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Verifiable computing (or verified computation or verified computing) enables a computer to offload the computation of some function, to other perhaps
Verifiable_computing
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up verification, vérification, verify, verifiability, verifiable, or verified in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Verification or verify may refer
Verification
Concept in cryptography
scheme is verifiable if auxiliary information is included that allows players to verify their shares as consistent. More formally, verifiable secret sharing
Verifiable_secret_sharing
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
documents Secure multi-party computation – Subfield of cryptography Verifiable computing using a fully homomorphic scheme Technology, Massachusetts Institute
Homomorphic_encryption
Public-key cryptographic pseudorandom function
In cryptography, a verifiable random function (VRF) is a public-key pseudorandom function that provides proofs that its outputs were calculated correctly
Verifiable_random_function
computing from 2020 to the present. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing. Significant events in computing
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
Hardware or firmware of computer chips
researchers have developed a way to corroborate a chip's operation using verifiable computing whereby "manufactured for sale" chips contain an embedded verification
Hardware_backdoor
Source code in computing for troubleshooting
referred to as a reprex, a minimal working example (MWE), a minimal complete verifiable example (MCVE), or a short self-contained correct example (SSCCE). How
Minimal_reproducible_example
Concept in computing
In computing, split-brain is a state indicating data or availability inconsistencies originating from the maintenance of two separate data sets with overlap
Split-brain_(computing)
Quantum computing chip
quantum computing chip". www.bbc.com. 9 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-01-12. Williams, Kevin (2024-12-22). "What Google's quantum computing breakthrough
Willow_processor
The history of computing extends beyond the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology including earlier methods that relied on pen
History_of_computing
Privacy-enhancing computing technique
Confidential computing is a security and privacy-enhancing computational technique focused on protecting data in use. Confidential computing can be used
Confidential_computing
Card Verifiable Certificates (CVC) are digital certificates that are designed to be processed by devices with limited computing power such as smart cards
Card_Verifiable_Certificate
Israeli computer scientist
Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 1988, pages 1-10. Tal Rabin and Michael Ben-Or for "Verifiable Secret Sharing and Multiparty
Michael_Ben-Or
Darknet anonymity network
For sending information, Riffle uses a hybrid shuffle, consisted of a verifiable shuffle and a symmetric-key algorithm. The Hybrid Shuffle protocol consists
Riffle_(anonymity_network)
Award
The ACM Prize in Computing was established by the Association for Computing Machinery to recognize individuals for early to mid-career innovative contributions
ACM_Prize_in_Computing
Research division of Google
Scientist. 22 October 2025. Retrieved 30 December 2025. "Google claims first verifiable quantum advantage for Willow chip". The Hindu. 23 October 2025. Retrieved
Google_Quantum_AI
Quantum computing implementation
Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of quantum computing and solid-state physics that implements superconducting electronic circuits as qubits
Superconducting quantum computing
Superconducting_quantum_computing
Voting system
End-to-end auditable or end-to-end voter verifiable (E2E) systems are voting systems with stringent integrity properties and strong tamper resistance.
End-to-end_auditable_voting
Quantum version of the Byzantine agreement protocol
below. The Byzantine Agreement protocol is a protocol in distributed computing. It takes its name from a problem formulated by Lamport, Shostak and Pease
Quantum_Byzantine_agreement
Approach for designing software
prescribes that software designers should define formal, precise and verifiable interface specifications for software components, which extend the ordinary
Design_by_contract
Proving validity without revealing other data
Things (IThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData)
Zero-knowledge_proof
Academic computer science journal
Formal Aspects of Computing (FAC) is a peer-reviewed Gold Open Access journal published by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the BCS (British
Formal_Aspects_of_Computing
Due to the distinction between computers and computing, some of the research groups refer to computing or datalogy. The French refer to computer science
Computer and information science
Computer_and_information_science
This is a list of computing and IT acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations. 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Standardized performance evaluation
measure the performance of batch computing, especially high volume concurrent batch and online computing. Batch computing tends to be much more focused on
Benchmark_(computing)
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
The OPRF construction can be extended in various ways. These include: verifiable, partially oblivious, threshold-secure, and post-quantum–secure versions
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
Academic journal
Theory of Computing is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering theoretical computer science. The journal was established in 2005 and is
Theory_of_Computing
Type of data structure
Transparency: when computing leaf node hashes, a 0x00 byte is prepended to the hash data, while 0x01 is prepended when computing internal node hashes
Merkle_tree
File format for encoding linked data
proofs to be computed over the underlying RDF graph rather than over a particular text file. This mechanism underpins the signing of Verifiable Credentials
JSON-LD
Irish computer scientist
aiming to distribute funds raised through the sale of carbon credits in a verifiable manner. Madhavapeddy graduated from Imperial College London in 1999,[citation
