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2011 book by David Abulafia
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean is a book by the British historian David Abulafia. First published in 2011, it is a history of the
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
The_Great_Sea:_A_Human_History_of_the_Mediterranean
The history of the Mediterranean region and of the cultures and people of the Mediterranean Basin is important for understanding the origin and development
History of the Mediterranean region
History_of_the_Mediterranean_region
Sea between Africa, Asia, and Europe
The Mediterranean Sea (/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ MED-ih-tə-RAY-nee-ən) is an intercontinental sea situated between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is surrounded
Mediterranean_Sea
Records of Earth's people
Society in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0395-1. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Allen
Human_history
Prehistoric village in Sicily
Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (Oxford University Press, 2011; ISBN 019975263X), pp. 34-35. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian
Thapsos
Catholic southern European alliance (1571)
in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8. Abulafia, David (2012). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
Holy_League_(1571)
English historian (1949–2026)
for his work on Mediterranean history. In 2020, he was awarded the Wolfson History Prize for The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans. His death
David_Abulafia
1922 fire during the Greco-Turkish War
(2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4. Archived from the original
Burning_of_Smyrna
Hypothetical flood scenario
The Black Sea deluge is the best known of three hypothetical flood scenarios for the Late Quaternary history of the Black Sea that have been proposed
Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis
Island in Greece
Thucydides (1954). The Peloponnesian War. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. David Abulafia (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Penguin Books
Milos
Name used by the ancient Greeks to refer to non-Greek people
University Press. p. 54. Abulafia, David (2014) [2011]. The great sea - A human history of the Mediterranean. London UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141969992.
Tyrrhenians
History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-832-9. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean.
History_of_sugar
War between Athens and Sparta (431–404 BC)
1996, almost 2,400 years after the war ended. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Peloponnesian_War
The Wolf: How One German Raider Terrorised the Southern Seas during the First World War 2011 David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
Mountbatten_Maritime_Prize
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1580
ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. pp. 449. ISBN 978-0199752638
Lala_Mustafa_Pasha
the Road). Ota Zaremba, 68, Czech weightlifter, Olympic champion (1980). David Abulafia, 76, British historian (The Great Sea: A Human History of the
Deaths_in_January_2026
Outdated grouping of human beings
The Mediterranean race (also Mediterranid race) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on the now-disproven theory of biological race. According
Mediterranean_race
Marine mammals of the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean cetaceans constitute a unique assemblage of species found in the virtually closed basin of the Mediterranean Sea. This assemblage differs
Mediterranean_cetaceans
Ancient Egyptian battle
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195323344. Emanuel, Jeffrey P. (2017). Black Ships and Sea Raiders:
Battle_of_Perire
Hiking path in Gibraltar
the Mediterranean Sea and the Spanish Costa del Sol. The Mediterranean Steps were built as part of the military communications system built by the British
Mediterranean_Steps
List of massacres of the Greco-Turkish War that lasted from 1919 to 1922
mutilate, and murdered. Abulafia, David (2011). The great sea : a human history of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9780195323344
List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
List_of_massacres_during_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)
Chinese scientist and entrepreneur (born 1929)
the Glomar Challenger sailed for the Mediterranean Sea. Two scientists, Bill Ryan and Ken Hsu, were looking for evidence of the early history of the Mediterranean
Kenneth_Hsu
International organization of Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf region parliaments
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) is an international organization established in 2005 by the national parliaments of the countries
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean
Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Mediterranean
Part of the biblical narrative of the Exodus
The Parting of the Red Sea or Crossing of the Red Sea (Hebrew: קריעת ים סוף, romanized: Kriat Yam Suph, lit. "parting of the sea of reeds") is an episode
Parting_of_the_Red_Sea
An incomplete bibliography of Gibraltar: Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9934-1
Bibliography_of_Gibraltar
The North Sea has an extensive history of maritime commerce, resource extraction, and warfare among the people and nations on its coasts. Archaeological
History_of_the_North_Sea
Lake in Eurasia
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, also described as the world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea
Caspian_Sea
1571 naval battle of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars
"V". The Castle on the Hill. Hachette UK. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9781529378139. Abulafia, David (2012). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. New
Battle_of_Lepanto
Ottoman governor and admiral
ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3. Abulafia, David (2012). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Penguin Books, pp. 444–446 Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18)
Müezzinzade_Ali_Pasha
Influence of the sea on aspects of human culture
painting. The Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai created colour prints of the moods of the sea, including The Great Wave off Kanagawa. The sea has appeared
The_sea_in_culture
City in Cyprus
David (2012). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-141-02755-5. Turnbull, Stephen (2003). The Ottoman Empire
Limassol
23. ISBN 978-0-7614-4855-6. Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4
List of largest European cities in history
List_of_largest_European_cities_in_history
British Overseas Territory in Iberia
April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane.
