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Concept in economics
In Marxian economics, surplus value is the difference between the amount raised through a sale of a product and the amount it cost to manufacture it:
Surplus_value
Theory in classical and Marxian economics
profit, and rent. Marx extended this analysis to develop his theory of surplus value, which holds that profit originates from the exploitation of workers
Labor_theory_of_value
Three-volume work by Karl Marx, 1867–1894
exploitation of labour, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of surplus value and profit. Beginning with an analysis of the commodity, Marx argues
Das_Kapital
School of economic thought
distribution of the surplus product and surplus value in various types of economic systems, the nature and origin of economic value, the impact of class
Marxian_economics
Literary work by Karl Marx
Theories of Surplus Value (German: Theorien über den Mehrwert) is a draft manuscript written by Karl Marx between January 1862 and July 1863. It is mainly
Theories_of_Surplus_Value
German philosopher and socialist (1818–1883)
Surplus Value, which discussed and critiqued the theoreticians of political economy, particularly Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Theories of Surplus Value
Karl_Marx
Pricing problem in Marxism
difficulty was this: given that Marx derived profit, in the form of surplus value, from direct labour inputs, and that the ratio of direct labour input
Transformation_problem
Economic concept
is presented in the volumes of Theories of Surplus Value and Das Kapital. Marx explains the origin of surplus labour in the following terms: "It is only
Surplus_labour
Economic concept theorised by Karl Marx
time (notably by the Physiocrats), but in Das Kapital, Theories of Surplus Value and the Grundrisse Marx gave the concept a central place in his interpretation
Surplus_product
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up surplus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Surplus may refer to: Economic surplus, one of various supplementary values Excess supply, a situation
Surplus
Political philosophy
such conditions, surplus value—the difference between the value produced and the value received by a labourer—is synonymous with surplus labour, and capitalist
Marxism
Concept in economics
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either
Economic_surplus
Economic phenomenon
of surplus value as the proportion between surplus value/product and necessary value/product. The surplus value/product is the materialised surplus labour
Exploitation_of_labour
Marxist doctrine
as such". Since the value of these claims does not function as capital, is merely a claim on future surplus, "the capital-value of such paper is...wholly
Fictitious_capital
Process of using materials to produce something
usual. Surplus value indicates that the output has more value than the sacrifice made for it, in other words, the output value is higher than the value (production
Production_(economics)
Inputs used in the production of goods and services with economic value
consist of anything that enables or could enable the extraction of surplus value (exploitation). Similarly, for Proudhon, goods not meant for immediate
Means_of_production
Capitalism featuring rent-seeking without wealth creation
used by Karl Marx himself, it is compatible with the Marxist idea of surplus value extraction. In his early works, Karl Marx juxtaposes the terms "rentier"
Rentier_capitalism
Benefit provided by a good or service in an economy
between the value to the consumer and the market price is called "consumer surplus". It is easy to see situations where the actual value is considerably
Value_(economics)
Hypothesis in Marxist economics
the value of labor power (the immiseration thesis). Cheapening the elements of constant capital by various means. The growth of a relative surplus population
Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall
Class of wage-earners
to survive and continue working. The second part, called capitalized surplus value, is used to renew or increase the means of production (capital), either
Proletariat
Literary work by Karl Marx
heart of the argument is the labour theory of value and the related premise that profit represents surplus value created by labour working above and beyond
Value,_Price_and_Profit
Concept in Marxian economics
(surplus-value) to the total amount of wages paid (the value of labour power). The rate of exploitation is often also called the rate of surplus-value
Rate_of_exploitation
Concept in Marxist theory
productivity. This allows for the extraction of relative surplus-value by lowering the value of labour-power. Later Marxist thinkers, including the Italian
Subsumption_(Marxism)
Marxist concept
depending on the context, for example as "creation of surplus-value", "self-expanding value", "increase in value" and similar expressions. These renderings were
Valorisation
Social class
factories, land, and technology. By employing the proletariat, they extract surplus value from the workers' labour, a process fundamental to the functioning and
Bourgeoisie
Concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy
concept of the law of value in his works Grundrisse, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Theories of Surplus Value and Das Kapital, he
Law_of_value
Single transferable vote counting rule
the Candidates Total Value’ of votes (Sv = Ctvv-Q) Surplus Transfer Value (Stv) means the value calculated by the Surplus value (Sv) divided by the Candidate’s
Wright_system
German political scientist (born 1957)
