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Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
Ploidy (/ˈplɔɪdi/) is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal
Ploidy
All genetic material of an organism
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or
Genome
Species of bacterium
PMID 2785985. Maldonado R, Jiménez J, Casadesús J (1994). "Changes of ploidy during the Azotobacter vinelandii growth cycle" (PDF). J. Bacteriol. 176
Azotobacter_vinelandii
Photographic display of total chromosome complement in a cell
and egg cells) which are haploid with 23 unpaired chromosomes, and this ploidy is not shown in these karyograms. The micrographic karyogram is converted
Karyotype
Species of tree
Jacob; Berry, Andrew; England, Clifford; Raemakers, Krit (1 January 2020). "Ploidy Level in American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Cultivars". HortScience
Diospyros_virginiana
Edible berry
Genomic information NCBI ID 4081 Specimen sequenced Heinz 1706 Ploidy haploid Genome size 827.4 Mb Number of chromosomes 12 Number of genes 31,217 Protein-coding
Tomato
Series of stages of an organism
a change of ploidy is involved. To return from a diploid stage to a haploid stage, meiosis must occur. In regard to changes of ploidy, there are three
Biological_life_cycle
Genus of grass cultivated for grain
Payorm; Dudler, Robert; Keller, Beat (2004). "Genome analysis at different ploidy levels allows cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3b from hexaploid
Wheat
Species of flowering plant
potato, but unlike the potato which is tetraploid, it has several levels of ploidy: diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid. This species gives its name to the
Solanum_brevicaule
Species of flowering plant
Scandix pecten-veneris (shepherd's-needle, Venus' comb, Stork's needle) is a species of edible plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is native to
Scandix_pecten-veneris
Number of gene copies in a genome
abnormalities). These changes can have significant phenotypic consequences. Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. Humans typically
Gene_dosage
Sitka spruce; species of coniferous tree
Genomic information NCBI ID 3332 Ploidy 2 Genome size 20 Gbp Number of chromosomes 12 Sequenced organelle plastid and mitochondrion Organelle size 124
Picea_sitchensis
Hybrid species of tree
blackthorn such as var. macrocarpa, while the uncertain consequence of the ploidy status of some or all black bullace is absent from research that has focused
Prunus_×_fruticans
Species of plant
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaerophyllum temulum. Chaerophyllum temulum, the rough chervil, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae
Chaerophyllum_temulum
Species of flowering plant with edible fruits
Genomic information NCBI ID 3659 Ploidy diploid Genome size 323.99 Mb Sequenced organelle mitochondrion Organelle size 244.82 Mb Year of completion 2011
Cucumber
One half of a duplicated chromosome
heterozygous. The pairing of chromatids should not be confused with the ploidy of an organism, which is the number of homologous versions of a chromosome
Chromatid
Biochemistry detection method
with high sensitivity. An important use of MLPA is to determine relative ploidy. For example, probes may be designed to target various regions of chromosome
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification
Multiplex_ligation-dependent_probe_amplification
Form of reproduction
Androgenesis is more common in haplodiploid species, (where sex is determined by ploidy such that males generally develop from an unfertilized egg and females from
Androgenesis
German-American molecular biologist (1936–2026)
number and the genetic instability of cancer cells, which they dubbed "the ploidy factor," confirming earlier research by other groups that demonstrated an
Peter_Duesberg
Cultivated varieties of the edible fruit
genetic inheritance from the two wild parents and the number of chromosomes (ploidy). Cultivars derived from Musa acuminata are more likely to be used as dessert
List_of_banana_cultivars
Aspect of reproductive biology
without excising any of her genetic material. This results in increased ploidy levels that range from triploid to pentaploid in wild individuals. Finally
Klepton
Classification of wheat
one ploidy level will be more closely related to each other. Ploidy level influences some plant characteristics. For example, higher levels of ploidy tend
Taxonomy_of_wheat
Condition where cells have more than two sets of chromosomes