Anil_Madhavapeddy
Computing service
associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate
AWS_CloudFormation
Microsoft open source framework
programming that prioritizes highly-available data storage and a universally-verifiable data log implemented a ledger abstraction. As a permissioned framework
Confidential Consortium Framework
Confidential_Consortium_Framework
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable. Information without citations may be tagged or removed entirely. This
Wikipedia
American computer scientist
for Computing Machinery (ACM), the largest computing society in the world, until 2000. She joined ACM when her career focus shifted from computing research
Barbara_Simons
Multiparty cryptographic process
with verifiable complaints, all other parties reconstruct their own value sets in order to eliminate disqualified contributions. The group computes the
Distributed_key_generation
Cryptographic primitive
pairing-based cryptography, which allow for the creation of short and easily verifiable proofs of the truth of a statement. Unlike interactive zero-knowledge
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof
Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof
associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate
EXtensible_Tag_Framework
Subfield of cryptography
and protocol is about concealing partial information about data while computing with the data from many sources, and correctly producing outputs. By the
Secure multi-party computation
Secure_multi-party_computation
Cryptographer and theoretical computer scientist
Conference in 2017. She was awarded the 2022 ACM Prize in Computing "for breakthroughs in verifiable delegation of computation and fundamental contributions
Yael_Tauman_Kalai
their formal verification. In formal methods, program refinement is the verifiable transformation of an abstract (high-level) formal specification into a
Refinement_(computing)
2000 American federal cyber law
website operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian, and what responsibilities an operator
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
Children's_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act
US computer programmer and author
associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate
Herb_Sutter
Israeli-American computer scientist
(2008), "The 2008 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing", Distributed Computing: 22nd International Symposium, DISC 2008, Arcachon, France
Baruch_Awerbuch
Complexity class used to classify decision problems
for which the problem instances, where the answer is "yes", have proofs verifiable in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine, or alternatively
NP_(complexity)
digital artifacts including datasets, code, texts, and images are not verifiable nor permanent. Embedding cryptographic hash values to applied URIs has
TriX_(serialization_format)
Formal specification language created by Leslie Lamport
pseudocode, retaining its simplicity while providing a formally defined and verifiable language. A one-bit clock is written in PlusCal as follows: -- fair algorithm
PlusCal
Approach to public-key cryptography
publicly verifiable way to minimize the chance of a backdoor. Shor's algorithm can be used to break elliptic curve cryptography by computing discrete
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Distributed computing management software
xCAT (Extreme Cloud Administration Toolkit) is open-source distributed computing management software developed by IBM, used for the deployment and administration
XCAT
Consortium on random number generators
Technology's public randomness beacon. Verifiable randomness has numerous applications in blockchain computing, gaming, gambling, lotteries, elections
League_of_Entropy
Architectural pattern in software design
constraint of WOA, these AI systems can treat specific web data points as verifiable facts for generative responses. This alignment between RESTful principles
Web-oriented_architecture
Computer operating system for applications with critical timing constraints
in multitasking or multiprogramming environments. All operations must verifiably complete within given time and resource constraints or else the RTOS will
Real-time_operating_system
American computer scientist and cryptographer (born 1955)
systems, including the first proposal of a system that is end-to-end verifiable. This proposal, made in 1981, was given as an application of mix networks
David_Chaum
Unsolved problem in computer science
instances of this problem. Therefore, generalized Sudoku is in NP (quickly verifiable), but may or may not be in P (quickly solvable). (It is necessary to consider
P_versus_NP_problem
AI-assisted coding environment
asynchronous task execution. To build user trust, agents generate "Artifacts"—verifiable deliverables such as task lists, implementation plans, screenshots, and
Google_Antigravity
Method for dividing a secret among multiple parties
player might lie about his own share to gain access to other shares. A verifiable secret sharing (VSS) scheme allows players to be certain that no other
Secret_sharing
Cryptographic scheme
that relies on maintaining two sets of secret data packets, publishing verifiable hashes of the data packets, and then selectively revealing partial secret
Commitment_scheme
Software framework for heterogeneous computing systems
(ILP) Parallel computing Simultaneous multithreading Superscalar processor Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) Variable SMP Thread (computing) McClure, Paul
Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading
Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading
Secure multiparty computation cryptographic technique
195–215. Abadi, Aydin; Terzis, Sotirios; Dong, Changyu (2016). "VD-PSI: verifiable delegated private set intersection on outsourced private datasets" (PDF)
Private_set_intersection
Turkish computer study center
Performance Computing". Archived from the original on 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-10-05. "National Center for High Performance Computing". Archived from
Istanbul Technical University National Center for High Performance Computing
Istanbul_Technical_University_National_Center_for_High_Performance_Computing
in the 90s was that AI researchers focused on specific problems with verifiable solutions (an approach later derided as narrow AI). This provided useful
