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Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
Utilitarianism is a family of theories in normative ethics that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals.
Utilitarianism
English philosopher and jurist (1748–1832)
philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. Bentham defined as the "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle
Jeremy_Bentham
English philosopher and author (1806–1873)
socialism, a theory repugnant to his predecessors". He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham. He contributed
John_Stuart_Mill
1861 essay by John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism is an 1861 book written by English philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill, considered to be a classic exposition and defense of utilitarianism
Utilitarianism_(book)
Philosophical aim of minimizing suffering
Negative utilitarianism (NU) is a form of negative consequentialism that can be described as the view that people should minimize the total amount of aggregate
Negative_utilitarianism
Topic in ethics
Preference utilitarianism (also known as preferentialism) is a form of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Unlike value monist forms of utilitarianism, preferentialism
Preference_utilitarianism
Flavour of utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that the morally right action is the one that produces the best results in that specific
Act_utilitarianism
Polish utilitarian philosopher
ethical egoism and utilitarianism. She and Singer use an evolutionary debunking argument to damage egoism but leave utilitarianism unscathed. In On What
Katarzyna_de_Lazari-Radek
Ethical theory based on consequences
Historically, hedonistic utilitarianism is the paradigmatic example of a consequentialist moral theory. This form of utilitarianism holds that what matters
Consequentialism
Philosophical study of morality
of utilitarianism have developed, including the difference between act and rule utilitarianism and between maximizing and satisficing utilitarianism. Deontology
Ethics
Ethical principle; incorporates deontology into greatest-happiness thinking
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness
Rule_utilitarianism
Theory of ethics
well-being. Two-level utilitarianism combines act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. In terms of two-level utilitarianism, act utilitarianism can be likened
Two-level_utilitarianism
Thought experiment critiquing utilitarianism
ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism. A hypothetical being, which Nozick calls the utility monster, receives
Utility_monster
Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for morality
an action is right or wrong. Classical theories in this vein include utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and some forms of contractarianism. These theories
Normative_ethics
Family of views prioritizing pleasure
period but became a central topic in the modern era with the rise of utilitarianism. Various criticisms of hedonism emerged in the 20th century, prompting
Hedonism
Country in northwestern Europe
ethical theory of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism. The BBC, founded
United_Kingdom
British philosopher and economist (1838–1900)
Essex, with his wife. Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an Intuitional basis". This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry
Henry_Sidgwick
Moral theory
Thomas M. Scanlon (1982). Contractualism as an alternative account to utilitarianism was first proposed by John Rawls in his book A Theory of Justice (1971)
Contractualism
View within ethics and political philosophy
give explicit priority to the worse off". Prioritarianism resembles utilitarianism, and is likewise a form of aggregative consequentialism. The term "prioritarianism"
Prioritarianism
Branch of sociology
common political and ethical motivations for formal punishment are utilitarianism and retributivism. Both these concepts have been articulated by law-makers
Sociology_of_punishment
Australian philosopher and academic
Utilitarianism. Smart gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism. According to the first, rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism because
J._J._C._Smart
Theory of value based on well-being
often seen as a type of consequentialism, and can take the form of utilitarianism. It is important for various discussions and arguments about welfarism
Welfarism
Class of ethical theories
or rule-based ethics. Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to utilitarianism and other consequentialist theories, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics
Deontology
Design philosophy of 19th–20th centuries
Form follows function is a principle of design associated with late 19th- and early 20th-century architecture and industrial design in general, which states
Form_follows_function
Uruguayan writer (1871–1917)
sense of life against the limitations of utilitarianism”. He furthers his argument by stating that utilitarianism causes certain individuals to become specialized
José_Enrique_Rodó
Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law
