Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages and Lingala, often via the Africa Alphabet. They are also found in North American languages such as Okanagan
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Script used to write the Greek language
Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and
Greek_alphabet
Writing system
Classical Syriac Aramaic, the alphabet has been used to write other dialects and languages. Several Christian Neo-Aramaic languages, from Turoyo to the Northeastern
Syriac_alphabet
Assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language
interpretation is an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language. Many formal languages used in mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science
Interpretation_(logic)
Sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name
P
it is a language recognised by a local automaton, a particular kind of deterministic finite automaton. Formally, a language L over an alphabet A is defined
Local language (formal language)
Local_language_(formal_language)
Scripts used to write the Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani Latin alphabet was reformed to match the alphabets of other Soviet Turkic languages (see Yañalif, Uniform Turkic Alphabet). The reform changed
Azerbaijani_alphabet
official language. As of 2026, the official languages of the United Nations are: English (British English with Oxford spelling), in English Latin alphabet; French
Official languages of the United Nations
Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations
Rule defining the correct structure of expressions in formal grammar
well-formed words over the alphabet of a formal language. These rules only address the location and manipulation of the strings of the language. It does not describe
Formation_rule
and L 2 {\displaystyle L_{2}} are defined on the same alphabet Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } . Formally: L 1 / L 2 = { w ∈ Σ ∗ ∣ w L 2 ∩ L 1 ≠ ∅ } = { w ∈ Σ
Quotient_of_a_formal_language
Form of communication using one or both hands
part of a number of sign languages. There are about forty manual alphabets around the world. Historically, manual alphabets have had a number of additional
Fingerspelling
Romanized Arabic alphabet
anymore and these chat alphabets have been used in other media such as advertising. These chat alphabets differ from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration
Arabizi
Thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of several Western European languages and others worldwide. Its
M
Levantine Arabic dialect
largely uses Akl's alphabet in his Lebanese-English Lexicon. "Arabic, Levantine". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 January 2026. "Languages". Come To Lebanon.
Lebanese_Arabic
Topics referred to by the same term
a numerical representation system The number of letters in an alphabet (formal languages) An n-ary code An n-ary Gray code An n-ary Huffman code An n-ary
N-ary
Standardized pronunciation of letters
spelling alphabet, word-spelling alphabet, voice procedure alphabet, radio alphabet, radiotelephony alphabet, telephone alphabet, and telephony alphabet. A
Spelling_alphabet
Eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet
eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name
K
Method of symbol substitution
productions P {\displaystyle P} is the main component in the specification of a formal grammar (specifically a generative grammar). In such grammars, a set of
Production_(computer_science)
Twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet
twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name
T
American international technology company
Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mountain View, California. It was created through a
Alphabet_Inc.
Structured system of communication
formally defined computer languages used for computer programming. Unlike conventional human languages, a formal language in this sense is a system of
Language
Large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Sanskrit. Batak alphabet – used to write several Batak languages. Baybayin – used to write Tagalog and several Philippine languages. Bima alphabet – once used
Austronesian_languages
Eighth letter of the Latin alphabet
eighth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, including the alphabets of other Western European languages and others worldwide.
