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Normative ethical theories
Virtue ethics (also aretaic ethics, from Greek ἀρετή [aretḗ]) is a theory in normative ethics that prioritizes the development of moral character and
Virtue_ethics
Thoughts on how humans should best live
in acting moderately. Aristotle emphasized that virtue is practical, and that the purpose of ethics is to become good, not merely to know. Aristotle
Aristotelian_ethics
Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good
purpose of life or a foundational principle of being. In human practical ethics, a virtue is a disposition to choose actions that succeed in showing high moral
Virtue
Virtues of mind and character
theory of ethics. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge); these four virtues are called "cardinal" because all other virtues fall under
Cardinal_virtues
Work on ethics by Aristotle
thinking was impeding philosophy. Interest in Aristotle's ethics has been renewed by the virtue ethics revival. Recent philosophers in this field include Alasdair
Nicomachean_Ethics
Philosophical study of morality
keeping promises. Virtue ethics sees the manifestation of virtues, like courage and compassion, as the fundamental principle of morality. Ethics is closely connected
Ethics
Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for morality
positions that combine some elements of each: virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism. Virtue ethics focuses on the character of those who are
Normative_ethics
Seven virtues in Christian tradition
Augustine (1912). "Virtue". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. Marbaniang, Domenic (May 2019). "Theology and Ethics: An Introduction". Revive
Seven_virtues
1981 book by Alasdair MacIntyre
philosophy as an exemplar. After Virtue is among the most important texts in the 20th-century revival of virtue ethics. The book was first published in
After_Virtue
Ethical theory
has noted the similarities between care ethics and virtue ethics but distinguished it from the virtue ethics of British moralists such as Hume in that
Ethics_of_care
New Zealand philosopher (born 1943)
philosopher noted for her work on virtue ethics. She is one of the leading exponents of contemporary virtue ethics, though she has also written extensively
Rosalind_Hursthouse
Ancient philosophy
rational discourse, monistic physics, and naturalistic ethics. These ideals constitute virtue, which is necessary for the Stoic goal of 'living a well-reasoned
Stoicism
Cardinal virtue of control over excess
discussions of both temperance and self-control in his pioneering system of virtue ethics. Aristotle restricts the sphere of temperance to bodily pleasures, and
Temperance_(virtue)
1964 book by Ayn Rand
The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism is a 1964 collection of essays by the Russian-born American philosopher Ayn Rand and the Canadian-American
The_Virtue_of_Selfishness
Ethical theory of Immanuel Kant
neglect of virtue by analytic philosophy. Roman Catholic priest Servais Pinckaers regarded Christian ethics as closer to the virtue ethics of Aristotle
Kantian_ethics
Way of approaching environmental ethics through the lens of virtue ethics
Environmental virtue ethics (EVE) is a way of approaching environmental ethics through the lens of virtue ethics. As Louke Van Wensveen points out, almost
Environmental_virtue_ethics
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong moral behavior, moral concepts (such as justice, virtue, duty) and moral language. Ethics
History_of_ethics
Part of environmental philosophy
a form of virtue ethics. Plumwood argues that a virtue-based ethical framework adapts more fittingly to environmental diversity, as virtues such as 'respect'
Environmental_ethics
Philosophical approach
advocates of virtue epistemology also adhere to theories of virtue ethics, while others see only a loose analogy between virtue in ethics and in epistemology
Virtue_epistemology
Cardinal virtue
is called the "virtue of religion". With the late modern rise in interest in virtue ethics, a new interest in articulating the virtue of justice has emerged
Justice_(virtue)
Human flourishing in ancient Greek philosophy
concept in Aristotelian ethics and subsequent Hellenistic philosophy, along with the terms aretē (most often translated as virtue or excellence) and phronesis
Eudaimonia
Class of ethical theories
rule-based ethics. Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to utilitarianism and other consequentialist theories, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In
Deontology
Christian ethics
Theological virtues are virtues associated in Christian theology and philosophy with salvation resulting from the grace of God. Virtues are traits or
Theological_virtues
Ethical theory based on family roles
of Confucianism is an example of role ethics, in particular the Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues (Chinese: 三綱五常; pinyin: Sāngāng Wǔcháng;
Role_ethics
Scottish-American philosopher (1929–2025)
seminal work in the area of virtue ethics can be found in his 1981 book, After Virtue. MacIntyre intends the idea of virtue to supplement, rather than
Alasdair_MacIntyre