argument requires the presumption that the rate of surplus-value grows faster than the ratio of capital to value, which cannot be demonstrated from the concepts
Michael_Heinrich
Concept in economics
its productive powers without committing suicide. In the Theories of Surplus Value ("Volume IV" of Das Kapital, 1863), Marx refines this theory to distinguish
Creative_destruction
Systems of organizing production and distribution within capitalist societies
characterized by private ownership of the means of production, extraction of surplus value by the owning class for the purpose of capital accumulation, wage-based
Capitalist_mode_of_production
Difference between input value and market value
labour Surplus value United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA) Valorisation Value (marketing) Value-added reseller Value chain Value product
Value_added
The last five money-incomes are components of realized surplus value. In principle, the value product also includes unsold inventories of new outputs
Value_product
How well a commodity fulfills human purposes
property claim to surplus value, is indifferent to particular use-values—what matters in this financial relation is only whether more value can be appropriated
Use_value
Economic concepts used by Karl Marx
production. Rent as an economic category is regarded by Marx as one form of surplus value just like net interest income, net production taxes and industrial profits
Differential and absolute ground rent
Differential_and_absolute_ground_rent
Proportion of worth at which a commodity can be traded for other commodities
initially bought to produce it, as well as a gross profit component (surplus value) which became definite and manifest only after the commodity has been
Exchange_value
Book by Moishe Postone
Postone. While Marx's theory of surplus value is often interpreted as a theory of exploitation, Postone rather examines the value in this temporal dynamic.
Time, Labor and Social Domination
Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination
Work by Karl Marx, written 1857–1858
between value, exchange-value, and use-value. Similarly, while the Grundrisse contains the first full elaboration of the concept of surplus value, its presentation
Grundrisse
Concept in economics
received from its outputs and total costs of its inputs, also known as "surplus value". It is equal to total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit
Profit_(economics)
2023 United States Supreme Court case
unpaid taxes, when the value of the property seized is greater than the tax debt. A unanimous court held that the surplus value is protected by the Fifth
Tyler_v._Hennepin_County
Concept in game theory
players in the subset | S | {\displaystyle |S|} . Interpret that as the surplus value player i {\displaystyle i} gains from this coalition further divide
Shapley_value
assumptions are that the value of labour power is proportionate to the actual wage rate, that the ratio of variable capital to surplus value is given by the price
Criticism_of_Marxism
Economic theories regarding cyclical recessions
in a progressive increase of the absolute mass of the appropriated surplus value, or profit; so that on the whole a relative decrease of variable capital
Crisis_theory
Systematic study of values
philosopher Karl Marx extended the labor theory of value in various ways. He introduced the concept of surplus value, which goes beyond the time and resources
Value_theory
Concept created by Karl Marx
constant capital to newly produced value (roughly, what modern economists call "value added"), i.e., surplus-value + variable capital and close to the
Organic composition of capital
Organic_composition_of_capital
Modern politico-economic ideology
concept of value and supplementary relation to Marx's category of surplus value. According to Baran's categories: Actual economic surplus: "the difference
Neo-Marxism
Impacts on German socialist philosopher
develop the concept of surplus value, which distinguished his works from that of Smith and Ricardo. Workers create enough value during a short period of
Influences_on_Karl_Marx
Economic system based on private ownership
defined by private ownership of the means of production, extraction of surplus value by the owning class for the purpose of capital accumulation, wage-based
Capitalism
Capacity to do work in Marxism
have been able to make any profit, to realise any surplus-value, since according to the law of value exchange is between equivalents, an equal quantity
Labour_power
Already-produced durable goods that are used in production of goods or services
of surplus-value. It is called "variable" since the amount of value it can produce varies from the amount it consumes, i.e., it creates new value. On
Capital_(economics)
1848 political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
bourgeoisie was not disappearing, for example, in his 1863 work, Theories of Surplus Value. The obscurity of his later work means that Marx's acknowledgement of
The_Communist_Manifesto
Dynamic that motivates pursuit of profit
asset value that is used by capitalists to obtain additional value (surplus-value). This requires property relations which enable objects of value to be
Capital_accumulation
Pejorative term for reinterpretation of Marxism
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
Revisionism_(Marxism)
School of Marxism aligned with humanist philosophies
sole source of value. While secondary forms of capital (e.g., merchants, bankers, landowners) participate in acquiring surplus value, they do not contribute
Marxist_humanism
workers. This system differs from earlier forms of trade by focusing on surplus value from production rather than simply "buying cheap and selling dear."