system. Modern frameworks include concepts such as distributive justice, utilitarianism, retributive justice and restorative justice. In broad terms, distributive
Justice
Book by John Stuart Mill
with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill. It applied Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. Mill suggested standards for the relationship
On_Liberty
Version of consequentialism
possible duties we may think of. A specific type of consequentialism is utilitarianism, which says that the consequences that matter are those that affect
Negative_consequentialism
American academic
ethics, applied ethics, and political philosophy. He is a defender of utilitarianism. Norcross graduated from Oxford University in 1983 and earned his Ph
Alastair_Norcross
This is an incomplete list of advocates of utilitarianism and/or consequentialism. Epicurus Lucretius Mozi Roger Bacon Richard Cumberland John Gay Bernard
List_of_utilitarians
Natural Supernaturalism – Nature, philosophy of – Nazism – Negative utilitarianism – Neo-Confucianism – Neoconservatism – Neo-Hegelianism – Neohumanism
List_of_philosophies
View that people should only act in their own self-interest
obligation to help others. Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self (also known
Ethical_egoism
Moral status and treatment of nonhuman animals
that are more widely accepted by society such as animal rights and utilitarianism. Some ethicists use the term speciesism to describe discrimination against
Animal_ethics
English coffee house
It was in this coffee house where Jeremy Bentham first conceived of Utilitarianism. In 2009, it rebranded itself as "QL". There is a second, smaller, QL
Queen's_Lane_Coffee_House
American philosopher (1957–2023)
related to animal rights and animal welfare, and R. M. Hare's two-level utilitarianism. At the time of his death, he was an emeritus professor in the department
Gary_Varner
considered the founders of utilitarianism, though the basic concept predates either of the two philosophers. Utilitarianism remains as one of the more
19th-century_philosophy
Concept relating to distribution of rewards to group members
While the basic notion that utilitarianism builds on seems simple, one major dispute within the school of utilitarianism revolved around the conceptualisation
Distributive_justice
American political philosopher (1938–2002)
of Justice, see Nozick implicitly join Rawls's attempts to discredit utilitarianism. Nozick's case differs somewhat in that it mainly targets hedonism and
Robert_Nozick
Problem in ethics
Another response is the conclusion that total utilitarianism must be rejected in favour of average utilitarianism, which would result in situation A+ being
Mere_addition_paradox
Ideology supporting both civil and economic liberties
institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of utilitarianism. The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejected classical
Classical_liberalism
Pain, mental, or emotional unhappiness
the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction
Suffering
Ethical views prioritising the reduction of suffering
with less suffering. A form of negative consequentialism is negative utilitarianism, according to which one should seek to minimise aggregate suffering
Suffering-focused_ethics
Decision rule of maximizing utility
"calibrate" the utility functions of the different individuals. Relative utilitarianism proposes a natural calibration mechanism. For every i ∈ I {\displaystyle
Utilitarian_rule
1866 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Russian nihilism. In the novel, Dostoevsky pinpointed the dangers of both utilitarianism and rationalism, the main ideas of which inspired the radicals, continuing
Crime_and_Punishment
American philosopher
History of English Utilitarianism (first published 1902; reprinted Routledge/Thoemmes 2003). The Beginnings of English Utilitarianism (reprinted by Wentworth
Ernest_Albee
Study of general and fundamental questions
Consequentialists judge actions based on their consequences. One such view is utilitarianism, which argues that actions should increase overall happiness while minimizing
Philosophy
Philosophical thought experiment
happiness pump is a philosophical thought experiment. It is a critique of utilitarianism. A happiness pump is someone who will do anything to increase other
Happiness_pump
Basic distinction in philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
1930 book by W. D. Ross
flaws in other ethical theories, for example, in G. E. Moore's ideal utilitarianism or in Immanuel Kant's deontology. Ross defends a realist position about
The_Right_and_the_Good
Philosophical positions
journal requires |journal= (help) "Introduction to Utilitarianism – Utilitarianism.net". Utilitarianism. Retrieved 2022-04-14. Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 231
Moral_relativism
Ability to experience feelings and sensations
determining which entities deserve moral consideration, particularly in utilitarianism. The word "sentience" has been used to translate a variety of concepts
Sentience
British philosopher (1942–2017)
Parfit distinguishes between average utilitarianism and total utilitarianism. He formulates average utilitarianism in two ways. One is what Parfit calls
Derek_Parfit
Normative ethical theories