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Israeli–American professor
of Engineering 2016 Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery 2014 ACM Prize in Computing (formerly called the ACM-Infosys Foundation award)
Dan_Boneh
Object Management Group standard
layer was moved to a separate specification. Middleware Open architecture computing environment Object Management Group (OMG), standards body that developed
Data_Distribution_Service
Annual academic conference
The ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) series of academic conferences is generally considered the most prestigious in the field
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Conference_on_Human_Factors_in_Computing_Systems
Condition that must be satisfied for an engineered work to be acceptable
Such requirements must be rewritten to be verifiable. As stated above all requirements must be verifiable. Non-functional requirements, which are unverifiable
Requirement
The polynomial hierarchy is contained in probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time
the form of exactly counting the number of solutions to a polynomially-verifiable question (that is, to a question in NP), while loosely speaking, PP is
Toda's_theorem
American computer scientist (born 1942)
American computer scientist who works in the fields of distributed computing, parallel computing, cryptography, algorithms and data structures, and computational
Michael_J._Fischer
Academic unit at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, US
of Computing and Information Science (formerly the Faculty of Computing and Information Science from 1999 to 2020), also known as Cornell Computing and
Cornell Computing and Information Science
Cornell_Computing_and_Information_Science
Secure computing technology
Intel SGX enclaves to convert that "Report" structure into a remotely verifiable "Quote", which it would send to the system requesting attestation. Intel
Trust_Domain_Extensions
Intelligence of machines
approximation. Soft computing was introduced in the late 1980s and most successful AI programs in the 21st century are examples of soft computing with neural
Artificial_intelligence
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
respectability by focusing on specific sub-problems where AI can produce verifiable results and commercial applications, such as speech recognition and recommendation
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
Legal term
Signatures, a more powerful tool that provides non-repudiation in a publicly verifiable manner. Message Authentication Codes (MAC), useful when the communicating
Non-repudiation
Prize for high performance computing
achievement in high-performance computing applications. The main purpose is to track the progress over time of parallel computing, by acknowledging and rewarding
Gordon_Bell_Prize
Wikipedia tag added to unsourced statements
Assessment of Wikipedia's Verifiability". The World Wide Web Conference. WWW '19. San Francisco, CA, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1567–1578
Citation_needed
Cryptographic protocol
with cryptography tools that produce output which can be later used as a verifiable record of the communication event and the identities of the participants
Off-the-Record Messaging protocol
Off-the-Record_Messaging_protocol
Software company
needed] and supports both a self-hosted web service, and a managed cloud computing service. As of December 2025, the n8n company's platform was being reported
N8n
Indian computer scientist
resilient overlay network (with David Andersen), and the rcc tool for verifiable Internet routing (with Nick Feamster). The CarTel project (2005-2010)
Hari_Balakrishnan
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
perfect digital signatures of anything. The public key owner must be verifiable: A public key associated with Bob actually came from Bob. This is commonly
Digital_signature
American software company
Layer0 Industry Platform as a Service, Serverless Computing, Cloud Computing Founded 2009 Founder Ajay Kapur, Ishan Anand Headquarters San Francisco, California
Layer0
Secure multi-party computation protocol
the normal case and verifiable DC-nets only upon disruption, to distribute accusations more quickly than is feasible using verifiable shuffles. Chaum DL
Dining_cryptographers_problem
Software library for computing discrete Fourier transforms
Fastest Fourier Transform in the West (FFTW) is a software library for computing discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) developed by Matteo Frigo and Steven
Fastest Fourier Transform in the West
Fastest_Fourier_Transform_in_the_West
Formula computing the inverse of the sum of a matrix and the outer product of two vectors
alternate verification of the Sherman–Morrison formula using the easily verifiable identity ( I + w v T ) − 1 = I − w v T 1 + v T w {\displaystyle \left(I+wv^{\textsf
Sherman–Morrison_formula
Online open-source voting system
create the ballot and process the votes is based on Benaloh's Simple Verifiable Voting Protocol. Both frontend and backend are free software. The backend
Helios_Voting
Proof that a number is prime
complement of integer factorization lie in NP, the class of problems verifiable in polynomial time given a solution. These problems already trivially
Primality_certificate
School in Enfield, London, England
voluntary aided co-educational secondary school specialising in mathematics, computing and engineering, with a sixth form. It is a London Diocesan Church of
Bishop_Stopford's_School
Computer program projects to halt the spread of the respiratory disease
cloud computing resources from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, for drug discovery. The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium
Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation
Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation
American inventor
the Internet Safety Labs (ISL). ISL promotes the use of disciplined and verifiable product safety protection concepts and rules in the creation of all software
Arlene_Harris_(inventor)
Higher-level programming standard for heterogeneous computing
Conference on High Performance Computing, Network, Storage, and Analysis. SC-W '23. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1114–1125.
