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Sex chromosome present in both sexes in the XY and X0 sex-determination systems
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in many organisms, including mammals, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY
X_chromosome
Inactivation of copies of X chromosome
X-inactivation (also called Lyonization, after English geneticist Mary Lyon) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome is inactivated
X-inactivation
Method of determining sex
chromosomes during cell division. In humans, most mammals, and some other species, two of the chromosomes, called the X chromosome and Y chromosome,
XY_sex-determination_system
Sex chromosome in the XY sex-determination system
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination
Y_chromosome
X chromosome monosomy
X, or 45,X0, is a chromosomal disorder in which cells of females have only one X chromosome instead of two, or are partially missing an X chromosome (sex
Turner_syndrome
Chromosome disorder in women
X, also known as triple X syndrome and characterized by the karyotype 47,XXX, is a chromosome disorder in which a female has an extra copy of the X chromosome
Trisomy_X
Chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior
karyotypically determined (i.e. when there are sex chromosomes), the homogametic sex chromosome is called "X" if two copies of it (heterogamety) leads to a
Sex_chromosome
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes
A chromosomal abnormality or chromosomal anomaly is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. These can occur in the form of numerical
Chromosome_abnormality
Sex-specific patterns of inheritance
present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (autosome). In humans, these are termed X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant and
Sex_linkage
Chromosomal disorder
Pentasomy X, also known as 49,XXXXX, is a chromosomal disorder in which a female has five, rather than two, copies of the X chromosome. Pentasomy X is associated
Pentasomy_X
Inactivation of one parent's X chromosome more so than the other's
Skewed X-chromosome inactivation (skewed X-inactivation) occurs when the X-inactivation of one X chromosome is favored over the other, leading to an uneven
Skewed_X-inactivation
Biological process where inactive X chromosomes are reactivated
X chromosome reactivation (XCR) is the process by which the inactive X chromosome (the Xi) is re-activated in the cells of eutherian female mammals. Therian
X-chromosome_reactivation
Biological process
one X chromosome, and transcribe all information from the other, expressed X chromosome. Thus, human females have the same number of expressed X-linked
Sex-chromosome dosage compensation
Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation
X-linked dominant genetic disorder
within the FMR1 (fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1) gene on the X chromosome. This results in silencing (methylation) of this part of the gene and
Fragile_X_syndrome
Index of articles associated with the same name
Sex chromosome anomalies belong to a group of genetic conditions that are caused or affected by the loss, damage or addition of one or both sex chromosomes
Sex_chromosome_anomalies
Chromosomal system
females are the heterogametic sex (ZW). The Z chromosome is larger and has more genes, similarly to the X chromosome in the XY system. No genes are shared between
ZW_sex-determination_system
Human chromosomal condition
two X chromosomes in addition to a Y chromosome, yielding a total of 47 or more chromosomes rather than the usual 46. Sometimes certain chromosome anomalies
Klinefelter_syndrome
Chromosomal disorder with 4 X chromosomes
Tetrasomy X, also known as 48,XXXX or Poly-X Klinefelter, is a chromosomal disorder in which a female has four, rather than two, copies of the X chromosome. It
Tetrasomy_X
Chromosome whose ends have fused together to form a ring
in the early 20th century. Lilian Vaughan Morgan reported an unusual X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster in 1926 that appeared “almost or entirely
Ring_chromosome
Mode of inheritance
X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be always expressed
X-linked recessive inheritance
X-linked_recessive_inheritance
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are
Chromosome
Mode of inheritance
gene is carried on the X chromosome. As an inheritance pattern, it is less common than the X-linked recessive type. In medicine, X-linked dominant inheritance
X-linked_dominant_inheritance
Failure to separate properly during cell division
number of chromosomes is restored via duplication of the single monosomic chromosome ("chromosome rescue"). Complete loss of an entire X chromosome accounts
Nondisjunction
Biological system that determines the development of an organism's sex
X_{1}Y_{1}/X_{2}Y_{2}/X_{3}Y_{3}/X_{4}Y_{4}/X_{5}Y_{5}} , while females have X 1 X 1 / X 2 X 2 / X 3 X 3 / X 4 X 4 / X 5 X 5 {\displaystyle X_{1}X_{1}/X_{2}X
Sex-determination_system
Form taken by the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell
Barr) or X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome. In species with XY sex-determination (including humans), females typically have two X chromosomes, and one
Barr_body
Congenital condition where an individual with a 46,XX karyotype is male
pseudoautosomal regions of the X and Y chromosomes during meiosis in the father. When the X with the SRY gene combines with a normal X from the mother during
XX_male_syndrome
American geneticist
of the attached-X chromosome and an entirely new pattern of inheritance in Drosophila in 1921. She later described a ring-X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster
Lilian_Vaughan_Morgan
Photographic display of total chromosome complement in a cell
A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their
Karyotype