g. Hume) continued to emphasise the virtues, with the ascendancy of utilitarianism and deontological ethics, virtue theory moved to the margins of Western
Virtue_ethics
Experience that feels good or is enjoyable
psychological tendency to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. Classical utilitarianism connects pleasure to ethics in stating that whether an action is right
Pleasure
1869 essay by John Stuart Mill
number of separate issues. Consistency in his approach is based on utilitarianism, and the good of society. Nothing should be ruled out because it is
The_Subjection_of_Women
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Nihilism
Study of the foundations of politics
developed, such as social contract theory, liberalism, conservatism, utilitarianism, Marxism, and anarchism. Political philosophy is the branch of philosophy
Political_philosophy
Systematic study of values
the overall value of the policy is positive or negative. Axiological utilitarianism accepts the additivity principle, saying that the total value is simply
Value_theory
Philosophical and literary concepts
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Apollonian_and_Dionysian
Ethical and physical thought experiment
baby Hitler can demonstrate the outlook of various moral philosophies: utilitarianism holds that killing baby Hitler is justified, as the potential benefits
Killing_baby_Hitler
Argument raised against consequentialist ethical theories
The demandingness objection is a common argument raised against utilitarianism and other consequentialist ethical theories. It suggests that the consequentialist
Demandingness_objection
Branch of philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Philosophy_of_mind
German philosopher (1844–1900)
prominent moral philosophies of his day: Christianity, Kantianism and utilitarianism. Nietzsche's concept "God is dead" applies to the doctrines of Christendom
Friedrich_Nietzsche
Theoretical study of law
approach can be found in the work of the legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin. Utilitarianism is the view that the laws should be crafted to produce the best consequences
Jurisprudence
Theory advanced by social scientists to explain facts about the social world
theoretical traditions: functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, and utilitarianism. While modern sociological theory descends predominately from functionalist
Sociological_theory
Philosophical aspects and arguments about suicide
toleration, with some seeing it as laudatory, depending on circumstance. Utilitarianism offers perhaps a confusing stance. For example, using Jeremy Bentham's
Philosophy_of_suicide
Philosophical tradition of the British people
tradition of advancing and defending utilitarianism. Mill's book Utilitarianism is a philosophical defense of utilitarianism. The essay first appeared as a
British_philosophy
well-being of the greatest number. Utilitarianism remains popular in the twenty-first century. Both Kantianism and Utilitarianism provide ethical theories that
History_of_ethics
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Lists_of_philosophers
Political philosophy and movement
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Anarchism
Philosophical work by Jeremy Bentham (1789)
important theoretical work," it is where Bentham develops his theory of utilitarianism and is the first major book on the topic. Bentham was the first major
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation
Biotechnological elimination of involuntary suffering
sentient beings. The idea is associated with some forms of transhumanism, utilitarianism, bioethics and animal welfare ethics. Supporters have proposed the use
Eradication_of_suffering
Thought experiment in ethics
obligatory to steer to the track with one man on it. According to classical utilitarianism, such a decision would be not only permissible, but, morally speaking
Trolley_problem
Theory that life is meaningless
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Absurdism
Ethics textbook
subjectivism, divine command theory, ethical egoism, social contract theory, utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and deontology. The book uses real-life examples in
The Elements of Moral Philosophy
The_Elements_of_Moral_Philosophy
Theory and methodology of text interpretation
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Hermeneutics
Concept in economics and decision theory
century has shown that insofar as utility represents happiness, as for utilitarianism, it is indeed proportional to log of income.) The first important use
Utility
1965 book by Ronald Field Atkinson
Sexual Morality is a 1965 book by Ronald Field Atkinson in which the author provides a critique of philosophical arguments about sex. The book was reviewed
Sexual_Morality_(book)
Axiological position which prioritizes avoiding preference frustration
preference utilitarianism is an ethical theory. Antinatalism The Asymmetry (population ethics) Buddhist ethics Frustration Negative utilitarianism Painism
Antifrustrationism
1971 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin
themes and philosophies such as positivism, Taoism, behaviorism, and utilitarianism. Its central plot surrounds a man whose dreams are able to alter past