Gibraltar
Maritime history dates back thousands of years. The earliest watercraft used by humans were rafts, as they needed less sophisticated wood-working skills
Ancient_maritime_history
High-magnitude, low-frequency catastrophic flood involving the sudden release of water
the emergence of modern humans. The Mediterranean did not dry out during the most recent glacial maximum. Sea level during glacial periods within the
Outburst_flood
Part of the Fascist Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War
(2001). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 604. Salerno, Reynolds (2002). Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins
Italian occupation of Mallorca
Italian_occupation_of_Mallorca
Founder of the Achaemenid Empire
II of Persia (c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Hailing from Persis, he brought the Achaemenid
Cyrus_the_Great
Geographical region
The Southern Levant is a geographical region in West Asia along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory corresponding approximately to
Southern_Levant
Jewish medieval merchants
1163/156852074X00183. ISSN 1568-5209. Abulafia, David (2011). The great sea : a human history of the Mediterranean. Internet Archive. London : Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9934-1
Radhanite
History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-832-9. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean.
Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean
The history of Gibraltar, a small peninsula on the southern Iberian coast near the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea, spans over 2,900 years. The peninsula
History_of_Gibraltar
Southern region of Europe
Europe is a loosely defined region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Southern
Southern_Europe
The Black Sea slave trade trafficked people across the Black Sea from Eastern Europe and the Caucasus to slavery in the Mediterranean and the Middle East
Black_Sea_slave_trade
age control of Khvalynean basin history. Collection papers of Intern. geosciens programme conference, project 521 "Black Sea -Mediterranean corridor" Izmir
Epoch_of_Extreme_Inundations
Phoenician city-state
from a small settlement in present-day Tunisia into the Carthaginian Empire, a major power that dominated the western half of the Mediterranean Sea. Carthage
Ancient_Carthage
Eurasian sea northeast of the Mediterranean
The Black Sea is a marginal sea located between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north
Black_Sea
Outdated grouping of human beings
The Nordic race is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. It was once considered a race or one
Nordic_race
Abulafia, David (2011). "PART TWO: The Second Mediterranean". The great sea: a human history of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press.
Etruscan_sea-faring
Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League
David (2012). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-141-02755-5. Borowiec, Andrew (2000). Cyprus: A Troubled Island
Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
Ottoman–Venetian_War_(1570–1573)
Athenian military expedition to Sicily during the Peloponnesian War (415–413 BC)
(2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4. Nancy Demand, A History of Ancient
Sicilian_Expedition
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Alexandria, Egypt. 331 BC – Rhacotis renamed "Alexandria" by Alexander the Great (approximate
Timeline_of_Alexandria
The Maritime history of Europe represents the era of recorded human interaction with the sea in the northwestern region of Eurasia in areas that include
Maritime_history_of_Europe
The Levant is the area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south
History_of_the_ancient_Levant
Highest rank of naval officer
Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021. David Abulafia (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London:
Admiral
Continuous geographic trench from Asia to Southeast Africa
The Great Rift Valley (GRV) is a series of contiguous geographic depressions, approximately 6,500 kilometres (4,000 mi) in total length, which, in its
Great_Rift_Valley
Region of the North Atlantic Ocean
The Sargasso Sea (/sɑːrˈɡæsoʊ/) is a region of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre. It is the only named sea without land
Sargasso_Sea
use of the sea by other ancient, seafaring civilizations of the Mediterranean. The galley was a long, narrow, highly maneuverable ship powered by oarsmen
Ships_of_ancient_Rome
warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I took place between the naval forces of the Entente and the Central Powers in the Mediterranean Sea between
Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I
Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I
archipelagos of geographic interest belong to Spain: the Balearic Islands, located in the Mediterranean Sea, with a latitude similar to that of Castilla-La
Topography_of_Spain
Unintended migration of marine species across the Suez Canal
Canal, usually from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and more rarely in the opposite direction. When the canal was completed in 1869, fish, crustaceans
Lessepsian_migration
Bulgaria and then into the Black Sea. 147 km (25 km in Turkey) Kızılırmak 'Red River' is the longest river in Turkey, also known as the Halys River. 1,350 km
List_of_rivers_of_Turkey
Roman expression of dominion over the Mediterranean Sea
In the Roman Empire, Mare Nostrum was a term that referred to the Mediterranean Sea. Meaning "Our Sea" in Latin, it denoted the body of water in the context
Mare_Nostrum
Aspect of world history
Alexander to defeat the Persian navy by taking every city along the Mediterranean instead of initiating a very high-risk battle on the sea. By reducing this
History_of_Anatolia
curtail sea travel between October and April, due in part to the lack of dependable clear skies during the Mediterranean winter, the prolongation of the sailing
History_of_the_compass
The olive is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees on Earth, and its history is deeply intertwined with humans; it has expanded its range through human
History_of_the_olive
Greece from 7000–3200 BC
(2011). The prehistory of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. United
Neolithic_Greece
Salt lake in the Levant
valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. The waters formed in a narrow
Dead_Sea
Region in the Eastern Mediterranean