SYCL
associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate
Data Center Manageability Interface
Data_Center_Manageability_Interface
Korean financial IT company
The Korea Securities Computing Corporation (Koscom; Korean: 코스콤) is a Korean financial IT company that provides the IT infrastructure to the Korean financial
Koscom
Rule that defines a business
defines a process of capturing business rules in natural language, in a verifiable and understandable way. This process is not difficult to learn, can be
Business_rule
Process of writing a self-compiling compiler
"Reproducible Builds — a set of software development practices that create an independently-verifiable path from source to binary code". reproducible-builds.org.
Bootstrapping_(compilers)
Advanced interactive shell for Python
parallel computing. IPython is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project. IPython is based on an architecture that provides parallel and distributed computing. IPython
IPython
Purely functional package manager for the GNU system
David; Tournier, Simon (4 October 2022). "Toward practical transparent verifiable and long-term reproducible research using Guix" (PDF). Scientific Data
GNU_Guix
Distributed data store for digital transactions
blockchains may be considered secure by design and exemplify a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. A blockchain was created by
Blockchain
Informal name of a person, place, or thing
gives self-sourcing popular culture examples whose notability is not verifiable or meaningful in the context of the main topic. Please help improve this
Nickname
American-Canadian computer scientist, contributor to complexity theory
of seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing - STOC '75. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 83–97. doi:10.1145/800116.803756
Stephen_Cook
U.S. scientific conference
Programming Languages Conference". Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library. Association for Computing Machinery. June 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2026
History of Programming Languages (conference)
History_of_Programming_Languages_(conference)
associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate
Virtual_Interface_Adapter
Public university in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Business Faculty of Education Faculty of Communication and Media Faculty of Computing and Information Technology Faculty of Design Faculty of Meteorology, Environment
King_Abdulaziz_University
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Sun
Boy/Male
British, English, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu
Youthful
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sword of the Faith
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Lord of the Gods
Boy/Male
British, English
Boisterous; High-spirited
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
A Picture or a Painting
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Faith Belief
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, German, Latin, Swedish
Blind; Form of Cecilia; Sixth
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Time before day break bewitch
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
VERIFIABLE COMPUTING
n.
A contrivance for computing the revolutions of a wheel; an odometer.
n.
A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as, he is a veritable Croesus.
n.
An arbitrary fixed date, for which the elements used in computing the place of a planet, or other heavenly body, at any other date, are given; as, the epoch of Mars; lunar elements for the epoch March 1st, 1860.
n.
Any wonderful story coming down from the past, but not verifiable by historical record; a myth; a fable.
a.
That may be vitrified; vitrifiable.
a.
Vitrifiable.
p. p. & a.
Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as, the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball.
n.
The art of measuring and computing the cubical contents of bodies and figures; -- distinguished from planimetry.
n.
A quantity to be applied in computing the mean place or other element of a celestial body; that is, any one of the several quantities to be added to, or taken from, its position as calculated on the hypothesis of a mean uniform motion, in order to find its true position as resulting from its actual and unequal motion.
a.
Agreeable to truth or to fact; actual; real; true; genuine.
a.
Capable of being verified; confirmable.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compute
n.
A person or thing existing only in imagination, or whose actual existence is not verifiable.
a.
Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable.
v. i.
To make an enumeration or computation; to engage in numbering or computing.
n.
An instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic (light-producing) rays, and computing the power of object glasses.
v. t.
True; real; actual; veritable.
n.
The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning.
a.
Capable of being vitrified, or converted into glass by heat and fusion; as, flint and alkalies are vitrifiable.
n.
A system of numbers, whose denominations rise in a scale of twelves, as of feet and inches. The system is used chiefly by artificers in computing the superficial and solid contents of their work.