important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids. Sugarcane can have ploidy levels higher than octaploid. Polyploidization can be a mechanism of sympatric
Polyploidy
Species of tree
Genomic information NCBI ID 66656 Ploidy diploid Genome size 715.23 Number of chromosomes 56 Year of completion 2017
Durio_zibethinus
Genus of bacteria
Cyanothece is a genus of unicellular, diazotrophic, oxygenic photosynthesizing cyanobacteria. In 1976, Jiří Komárek defined the prokaryotic cyanobacteria
Cyanothece
Species of plant
Bibcode:2014AdvAg201481859S. doi:10.1155/2014/381859. "parthenium". Ploidb The Ploidy Level Database. Israel: School of Plant Sciences and Food Security. Retrieved
Parthenium_confertum
Species of flowering plant
Atropa baetica, commonly known as the Andalusian belladonna, is one of Europe's rarest wildflowers. A close relative of the infamous deadly nightshade
Atropa_baetica
Genus of flowering plants
grows in shaded places in forests. Galax urceolata can occur at multiple ploidy levels, an individual may be a diploid (2x), triploid (3x), or autotetraploid
Galax
occurs across a wide range of plant taxa, including species with different ploidy levels, breeding systems, and modes of propagation. Characters affected
Somaclonal_variation
Cell division producing haploid gametes
chromatids attached at a centromere. This replication does not change the ploidy of the cell since the centromere number remains the same. The identical
Meiosis
Tissue layer in grain seeds
of the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells remain alive at maturity. The ploidy of the aleurone is (3n) [as a result of double fertilization]. The aleurone
Aleurone
hybridization (or manual cross) between two different individuals of different ploidy levels. Individuals resulting from this type of hybridization are called
Interploidy_hybridization
Species of strawberry
Genomic information NCBI ID 57918 Ploidy diploid Number of chromosomes 14 Year of completion 2010
Fragaria_vesca
Type of fruit
This section is missing information about techniques other than ploidy, such as inducing parthenocarpy in species that don’t normally do so (e.g. watermelon/gourd
Seedless_fruit
Surgical removal of the clitoris
v t e Cytogenetics: chromosomes Basic concepts Karyotype Ploidy Genetic material/Genome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome
Clitoridectomy
Genus of amphibians
unsatisfactory taxonomy, as there were major variations in both morphology and ploidy. Starting in the late 1990s, several reviews have been published and the
Bufotes
correcting ploidy measurements by image analysis in a tissue section, but it is useful for evaluating any algorithm that corrects ploidy measurements
Computed_Corpuscle_Sectioning
Species of orchid
Cattleya endemic to the campo rupestre vegetation in northeastern Brazil. Its ploidy is 2n = 80. Cattleya elongata forms two natural hybrids : Cattleya × tenuata
Cattleya_elongata
Species of cultivated South American fruit
24 chromosomes, while cultivated forms include varieties with increased ploidy and 32 or 48 chromosomes. It has been widely introduced into cultivation
Physalis_peruviana
Process by which structures originate and mature as a plant grows
Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life
Plant_development
Variability in the size and shape of a cell or nucleus
and/or their nuclei. Several key determinants of cell and nuclear size, like ploidy and the regulation of cellular metabolism, are commonly disrupted in tumors
Pleomorphism_(cytology)
Species of apple tree
apple hybridizing. It is a naturally occurring hybrid species with multiple ploidy levels. Li, Y. N. 2001. Researches of germplasm resources of Malus Mill
Malus_toringoides
Production of sperm
corresponding to a particular type of cell in humans. In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts are for one cell, generally
Spermatogenesis
Species of tree grown for its seeds
information Map showing genetic clusters of Theobroma cacao NCBI ID 3641 Ploidy diploid Genome size 345.99 Mb Number of chromosomes 10 pairs Year of completion
Theobroma_cacao
Weed control herbicide
by 76%. Cell nuclei expanded, becoming polymorphic, and with increased ploidy levels. Other dinitroanilines have similar effects, except butralin. Nitralin
Nitralin
Method to evaluate biological samples
cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without
Comparative genomic hybridization
Comparative_genomic_hybridization
Type of asexual reproduction
Gynogenesis with haplodiploidy in the ant Myrmecia impaternata. Ploidy is shown diagrammatically as 2N=6 for clarity.