Biological system that determines the sex of offspring
offspring. In this system, there is only one sex chromosome, referred to as X. Males only have one X chromosome (XO), while females have two (XX). The letter
XO_sex-determination_system
Process of development of sex differences in humans
undifferentiated zygote. Females typically have two X chromosomes, and males typically have a Y chromosome and an X chromosome. At an early stage in embryonic development
Sexual differentiation in humans
Sexual_differentiation_in_humans
Family of proteins that play a role in chromatin remodeling
development like homeotic gene regulation and X chromosome inactivation, being recruited to the inactive X by Xist RNA, the master regulator of XCI or embryonic
Polycomb-group_proteins
German biologist who discovered the X chromosome
June 1858 – 28 April 1942) was a German cytologist who discovered the X chromosome in 1890 or 1891. The work was the result of a study in Leipzig of the
Hermann_Henking
Genetic disorder in European royalty
sex-linked X-chromosome bleeding disorder manifests almost exclusively in males, even though the genetic mutation causing the disorder is located on the X-chromosome
Haemophilia in European royalty
Haemophilia_in_European_royalty
species have conserved the X chromosome from their primordial X chromosome of a common ancestor. Mammalian X chromosomes in various species, including
Ohno's_law
Biological system where sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes
but when it comes to sex chromosomes, females will receive two X chromosomes while males will receive only a single X chromosome. Several models have been
Haplodiploidy
Medical condition
sex chromosome aneuploidy, where individuals have two extra X chromosomes. People in most cases have two sex chromosomes: an X and a Y or two X chromosomes
XXXY_syndrome
Modification of histones by addition of methyl groups
an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, giving the embryo two copies of the X chromosome. Females, however, do not initially require both copies of the X chromosome
Histone_methylation
Cat with a three-colored coat
X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals, including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y chromosome. Since the Y chromosome
Calico_cat
Genetic condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome
three X/Y chromosome pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) SHOX genes has been postulated as a cause of the increased stature seen in all three sex chromosome trisomies:
XYY_syndrome
Study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings
where the genotype has three X chromosomes, X-inactivation will inactivate all X chromosomes until there is only one X chromosome active. Males with Klinefelter
Human_genetics
Genetic neurological disease
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a disease linked to the X chromosome. It is a result of fatty acid buildup caused by failure of peroxisomal fatty acid beta
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Extra X and Y chromosome in males
a sex chromosome anomaly in which males have two extra chromosomes, one X and one Y chromosome. Human cells usually contain two sex chromosomes, one from
XXYY_syndrome
Partial or complete triplication of chromosome 16
leading to miscarriage, and the second most common chromosomal cause (closely following X-chromosome monosomy). About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16
Trisomy_16
Most common genetic condition leading to color blindness
blindness than females, because the genes for the relevant opsins are on the X chromosome. Screening for congenital red–green color blindness is typically performed
Congenital red–green color blindness
Congenital_red–green_color_blindness
British mouse geneticist (1932–2020)
autosomal imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. With contemporaries that included Mary Lyon FRS (who discovered X chromosome inactivation), Bruce’s
Bruce_Macintosh_Cattanach
Reproductive system of the human male
cell containing either an X or Y chromosome. If this sperm cell contains an X chromosome it will coincide with the X chromosome of the ovum and a female
Male_reproductive_system
Presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Typical females have two X chromosomes, while typical males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. The
Aneuploidy
Combined clinical phenotype caused by each gene involved in a chromosomal abnormality
recombination between low copy repeats in the region. Most CGS involve the X chromosome and affect male individuals. One of the earliest and most famous examples
Contiguous_gene_syndrome
English geneticist (1925–2014)
December 2014) was an English geneticist best known for her discovery of X-chromosome inactivation, an important biological phenomenon. Mary Lyon was born
Mary_F._Lyon
Chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed
a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome becomes inverted within its original position. An inversion occurs when a chromosome undergoes
Chromosomal_inversion
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
male usually carries an X and a Y chromosome (XY), and the female usually carries two X chromosomes (XX). Other chromosomal sex-determination systems
Biological_sex
exceptions) results in a zygote with either two X chromosomes (an XX female) or one X and one Y chromosome (an XY male), which then develops the typical
Sexual dimorphism in human physiology
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_physiology
Health problem from genome abnormalities
caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and have X-linked inheritance. Very few disorders are inherited on the Y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA (due to
Genetic_disorder
Non-coding RNA