and equanimity. Christian virtues are often divided into four cardinal virtues and three theological virtues. Christian ethics includes questions regarding
Ethics_in_religion
Virtue linked with basic ethics
Humanity is a virtue linked with altruistic ethics derived from the human condition. It signifies human love and compassion towards each other. Humanity
Humanity_(virtue)
Christian phrase of ethics, used by the Catholic Church
heroic virtue, as a concept within Christian ethics, is characterized by the embodiment of the cardinal and theological virtues. These virtues encompass
Heroic_virtue
Ethical theory based on consequences
consequentialism, together with virtue ethics, under a broader label of "teleological ethics". Proponents of teleological ethics (Greek: telos, 'end, purpose'
Consequentialism
Digital literacy for civic engagement
of virtue ethics. However, the information philosopher Luciano Floridi asserts that a global information ethics cannot be built upon virtue ethics, because
Digital_civics
Overview of and topical guide to ethics
environmental ethics through the lens of virtue ethics Trail ethics – Socially acceptable behaviors on recreational trails Ethics of eating meat – Food ethics topic
Outline_of_ethics
Philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle
telos, and emphasizes virtue ethics. Aristotle and his school wrote tractates on physics, biology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre
Aristotelianism
Approach to aesthetics
Virtue aesthetics is treating aesthetics similarly to the frameworks of virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.[dubious – discuss] Snow, Nancy E. (2023-08-16)
Virtue_aesthetics
Work of philosophy by Aristotle
Athenian Constitution. Eudemian Ethics. Virtues and Vices, Harvard University Press M. Woods, Aristotle's Eudemian Ethics: Books I, II, and VIII, Clarendon
Eudemian_Ethics
Virtue ethics applied to jurisprudence
philosophy of law, virtue jurisprudence is the set of theories of law related to virtue ethics. By making the aretaic turn in legal theory, virtue jurisprudence
Virtue_jurisprudence
2010 book by Raja Halwani
introduction to philosophical aspects of sex, love, and marriage based on virtue ethics. The book was reviewed by John Corvino, Jane O’Grady, Stan van Hooft
Philosophy of Love, Sex, and Marriage
Philosophy_of_Love,_Sex,_and_Marriage
Greek philosophical concept
Alexandria, and Basil of Caesarea. In Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, Book 2, chapter 6: "Virtue (arete), then, is a habit or trained faculty of choice, the
Arete
American philosopher (born 1942)
sharply from most of contemporary virtue ethics. Virtue Ethics in Christian Perspective (Cascade, 2024) and Virtue Ethics: An Introduction, A Proposal, and a
Robert_Campbell_Roberts
Meta-ethical view
ethical traditions, including some forms of utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and evolutionary ethics. In contemporary metaethics it is often associated with
Ethical_naturalism
Pejorative term
Virtue signalling is a pejorative neologism for the expression of a moral viewpoint with the intent of communicating good character, frequently used to
Virtue_signalling
Concept in philosophy
The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to intellectual
Epistemic_virtue
Aphorism against extremism
Nicomachean Ethics Book II: That virtues of character can be described as means. It was subsequently emphasized in Aristotelian virtue ethics. For example
Golden_mean_(philosophy)
Exposing of scandalous activity
respected in governance systems if it had a firmer academic basis in virtue ethics. Likely, many people do not even consider whistleblowing, not only because
Whistleblowing
Study of general and fundamental questions
medical treatments. Within contemporary normative ethics, consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics are influential schools of thought. Consequentialists
Philosophy
1958 philosophy article by G. E. M. Anscombe
(January 1958). The article has influenced the emergence of contemporary virtue ethics, especially through the work of Alasdair MacIntyre. Notably, the term
Modern_Moral_Philosophy
American Protestant theologian (born 1940)
contributions to modern theology are his advocacy of and work related to virtue ethics and postliberal theology. Hauerwas's book, A Community of Character:
Stanley_Hauerwas
Standard, doctrine or system of conduct
principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the
Morality
1751 book by Scottish enlightenment philosopher David Hume (1711–1776)
first-order moral theory that emerges from the second Enquiry is a form of virtue ethics. According to Hume, the kinds of things that our moral sentiments apply
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals
Quality of being humble
ISBN 978-81-208-1937-5. Gupta, B. (2006). "Bhagavad Gitā as Duty and Virtue Ethics". Journal of Religious Ethics. 34 (3): 373–395. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9795.2006.00274
Humility
Ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence
character and habits. In Aristotelian ethics, the concept is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues (such as episteme and sophia)
Phronesis
Ancient Greek concept of an ideal of excellence of character and soundness of mind