Gynogenesis
Species of tropical fruit plant
Genomic information NCBI ID 3649 Ploidy diploid Genome size 372 million bp Number of chromosomes 36 Year of completion 2014
Papaya
Species of flowering plant
Radiola linoides is the sole species in the Radiola genus, a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Linaceae. It has the common names
Radiola_linoides
Female plant reproductive structure
divisions, whether nuclear fusions occur, and the final number, position and ploidy of the cells or nuclei all vary. A common pattern of embryo sac development
Ovule
Species of plant
graminifolia has been a topic of interest to researchers because of the range of ploidy levels. The plant can range from having diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid
Pityopsis_graminifolia
Species of fungus
Genomic information NCBI ID 5061 Ploidy haploid Genome size 34 Mb Number of chromosomes 8
Aspergillus_niger
Relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population
chromosome and a given allele at that locus A population of N individuals with ploidy n, i.e. an individual carries n copies of each chromosome in their somatic
Allele_frequency
Formation of nonviable progeny after hybridization of flowering plants
nonviable progeny after hybridization of flowering plants that differ in ploidy. The barrier is established in the endosperm, a nutritive tissue in the
Triploid_block
Otto SP (July 2004). "Host-parasite interactions and the evolution of ploidy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
List of organisms by chromosome count
List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count
Species of plant
Genomic information NCBI ID 3656 Ploidy diploid Genome size 374.77 Mb Number of chromosomes 12 Year of completion 2012
Cucumis_melo
Asexual development of seed in botany
of cells that grow to look like a sporophyte of the species but with the ploidy level of the gametophyte, a phenomenon known as apogamy. The sporophytes
Apomixis
Species of bacteria
Genomic information NCBI ID 1496 Ploidy haploid Genome size 4.3 Mb Number of chromosomes 1 Year of completion 2005
Clostridioides_difficile
Part of the genetic makeup of a cell which determines one of its characteristics
of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy. In diploid species like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present
Genotype
Expletive interjection referencing religious figure Jesus Christ
mother, the Virgin Mary. For the scientific background of the joke see Ploidy. The number of variant forms, usually with "H" replaced by something longer
Jesus_H._Christ
Subspecies of ape
Genomic information NCBI ID 9595 Ploidy diploid Genome size 3,035.66 Mb Number of chromosomes 23 pairs Year of completion 2012
Western_lowland_gorilla
Species of shrub with edible fruit
Kim; Ranney, Thomas; Ashrafi, Hamid (2022). "Nuclear DNA contents and ploidy levels of North American Vaccinium species and interspecific hybrids". Scientia
Vaccinium_vitis-idaea
Cereal grass and grain
species vary in how they interbreed. Crosses among species with different ploidy may be sterile or partially fertile. Genomic study suggests that the hulled
Oat
Honeysuckle plant
Xia, Nianhe; Wang, Xiaoming; Beeson, Richard C.; Chen, Jianjun (2017). "Ploidy Level, Karyotype, and DNA Content in the Genus Lonicera" (PDF). HortScience
Lonicera_caerulea
Blueberry cultivar
; Hummer, K.; Ranney, T.; Ashrafi, H. (2022). "Nuclear DNA contents and ploidy levels of North American Vaccinium species and interspecific hybrids". Scientia
Duke_blueberry
fungi exist as stable haploid, diploid, or polyploid cells, others change ploidy in response to environmental conditions and aneuploidy is also observed
Fungal_genome
Species of bird; ancestor of the chicken
Genomic information NCBI ID 9031 Ploidy diploid Number of chromosomes 78 Year of completion 2012
Red_junglefowl
Species of plant
male and female flowers on the same plant) as is often incorrectly stated. Ploidy 2n = 76 (tetraploid). The seeds are very small, and wind-dispersed. In a
Buddleja_davidii
Species of plant
include thickets, stream banks, rocky bluffs, and wooded hillsides. The ploidy of this rose species is variable. Botanical authorities have listed it as
Rosa_acicularis
Biological process
Some sources use the chromatid number when writing "n" rather than the ploidy number. Hence gametogonium and primary gametocyte would be "4n" rather than
Gametogenesis
Species of plant
tauschii (a wild diploid goatgrass). Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild einkorn (T. urartu) and
Common_wheat
Free-living species of nematode
entire poleward face of each sister chromatid. NCBI ID GCA_000002985.3 Ploidy diploid Genome size 101.169 Mb (haploid) Number of chromosomes 5 pairs of
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Hybrid wheat/rye crop
In earlier years, most work was done on octoploid triticale. Different ploidy levels have been created and evaluated over time. The tetraploids showed
Triticale
Canadian scientist
Perin (1992). Evolution in sexual organisms: the role of recombination, ploidy level, and nonrandom mating. stanford.edu (PhD thesis). OCLC 38714611. "Sarah
Sarah_Otto
Genus of aquatic plants
structures for vegetative propagation) can be present or absent. Various ploidy levels have been observed in Nymphaea: 2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, and 16x. The
Nymphaea
Species of ape
Genomic information NCBI ID GCF_028885655.2 Ploidy diploid Genome size 3,441.24 Mb Number of chromosomes 24 pairs Year of completion 2011 UCSC Genome Browser
Sumatran_orangutan
Genus of trees known as baobab