(X-inactive specific transcript) is a non-coding RNA transcribed from the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X-inactivation
XIST
Drosophila male phenotype
phenotype in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A) is less than 0.5. For example: a fly with one X chromosome and two sets of autosomes
Metamale
Patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
In human genetics, the Y-chromosomal Adam (more technically known as the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor, shortened to Y-MRCA), is the patrilineal
Y-chromosomal_Adam
Type of pattern of inheritance
colour genes. Domestic cats have a gene with a similar effect on the X-chromosome.[citation needed] Genetic traits located on gonosomes sometimes show
Non-Mendelian_inheritance
X hyperactivation refers to the process in Drosophila by which genes on the X chromosome in male flies become twice as active as genes on the X chromosome
X_hyperactivation
Numbers obtained by adding the two previous ones
function x 1 − x − x 2 = x + x 2 ( 1 + x ) + x 3 ( 1 + x ) 2 + ⋯ + x k + 1 ( 1 + x ) k + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ F n x n {\displaystyle {\frac {x}{1-x-x^{2}}}=x+x
Fibonacci_sequence
Organism with a recessive genetic allele that does not display the recessive trait
female sex chromosome, the X chromosome. These are sex-linked genes. The carriers are always women. Women have two homologous sex chromosomes (XX). Men
Hereditary_carrier
Medical condition
gene (MTM1), located on the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28). Because males have only one X chromosome, they are at greater risk for diseases stemming
X-linked_myotubular_myopathy
Aspect of women's health
part involve the presence of an additional X chromosome in women (given that several genes on the X chromosome are associated with immune system development)
Autoimmune_disease_in_women
Chromosomal disorder
known as 49,XXXYY, is a chromosomal disorder in which a male has three copies of the X chromosome and two copies of the Y chromosome. XXXYY syndrome is exceptionally
XXXYY_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in humans
Chromosome X open reading frame 57 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXorf57 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147231 – Ensembl, May
Chromosome X open reading frame 57
Chromosome_X_open_reading_frame_57
Degree of similarity of the alleles in an organism
as humans, almost all X-linked genes are hemizygous in males with normal chromosomes, because they have only one X chromosome and few of the same genes
Zygosity
Field of sexual orientation research
this maternal pedigree were then tested for X chromosome linkage, using twenty-two markers on the X chromosome to test for similar alleles. In another finding
Biology and sexual orientation
Biology_and_sexual_orientation
Hypothetical hybrid species
of the ancestral 12 and 13). Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all great apes. Chromosomes 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match
Humanzee
Medical condition
by a variety of recessively inherited mutations in the XK gene on the X chromosome. The gene is responsible for producing the Kx protein, a secondary supportive
McLeod_syndrome
Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell typically have the same morphology (homomorphic)
Autosome
Medical condition
specific signs or features, but if they do, they may demonstrate skewed X chromosome inactivation. "The role of ATRX as a regulator of heterochromatin dynamics
ATR-X_syndrome
Traits produced by genes located on the Y chromosome
the autosomal chromosomes or the X chromosome. It is estimated to contain about 200 genes. It was thought that the human Y chromosome has little importance
Y_linkage
Region of sexual chromosomes exhibiting an autosomal inheritance pattern
the pseudoautosomal region of their Y chromosome, the other in the corresponding portion of their X chromosome. Normal females also possess two copies
Pseudoautosomal_region
Topics referred to by the same term
division by zero Turner syndrome, a disorder in which all or part of an X chromosome is absent X0 sex-determination system, as found in some insects X0, a
X0
Product of reproduction of an organism
will always give an X chromosome, whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. If a male offspring
Offspring
1 X chromosome, monosomy Xp22 pter X chromosome, monosomy Xq28 X chromosome, trisomy Xp3 X chromosome, trisomy Xpter Xq13 X chromosome, trisomy Xq X chromosome
List_of_diseases_(X)
Dog breed
1748-5827.2001.tb02027.x. PMID 11380016. Zheng, K; Thorner, PS; Marrano, P; Baumal, R; McInnes, RR (1994). "Canine X chromosome-linked hereditary nephritis:
Samoyed_dog
Medical condition
follows an X-linked recessive pattern; individuals with a 46,XY karyotype always express the mutant gene since they have only one X chromosome, whereas
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
Medical condition
in humans associated with sex chromosome aneuploidy and mosaicism of the Y chromosome. It is a fairly rare chromosomal disorder at birth, with an estimated
45,X/46,XY_mosaicism
Two-coloured coat colouration in cats
of X-inactivation, in which one of the X chromosomes is turned off at random in each cell in very early embryonic development. The inactivated X becomes
Tortoiseshell_cat
American geneticist
Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. She is known for her work on X-chromosome inactivation and for discovering the functions of a new class of epigenetic
Jeannie_T._Lee
Abnormal multiples of one or more chromosomes
47, XXY. X chromosome polysomies can be inherited from either a single maternal (49, X polysomies) or paternal (48, X polysomies) X chromosome. Polysomy
Polysomy
DNA-based genetic test
includes X-DNA), Y-DNA, and mtDNA. Autosomal DNA tests look at chromosome pairs 1–22 and the X part of the 23rd chromosome. The autosomes (chromosome pairs