Aristotle included discussions of sophrosyne in his pioneering system of virtue ethics. Aristotle believed sophrosyne described "a mean with regard to pleasures
Sophrosyne
American philosopher
on sex and love, on business ethics, and on other topics to which he brought an Aristotelian perspective on virtue ethics. He also wrote A Short History
Robert_C._Solomon
Relationship between the guest and the host, or the art or practice of being hospitable
chevalier de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopédie as the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of humanity
Hospitality
Test of moral character
2008 and has since become an Internet meme. The theory judges a person's ethics by whether they return a shopping cart to its designated cart corral or
Shopping_cart_theory
Italian Dominican friar and philosopher (1225–1274)
his virtue ethics, and his sacramental theology. In addition to its vast influence on Catholic thought, his philosophy has influenced modern virtue ethics
Thomas_Aquinas
American philosopher
American philosopher renowned for his contributions to metaphysics and virtue ethics. He was also an internationally known beekeeper. Richard C. Taylor was
Richard_Clyde_Taylor
View in meta-ethics
Moral intellectualism or ethical intellectualism is a view in meta-ethics according to which genuine moral knowledge must take the form of arriving at
Moral_intellectualism
American philosopher (born 1983)
Littlefield.[citation needed] Alfano is known for his research on virtue ethics., virtue epistemology, social epistemology, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Alfano
Mark_Alfano
American philosopher (1964–2016)
November 3, 2016) was a Chinese moral philosopher noted for his work on virtue ethics. Yu was a Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York
Jiyuan_Yu
Immoral or depraved behavior or habit
Epicurean ethics prescribes a therapeutic approach to the vices with the goal of attaining a life of pleasure with the aid of the virtues. Most of the
Vice
Australian moral philosopher (born 1960)
philosopher. He has been part of the revival of the ethical doctrine known as virtue ethics, an Aristotelian doctrine which has received renewed interest in the
Justin_Oakley
Moral virtue and practice
qualities such as honesty and consistency of character. In ethics, a person is said to possess the virtue of integrity if the person's actions are based upon
Integrity
Latin phrase meaning 'love of fate'
spoke of: "a will to live without rejecting anything of life, which is the virtue I honor most in this world." Agonism – Political theory emphasizing the
Amor_fati
Branch of theology that defines virtuous and sinful behavior from a Christian perspective
Christian ethics, also known as moral theology, is a multi-faceted ethical system. It is a virtue ethic, which focuses on building moral character, and
Christian_ethics
Concept in virtue ethics
it resembles or presupposes virtue ethics. Anna Gotlib observes that rather than being a single theory, narrative ethics encompasses "a number of views
Narrative_ethics
American philosopher
Oxford University Press, 2011 Climate Ethics: Essential Readings, Oxford University Press, 2010 Virtue Ethics, Old and New, Cornell University Press
Stephen_M._Gardiner
Anglican cleric and theologian based in Durham, England
Her thesis was titled "The virtue of Bonhoeffer's ethics: a study of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Ethics in relation to virtue ethics". It was subsequently published
Jennifer_Moberly
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
century. In addition, his ethics, although always influential, has gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. In general, the details
Aristotle
One of the seven theological virtues
Christian theology, charity (Latin: caritas) is considered one of the seven virtues and was understood by Thomas Aquinas as "the friendship of man for God"
Charity_(Christian_virtue)
State of being morally correct and justifiable
bounteous. Ethics is a major branch of philosophy that investigates questions about morality. The field is divided into two parts: normative ethics, which
Righteousness
Steady moral qualities in people
can express a variety of attributes, including the presence or lack of virtues such as empathy, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty, or of good behaviors
Moral_character
Thought experiment in ethics
Violinist (thought experiment) Virtue ethics Philippa Foot, "The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect" in Virtues and Vices (Oxford: Basil
Trolley_problem
Ethics, virtue, and character in Islam
system known as "virtue ethics", which is based on "virtues, or moral character", rather than: "conceptions of the right (as in Kantian ethics) or the good
Islamic_ethics
New Zealand philosopher
works on virtue ethics. Freedom: A Coherence Theory, Hackett, 1992 Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View, Oxford University Press, 2003 The Virtue Ethics of Hume
Christine_Swanton
2007 book
Sex and Ethics: Essays on Sexuality, Virtue and the Good Life is a book edited by Raja Halwani in which the authors provide philosophical analyses of
Sex_and_Ethics
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