2016.05.006. ISSN 1055-7903. Pettigrew, J.D.; et al. (2012). "Morphology, ploidy and molecular phylogenetics reveal a new diploid species from Africa in
Adansonia
Genus of aquatic crustaceans
parthenogenetic Artemia populations consisting of different clones and ploidies (2n->5n). Several genetic maps have been published for Artemia. The past
Brine_shrimp
Genus of plants in the family Asteraceae
Solidago species have a base chromosome number of x=9, but the following ploidy levels have been observed: 2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x, and 14x. Though
Solidago
Genus of Protozoa
Most amoebozoans appear capable of performing syngamy, recombination and ploidy reduction through a standard meiotic process. The “asexual” model organism
Amoeba_(genus)
British botanist (born 1951)
studies. In particular he has researched orchids, and currently investigates ploidy and hybridization in Nicotiana. In 1984, he received 'The George H.M. Lawrence
Mark_Wayne_Chase
Species of plant
bearing small cymules 0.4 – 0.6 cm in diameter, each with 3 – 15 flowers. Ploidy: 2n = 76. The species is grown at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in
Buddleja_skutchii
Species of great ape
Genomic information NCBI ID GCF_029289425.2 Ploidy diploid Genome size 2,869.21 Mb Number of chromosomes 24 pairs Year of completion 2012, 2021 UCSC Genome
Bonobo
Species of mite
Genomic information NCBI ID 32264 Ploidy haploid (males) / diploid (females) Genome size 90.82 Mb Year of completion 2011
Tetranychus_urticae
Species of great ape
Genomic information NCBI ID GCF_028858775.2 Ploidy diploid Genome size 3,323.27 Mb Number of chromosomes 24 pairs UCSC Genome Browser assembly ID panTro6
Chimpanzee
Species of plant
Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London. Chen, G, Sun, W-B, & Sun, H. (2007). Ploidy variation in Buddleja L. (Buddlejaceae) in the Sino - Himalayan region and
Buddleja_alternifolia
Edible berries native to Northeast Asia
typically produce male and female offspring in a 1:1 ratio, regardless of ploidy level. Since only female plants bear fruit, male plants are unproductive
Kiwifruit
relatives vary dramatically in their genome sizes, without changing their ploidy, and this gives an exceptionally valuable window on the genomic expansion
Onion_test
Plastic surgery performed on the genitals
v t e Cytogenetics: chromosomes Basic concepts Karyotype Ploidy Genetic material/Genome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome
Genitoplasty
Finite ordered list of elements
its own convention for the different brackets. Compare the etymology of ploidy, from the Greek for -fold. "Algebraic data type - HaskellWiki". wiki.haskell
Tuple
Abnormal multiples of one or more chromosomes
name aneuploid karyotypes. This is not to be confused with the suffix -ploidy, referring to the number of complete sets of chromosomes. Polysomy is usually
Polysomy
Immature ovum or egg cell
Cell type ploidy/chromosomes chromatids Process Time of completion Oogonium diploid/46(2N) 2C Oocytogenesis (mitosis) third trimester primary Oocyte diploid/46(2N)
Oocyte
Berry and plant
Kim; Ranney, Thomas; Ashrafi, Hamid (2022). "Nuclear DNA contents and ploidy levels of North American Vaccinium species and interspecific hybrids". Scientia
Vaccinium_uliginosum
Species of tree
5 cm in diameter, each with 15 – 40 flowers, the corollas 3 – 4 mm long. Ploidy: 2n = 76. Buddleja incana is present in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia
Buddleja_incana
Species of turtle
Bickham et al. (1993) performed a small-scale cytological survey on the ploidy levels (number of sets of chromosomes) for somatic and gametic cells on
Twist-necked_turtle
Asexual reproduction in frogs and salamanders
they contain from each of their parent species, reflecting their level of ploidy. Embryonic mortality in parthenogenic amphibians is high. Hatching rates
Parthenogenesis_in_amphibians
Genus of amphibians
incorporation commonly takes the form of genome addition (resulting in ploidy elevation in the offspring), or genome replacement, wherein one of the maternal
Mole_salamander
Group of potato cultivars
traits such as frost tolerance, tuber dormancy, daylength adaptation, and ploidy level. Plants of the Phureja Group are ascending to erect, with pedicel
Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja
Solanum_tuberosum_Group_Phureja
Species of flowering plant in the grape vine family
Genomic information NCBI ID 29760 Ploidy diploid Genome size about 500 Mb Number of chromosomes 19 pairs Year of completion 2008 Sequenced organelle plastid
Vitis_vinifera
in mosaicism may be due to endogenous factors, such as transposons and ploidy changes, or exogenous factors, such as UV radiation and nicotine. Somatic
Human_somatic_variation
PLOIDY
PLOIDY
PLOIDY
PLOIDY
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Scandinavian, Swedish
Strong Fighter; Army Ruler; Leader of an Army
Boy/Male
Australian, Polish
Vitality; Life; To Rule World
Female
Greek
 Feminine form of Greek Dorotheos, DOROTHEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Dorothea.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
God Ganesha's Fev Plant
Girl/Female
Australian, British, Christian, English, French, Greek, Indian
Song; Of the Iyre; Poem; Singing to the Lyre; Expression of Emotion
Female
Yiddish
 Variant spelling of Yiddish Golda, GOLDE means "golden." Compare with another form of Golde.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name NGOC BICH means "precious jade."
Biblical
a revenger
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Storyteller.
PLOIDY
PLOIDY
PLOIDY
PLOIDY
PLOIDY