H
Rules used for constructing, or transforming the symbols and words of a language
syntax is an arrangement of well-structured entities in the formal languages or formal systems that express something. Syntax is concerned with the rules
Syntax_(logic)
West Germanic language
Anglic languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Yola dialects of Ireland. English was isolated from other Germanic languages on the continent
English_language
Set of strings closed w.r.t. cyclic shift, repetition, and root
symbols in A, then a string set L ⊆ A* is called a formal language over the alphabet A. The language L is called cyclic if ∀w∈A*. ∀n>0. w ∈ L ⇔ wn ∈ L
Cyclic_language
Orthography used for some Sahaptin languages
practical alphabet is an orthography used to write Sahaptin languages of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The Yakima practical alphabet is based
Yakima_practical_alphabet
26 letters in two cases broadly used in international communication
The ISO basic Latin alphabet is an international standard (beginning with ISO/IEC 646) for a Latin-script alphabet that consists of two sets (uppercase
ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet
Syntactically correct logical formula
finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet, constructed following the defined grammar of a formal language. The abbreviation wff is pronounced "woof"
Well-formed_formula
Nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and other latin alphabets worldwide. Its name
S
Variant of the Latin alphabet
of the language. The letters Q (chiu), W (dublu ve), and Y (igrec or i grec, meaning "Greek i") were formally introduced in the Romanian alphabet in 1982
Romanian_alphabet
Study of abstract machines and automata
is closely related to formal language theory. In this context, automata are used as finite representations of formal languages that may be infinite. Automata
Automata_theory
Latin letter N with tilde above
of the Spanish alphabet in the eighteenth century, when it was first formally defined. Since then, it has been adopted by other languages, such as Galician
Ñ
Manding languages alphabetic script
modern writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa. The term Nko, which means I say in all Manding languages, is also used for the Manding literary
N'Ko_script
Twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet
twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name
W
Classification of formal languages
complementation to build infinite languages. Actually, the language Σ ∗ {\displaystyle \Sigma ^{*}} of all finite words over an alphabet Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma
Star-free_language
Language policy in the Soviet Union
The languages of the Soviet Union consist of hundreds of different languages and dialects from several different language groups. In 1922, it was decreed
Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union
Alphabets of the Komi language
Latinization of the alphabet; since 1938 — modern script based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak sub-languages have used the same
Komi_alphabets
letters were retained for formal inscriptions and for emphasis in written documents. The languages that use the Latin alphabet generally use capital letters
History_of_the_Latin_script
Northwest Semitic language
Hebrew is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the
Hebrew_language
Transliteration of text from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet
any formal or semi-formal communication in Macedonia. The language law of Macedonia emphasizes Cyrillic as the only alphabet of Macedonian language. For
Romanization_of_Macedonian
Tibeto-Burman language
devised by the Myanmar Language Commission (MLC), transcribes only sounds in formal Burmese and is based on the Burmese alphabet rather than the phonology
Burmese_language
Semitic language
the Hebrew alphabet and the Arabic alphabet. Early Aramaic inscriptions date from the 11th century BC, placing it among the earliest languages to be written
Aramaic
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
or formal semantics is the study of the meaning and interpretation of formal languages, formal systems, and (idealizations of) natural languages. This
Semantics_(logic)
Sequence of characters, data type
source code, it is known as a string literal or an anonymous string. In formal languages, which are used in mathematical logic and theoretical computer science
String_(computer_science)
Historic Aramaic-based alphabet
script survived primarily as a formal court script even after Turkic languages became the main administrative languages. By the 15th century its use had
Old_Uyghur_script
Extinct Karluk Turkic language
Uyghur languages. Kazakh and Turkmen, which are not within the Karluk branch but are in the Kipchak and Oghuz branches of the Turkic languages respectively
Chagatai_language
Fictional languages and scripts
dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible, and constructed alphabets were developed. Critics contend the languages constructed for the films compared
Languages_in_Star_Wars
Extinct Indo-European language of Southeastern Italy
was the pre-Roman, non-Italic language of Apulia. It has been preserved in about 600 inscriptions written in an alphabet derived from a Western Greek model
Messapic_language
Writing systems used for the Tatar language
the Tatar language was usually written using alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet: İske imlâ alphabet before 1920 and Yaña imlâ alphabet in 1920–1927
Tatar_alphabets
Among alphabets for natural languages the English,[36] Indonesian, and Malay alphabets only use the 26 letters in both cases. Among alphabets for constructed
List of Latin-script alphabets
List_of_Latin-script_alphabets
Alphabet that uses letters from the Cyrillic script
The Belarusian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic script and is derived from the alphabet of Old Church Slavonic. It has existed in its modern form since
Belarusian_alphabet
Local variants of the ancient Greek alphabet
Many local variants of the Greek alphabet were employed in ancient Greece during the archaic and early classical periods, until around 400 BC, when they
Archaic_Greek_alphabets
Tungusic language of eastern Russia and China
northern group of Tungusic languages, a group which also includes Even, Negidal, and the more closely related Oroqen language. The name is sometimes wrongly
Evenki_language
Syllable-based writing system
alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent, partial, or optional. In less formal contexts
Abugida
First letter of the Thai alphabet
ก is the first letter of the Thai Alphabet. It is used in the modern Thai language. ก derived from the Pallava Script of India. It was only a symbol until
ก
Writing system
Dutch alphabets. It is used for many Austronesian languages, including the languages of the Philippines and the Malaysian and Indonesian languages, replacing
Latin_script
This is a list of formal systems, also known as logical calculi. Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators Matrix calculus
List_of_formal_systems
Indo-European language
living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages. The
Greek_language
One of two names for the Romanian language in Moldova
Moldavian (Latin alphabet: limba moldovenească, Cyrillic alphabet: лимба молдовеняскэ) is one of the two local names for the Romanian language in Moldova.