Genealogical_DNA_test
Possession of multiple genetic lineages within a multi-cellular organism
chromosomes is a female and a fly possessing a single X chromosome is a sterile male, a loss of an X chromosome early in embryonic development can result in sexual
Mosaic_(genetics)
Medical conditions involving the development of the reproductive system
action. Sex chromosome DSD: patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy or mosaic sex karyotypes. This includes patients with Turner Syndrome (45,X or 45,X0)
Disorders_of_sex_development
Group of similar haplotypes
paired with X chromosomes, they only recombine with the X chromosome at the ends of the Y chromosome; the remaining 95% of the Y chromosome does not recombine
Haplogroup
American biologist and corporate director (born 1956)
RFLP that Page found was from a site of homology between the X chromosome and Y chromosome, a coincidence that would set the direction of his subsequent
David_C._Page
Phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of an chromosomes
In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes "balanced" and "unbalanced"
Chromosomal_translocation
Medical condition
expected 46,XY karyotype, the affected cells have a 45,X karyotype due to the loss of the Y chromosome. Other cells retain the original 46,XY karyotype, leading
Mosaic_loss_of_chromosome_Y
Topics referred to by the same term
XXY is the condition of having two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome in males XXY (film), a drama film about an intersex person
XXY
Abnormal partial or mixed chromosome
pair of sex chromosomes are identified as the X and Y chromosomes with women's cells bearing two X chromosomes and men's cells bearing one X and one (male
Small supernumerary marker chromosome
Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome
Young male human
determined by whether the sperm cell contains an X or Y chromosome. If the sperm cell contains an X chromosome, the fetus will be XX and, typically, a girl
Boy
DNA changes that regulate human traits
one X chromosome, two long non-coding RNAs are produced: Tsix is produced by one X chromosome, and Xist is produced by all of the other X chromosomes. Tsix
Epigenetics of human development
Epigenetics_of_human_development
Species of flowering plant
by sex chromosomes. XX individuals are female, XY individuals are male. The Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome, and the sex chromosomes are the
Silene_latifolia
Patterns of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout the genome
who have two X chromosomes are less effected than males who only have on X chromosome and one Y chromosome because the second X chromosome can compensate
Repeated_sequence_(DNA)
Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
chromosome number or chromosome complement. The number of chromosomes found in a single complete set of chromosomes is called the monoploid number (x)
Ploidy
Medical condition
the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Hypohidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia
Passing of traits to offspring from the species' parents or ancestor
Involved chromosomes Autosomal – loci are not situated on a sex chromosome Gonosomal – loci are situated on a sex chromosome X-chromosomal – loci are
Heredity
Medical condition
with most X-linked disorders, males are more heavily affected than females. Females with one affected X chromosome and one normal X chromosome tend to have
X-linked intellectual disability
X-linked_intellectual_disability
British geneticist
Radiobiology Unit in Harwell, developing a model of X chromosome inactivation based on counting X chromosome inactivation centres. Rastan did postdoctoral research
Sohaila_Rastan
Sperm containing genetic material from a female
Female sperm can refer to either: A sperm which contains an X chromosome, produced in the usual way in the testicles, referring to the occurrence of such
Female_sperm
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X CHROMOSOME
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Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the personal name Perceval, first found as the name of the hero of an epic poem by the 12th-century French poet Crestien de Troyes, describing the quest for the holy grail. The origin of the name is uncertain; it may be associated with the Gaulish personal name Pritorīx or it may be an alteration of the Celtic name Peredur (see Priddy). It seems to have been altered as the result of folk etymological association with Old French perce(r) ‘to pierce or breach’ + val ‘valley’.English : Norman habitational name from either of the two places in Calvados named Perceval.
Biblical
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Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a grove or thicket, Middle English grove, Old English grÄf.English (Huguenot) : Americanized spelling of the French surname Le Grou(x) or Le Greux (see Groulx).North German form of Grob.North German : habitational name from any of several places named Grove or Groven in Schleswig-Holstein, which derive their name from Middle Low Germany grÅve ‘ditch’, ‘channel’. In some cases the name is a Dutch or Low German form of Grube.Altered form of German Graf.The surnames Grove and Groves are common mainly in the West Midlands. A Huguenot family who acquired the name Grove are descended from a certain Isaac Le Greux or Grou(x) or his brother. They fled from Tours in France in the late 17th century and settled in Spitalfields, London. Their children were known as Grou(x) or Grove; their grandchildren also used the form Grew; but their great-grandchildren, born at the end of the 18th century, were universally Grove.
X CHROMOSOME
X CHROMOSOME
X CHROMOSOME
X CHROMOSOME
X CHROMOSOME
X CHROMOSOME
X CHROMOSOME
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