The Levant is a subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean that forms part of the Middle East. The term is often used in conjunction with historical
Levant
the Mediterranean Sea either partly or completely dried up as the result of evaporation. As a result, its formerly submerged bottom turned into a desert
Hypothetical locations of Atlantis
Hypothetical_locations_of_Atlantis
Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa
symbols. The Red Sea is a mediterranean sea lying between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa. It is an inlet of the Indian Ocean. Its connection to the ocean
Red_Sea
2005 British TV series or programme
Europe: A Natural History is a four-part BBC nature documentary series which looks at the events which have shaped the natural history and wildlife of the European
Europe:_A_Natural_History
Abulafia, David (2011-10-13). The Great Sea:A Human History of the Mediterranean: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 398
Seventh_siege_of_Gibraltar
Archaic Greek expansion across the Mediterranean and Black Sea (750–550 BC)
The Greek colonisation was the expansion of Archaic Greeks across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, particularly during the 8th–6th centuries BCE. The
Greek_colonisation
Freshwater lake in Israel
The Sea of Galilee, also called Lake Tiberias, Genezareth Lake or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in northeast Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake
Sea_of_Galilee
Modern Greek political movement
mutilated, and murdered. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9780195323344
Enosis
Investigating an unfamiliar area
Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some expectation of discovery. Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory
Exploration
International law of the sea
The duty to render assistance is the title of Article 98 provided in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that generally
Duty_to_render_assistance
Greek administration of the area around Smyrna/İzmir (1919–1922)
mutilated, and murdered. Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9780195323344
Occupation_of_Smyrna
Type of dragon described in mythology
Yahweh's command, such as the Tanninim mentioned in Book of Genesis 1:21 and the "great serpent" of Amos 9:3. In the Aeneid, a pair of sea serpents killed Laocoön
Sea_serpent
1492–1792 series of conflicts
The Spanish–Ottoman wars were fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire for Mediterranean and overseas influence, and especially for global
Spanish–Ottoman_Wars
(2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4. Kagan, Donald (1981). The Peace of Nicias
List of wars involving ancient and medieval Spain
List_of_wars_involving_ancient_and_medieval_Spain
Violations of the laws of war committed by Turkey
The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 588. ISBN 9780195323344. Archived from the original on 26 March
Turkish_war_crimes
Seaside town in Essex, England
was called Clacton-on-Sea to distinguish it from the older village about 1 mile (1.6 km) inland. Great Clacton and Clacton-on-Sea were always administered
Clacton-on-Sea
and the coastlines of the Aegean and Mediterranean. The Anatolian plain is separated from the Black Sea by the Pontic Mountains, converging with the Taurus
Geography_of_Turkey
remarkable human presence in the Alpine region came into being with the population growth and agrarian expansion of the High Middle Ages. At first a mixed
History_of_the_Alps
Person enslaved or sentenced to row in a galley
a kind of human chattel, sometimes a prisoner of war, assigned to the duty of rowing. In the ancient Mediterranean, galley rowers were mostly free men
Galley_slave
Abulafia, David (13 October 2011). The Great Sea:A Human History of the Mediterranean: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 398
Eighth_siege_of_Gibraltar
Species of bird
The great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) is the largest member of the gull and tern family Laridae. It is a very aggressive hunter, pirate and scavenger
Great_black-backed_gull
Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea
archaeology) is a discipline within archaeology as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated
Maritime_archaeology
Native animals of Europe
ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Though over half of Europe's original
Fauna_of_Europe
Body of water between the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas
arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries
Adriatic_Sea
which the sea or ocean, or a great river was more important. Another important focus of worship of water deities has been springs or holy wells. As a form
List_of_water_deities
development of sea travel firmly integrated North Africa into the Mediterranean world, especially during the classical period. In the 1st millennium AD, the Sahara
History_of_North_Africa
Myth in which a great flood destroys civilization
argues for a catastrophic irruption of water about 5600 BCE from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea basin. This has become the subject of considerable
Flood_myth
Monolithic limestone promontory located in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar
The Rock of Gibraltar is a monolithic limestone mountain 426 m (1,398 ft) high dominating the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea at the Strait of
Rock_of_Gibraltar
(September 2001). "The 49a,f haplotype 11 is a new marker of the EU19 lineage that traces migrations from northern regions of the Black Sea". Human Immunology
Genetic_history_of_Europe
Greek colonies in the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, respectively, since classical antiquity. Iberian War (526-532) Battle of Dara (530) Vandalic
Military_history_of_Greece
Large body of salt water
the Mediterranean Sea), or a large, nearly landlocked body of water. The salinity of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths
Sea
Lake in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
time in modern history the eastern basin of the Aral Sea had completely dried up. The eastern basin is now called the Aralkum Desert. In a Kazakhstani effort
Aral_Sea
Marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia
bayğal) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is located between the Arctic Cape to the north, the coast of Siberia to the south, the New Siberian
East_Siberian_Sea
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