Moldovan_language
Unary operation on string sets
either to an alphabet of symbols or to a formal language, a set of strings (finite sequences of symbols). The Kleene star operator on an alphabet V generates
Kleene_star
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
transcription delimiters. The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages or Latinic languages, are the languages that directly descended from
Romance_languages
Latin-based phonemic orthography for American English
all of the languages, though people taught in Unifon may still write in it today. The special non-ASCII characters used in the Unifon alphabet have been
Unifon
Twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet
twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other Western European languages and others worldwide. Its name
L
East Slavic language
Rusyn alphabet (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї. Some differences between Rusyn and other Slavic languages written
Rusyn_language
Romanization scheme for Standard Chinese
The Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, commonly called Hanyu Pinyin or simply pinyin (pīnyīn), is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. Hanyu
Pinyin
Spelling conventions of the Finnish language
only highly formal sources such as official texts, encyclopedias or Helsingin Sanomat use them. The main peculiarities in the Finnish alphabet are the two
Finnish_orthography
Kipchak Turkic language of Central Asia
Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following
Kyrgyz_language
Language spoken in Korea
cultural exports. Korean uses the Hangul alphabet. Beyond Korea the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China, namely Jilin, and specifically
Korean_language
standardized alphabet intended for transcription of multiple languages, reflecting its members' consensus that only one set of alphabet ought to be used
History of the International Phonetic Alphabet
History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet
contained in the Russian alphabet. Variants of the Cyrillic script are used by the writing systems of many languages, especially languages used in the countries
List_of_Cyrillic_letters
Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent
languages, the most popular of which is Hindi. The orthography of this script reflects the pronunciation of the language. Unlike the Latin alphabet,
Devanagari
Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg
dialects and the wider group of West Germanic languages. The status of Luxembourgish as the national language of Luxembourg and the existence there of a
Luxembourgish
Twenty-first letter of the Latin alphabet
vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet and the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its
U
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ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
Male
Scottish
Scottish form of Irish Gaelic Cormac, CORMAG means "son of defilement."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a keeper of swine, Middle English foreman, from Old English fÅr ‘hog’, ‘pig’ + mann ‘man’.English : status name for a leader or spokesman for a group, from Old English fore ‘before’, ‘in front’ + mann ‘man’. The word is attested in this sense from the 15th century, but is not used specifically for the leader of a gang of workers before the late 16th century.Czech and Jewish (from Bohemia, Moravia) : occupational name for a carter, Czech forman, a loanword from German.
Female
English
English name derived from the gem name, from Latin corallium, probably ultimately from Hebrew goral, CORAL means "small pebble."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Bengali Alphabet
Male
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Fearghal, FERGAL means "man of valor."
Girl/Female
Hindu
A short letter, Alphabet
Girl/Female
Indian
Alphabet; Letter
Boy/Male
Irish
It seems to come from fearghal “â€brave, courageous, valorous.â€â€ Fergal Mac Maolduin was an eighth-century High King renowned for his efforts in battle.
Girl/Female
Tamil
A short letter, Alphabet
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Forman 1 and 2.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Litters; Alphabets; Short Letter
Boy/Male
Arabic
Form of Jamal
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Firmin.Muslim : variant of Farman.
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Ieremias (Hebrew Yirmeyahu), JORMA means "Jehovah casts forth" or "Jehovah hurls."
Boy/Male
Arabic
Arabic Alphabet
Boy/Male
Christian, Indian, Telugu
Hebrew Alphabet
Male
English
English form of Teutonic Nordemann, NORMAN means "northman."
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : habitational name from Wormald in West Yorkshire or Wormhill in Derbyshire, which is named from an Old English personal name Wyra + hyll ‘hill’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Alphabet
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Forman 1 and 2.Respelling of North German Formann, a variant of Fuhrmann.
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
ALPHABET FORMAL-LANGUAGES
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