The_Lathe_of_Heaven
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
List of ancient Greek philosophers
List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers
English philosopher (1929–2003)
She had approached Williams to write the opposing view of utilitarianism for Utilitarianism: For and Against with J. J. C. Smart (1973), and they had
Bernard_Williams
British moral philosopher (1919–2002)
formal features of moral discourse, and for his defence of preference utilitarianism based on his prescriptivism. Some of Hare's tutorial students, such
R._M._Hare
Philosophy about how humans should regard land
of the most prominent land ethics include those rooted in economics, utilitarianism, libertarianism, egalitarianism, and ecology. This is a land ethic based
Land_ethic
American philosopher
He is known for his expertise on utilitarianism. Mill's On Liberty, Routledge, 1998, 2015 Liberal Utilitarianism: Social Choice Theory and J.S. Mill's
Jonathan_Riley
Application of mathematics to calculate issues in ethics
An ethical calculus is the application of mathematics to calculate issues in ethics. Generally, ethical calculus refers to any method of determining a
Ethical_calculus
Assignment of resources among possible uses
ethical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis in the context of utilitarianism, two researchers suggest that "the long-term social and political project
Resource_allocation
2008 English-language philosophy book by Iain King
and presents new ideas in ethics, which have been described as quasi-utilitarianism. How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time has forty chapters
How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time
How_to_Make_Good_Decisions_and_Be_Right_All_the_Time
Algorithm in utilitarian ethics
happiness in units. The concept of measuring hedonic utility arose in Utilitarianism, with Classical Utilitarians acknowledging that the actual pleasure
Felicific_calculus
Scottish intellectual (1773–1836)
the father of John Stuart Mill, a noted philosopher of liberalism and utilitarianism, and a colonial administrator at the East India Company. James Milne
James_Mill
Australian philosopher (1925–2000)
experiment he used to criticize "extreme" utilitarianism, or what later came to be known as act utilitarianism. He was married to Mary Agnes McCloskey.
H._J._McCloskey
1973 short story by Ursula K. Le Guin
walk away from Omelas." Le Guin's short story explores the ideas of utilitarianism. Le Guin stated that the city's name is pronounced "OH-meh-lahss". Le
The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
The_Ones_Who_Walk_Away_from_Omelas
1874 book by Henry Sidgwick
one's own well-being) and utilitarianism (promoting everyone's well-being). According to Sidgwick, intuitionism and utilitarianism are in harmony with each
The_Methods_of_Ethics
Property law concept
Adverse possession in common law, and the related civil law concept of usucaption (also acquisitive prescription or prescriptive acquisition), are legal
Adverse_possession
Idea that an act can only be wrong if it is bad for somebody
future person. Person-affecting views can be seen as a revision of total utilitarianism in which the "scope of the aggregation" is changed from all individuals
Person-affecting_view
1974 philosophy paper by Thomas Nagel
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat?
Sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Reality
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Lightness_(philosophy)
Epistemological view centered on reason
emphasized a "politics of reason" centered upon rationality, deontology, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism was later
Rationalism
Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism
Many secular humanists derive their moral codes from a philosophy of utilitarianism, ethical naturalism, or evolutionary ethics, and some advocate a science
Secular_humanism
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name TIGERNMAGLUS means "lordly prince."
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
In Happy Mood
Boy/Male
Tamil
Arivalagan | அரிவாலகநÂ
Intelligent and handsome
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Essence of Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rising Sun
Girl/Female
English
Maiden.
Boy/Male
Indian
One who cares for others
Female
English
English form of Scottish Kirsten, KYRSTEN means "believer" or "follower of Christ."
Girl/Female
British, English
Peaceful Home
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Slave of the Giver of Peace
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
n.
One who holds the doctrine of utilitarianism.
n.
That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also, the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions.
n.
The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of the universe.
n.
Happiness; the greatest good, or happiness, of the greatest number, -- the foundation of utilitarianism.
a.
Of or pertaining to utilitarianism; supporting utilitarianism; as, the utilitarian view of morality; the Utilitarian Society.
n.
The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions.
n.
The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is determined by its usefulness.