developed the first systematic theory of utilitarian ethics. In Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality (1731), Gay argues that: happiness
Utilitarianism
1993 anthology edited by William Bennett
Biermann, Joel D. (2014). "Virtue Ethics and the Challenge of Hauerwas". A Case for Character: Towards a Lutheran Virtue Ethics. Augsburg Fortress Publishers
The_Book_of_Virtues
Italian-American author and philosophy professor
Argument. Concerning morality, he is a moral realist. Ethical Veganism, Virtue Ethics, and the Great Soul, Rowman & Littlefielf, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4985-9003-7
Carlo_Alvaro
Non-stealing, a virtue in Indian religions
that asteya is rooted in the virtue of ahimsa. One commentator notes that the virtue of ahimsa would be 'defiled' if virtues such as asteya were not cultivated
Achourya
American philosopher
from Harvard University. He argues that virtue ethics, in a particular form which draws on the concept of an ethics of care, offers significant intuitive
Michael_Slote
Practical application of moral considerations
that they cross a stipulated threshold, consequentialism takes over. Virtue ethics, derived from Aristotle's and Confucius' notions, which asserts that
Applied_ethics
Ability to deal with fear
(2014). "Courage: A Modern Look at an Ancient Virtue, Journal of Military Ethics". Journal of Military Ethics. 13 (2): 174–189. doi:10.1080/15027570.2014
Courage
Legal, social, or ethical principles
meta-ethical theories are that ethics is concerned with one of the following: Duties (deontology) Value (axiology) Virtue (virtue ethics) Consequences (consequentialism
Rights
American fantasy-comedy television series (2016–2020)
frameworks that the series focuses on are utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Within the show, there is reference to John Locke, Tim Scanlon, Peter
The_Good_Place
Ability of a person to regulate itself with the use of reason
prudence is a virtue that involves taking calculated risks, but excessive caution can become the vice of cowardice. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
Prudence
Area of applied ethics
often informed by broader frameworks in business ethics, including duty-based theories, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism. Value-oriented framework, analyzing
Marketing_ethics
Character trait associated with pursuit of lofty goals
station or to succeed at lofty goals. It has been categorized both as a virtue and as a vice. The use of the word "ambitious" in William Shakespeare's
Ambition
on Aristotle's ethics and the broader tradition of virtue ethics. Her first book, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (1989), examines
Nancy_Sherman
Concern for the well-being of others
Rule – Principle of treating others reciprocally Humanity (virtue) – Virtue linked with basic ethics Misanthropy – General dislike of humanity Mutual aid (organization
Altruism
Stance favoring continuous technological evolution and longer lifespans
Extropianism, also referred to as the philosophy of extropy, is an "evolving framework of values and standards for continuously improving the human condition"
Extropianism
Theory in normative ethics
prominent moral theories, such as deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics, it finds its way into jurisprudence, with the idea of justifiable homicide
Moral_particularism
Moral quality of truthfulness
William Wollaston argued that all religion ultimately reduces to ethics and all ethics reduces to honesty (The Religion of Nature Delineated, 1722). “[E]very
Honesty
Religion is a distinct moral virtue within Christian ethics which consists in rendering God the worship as the source of all beings and the giver of all
Religion_(virtue)
Greek word for love
has also been considered in the contexts of other religions, religious ethics, and science. Liddell–Scott–Jones (LSJ) Lexicon lists many instances of
Agape
Buddhist Ethics as Virtue Ethics, Nick Gier compares Buddha's ethical teachings to Aristotle's, "Like Greek virtue ethics, Buddhist ethics is also humanistic
Buddhist_ethics_(discipline)
Evaluation of circumstances to make a decision
(relational), which has been the influence of theories such as deontology and virtue ethics. A major distinction, traced to Jean Piaget and refined by Elliot Turiel
Judgement
2018 American political phrase
2026-05-30 Souris, Renée Nicole (July 2024). ""The Cruelty is the Point": Virtue Ethics and Immigration". Polity. 56 (3): 434–455. doi:10.1086/730552. Steele
The_cruelty_is_the_point
Moral status and treatment of nonhuman animals
Animal ethics is a branch of ethics which examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be
Animal_ethics
Set of vices in Christian theology
Theological virtues – Christian ethics Three poisons in Buddhism Tree of virtues and tree of vices – Diagrams of the relationship between virtues and vices
Seven_deadly_sins
Chinese moral principles
The Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues are a set of Legalist (and later Confucian) foundational principles of morality. The Four Cardinal Principles
Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues
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