History_of_capitalism
Capital invested in means of production
generate surplus value by confusing depreciation, or the loss of value by a machine, with value creation". His argument is, that a machine can add value to
Constant_and_variable_capital
Dominant post-WWII post-industrial global economy
of the rate of surplus value; (iv) the development of the rate of accumulation, and more specifically the reinvestment of surplus value in production;
Late_capitalism
Ownership or control of an economy by a government
economy and essentially acts as a single huge corporation, extracting surplus value from the workforce in order to invest it in further production. This
State_capitalism
Concept which originated in the thought of Karl Marx
who possess the means of production, who exploit the proletariat for surplus value, as the proletarians possess only their own labour power which they
Mode_of_production
Scottish computer scientist and economist
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
Paul_Cockshott
Used as a measure of shareholder value in the financial analysis of shares
economic value added is one way of measuring the increase in shareholder wealth achieved by a company. Surplus value, in Marxian economics "Value Added"
Added_value
Concepts in Marxist theory
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
Base_and_superstructure
Theory developed by Karl Marx
relationship is inherently exploitative, as the capitalists extract surplus value from the workers' labor. This economic antagonism is the root of class
Marx's_theory_of_class
Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)
thesis was that capitalism, as a closed system, could not realise the surplus value it generated and was therefore dependent on a constant expansion into
Rosa_Luxemburg
Marxian economy centered around use value, planning and contribution-based distribution
only takes as much as one has contributed. There is no extraction of surplus value and thus no exploitation in such a system. The higher stage of communism
Socialist_mode_of_production
1864 letter written by Karl Marx to Abraham Lincoln
labor theory of value that Marx advocated for: The prudent, penniless beginner in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy
Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln
Address_of_the_International_Working_Men's_Association_to_Abraham_Lincoln
Person involved in activities for profit
value. It is generally thought to embrace risks beyond what is normally encountered in starting a business. Its motivation can include other values than
Businessperson
Concept in Marxist theory
that concept. Similarly to the relationship between value and price, surplus-value (the essence) must appear as profit (the appearance), a transformation
Value-form
Social class
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
Petite_bourgeoisie
1913 book by Rosa Luxemburg
non-capitalist markets and societies to solve the problem of realizing surplus value and to facilitate its expansion. She posited that this necessity for
The_Accumulation_of_Capital
Social theory developed by Karl Marx
of the world of men" proceeding in direct proportion to "the increasing value of the world of things". The objectification of labour appears as a loss
Marx's_theory_of_alienation
Surplus value after accounting for costs
taxes on datacentres for their use of energy. In economics, rent is a surplus value after all costs and normal returns have been accounted for, i.e. the
Resource_rent
Arguments against the economic system of capitalism
as free persons, there can be no production of surplus value; without the production of surplus-value there can be no capitalist production, and hence
Criticism_of_capitalism
1878 book by Friedrich Engels
economy, as detailed in Das Kapital. Engels explains the theory of surplus value and how it arises from the exploitation of labour in a capitalist system
Anti-Dühring
Argentine revolutionary (1928–1967)
result of the commodification of labor and the operation of the law of value. For Guevara, the challenge was to replace the individuals' alienation from
Che_Guevara
Concept in Marxist analysis
exchanged. Through commodity fetishism, social phenomena such as market value, wages and rent are reified (attributed to things, i.e. goods, labour, land)
Commodity_fetishism
Marxist concept
Superprofit, surplus profit or extra surplus-value (German: extra-Mehrwert) is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy subsequently elaborated
Superprofit
Marxian economic concept
"relative surplus population", except that the unemployed can be defined as those actually looking for work and that the relative surplus population
Reserve_army_of_labour
Concept in economic theory
production (i.e. independent producers exchanging surpluses for other products of an approximately equivalent value) although Marx did not use that name for it
Simple_commodity_production
National accounts measure of operating profit
of the surplus accruing from production before deducting property income, e.g., land rent and interest. Operating surplus is a component of value added
Operating_surplus
Subject of a trade or other exchange
have episodic or permanent surpluses to their own requirements, and they aim to obtain different goods with an equal value in return. Marx refers to this
Article_of_commerce
Overview of and topical guide to Marxism
capital Variable capital Surplus value Surplus labour Surplus product Law of value Commodity Value form Use value Exchange value Social class / Marxian
Outline_of_Marxism
Economic theories, practices and norms of socialism
difference between the average value of wages and the value of national output per worker did not imply the existence of surplus value since it was part of a
Socialist_economics
Cause of the crisis of capital accumulation and labor devaluation in a capitalist economy
requires the accumulation of capital through the continual reinvestment of surplus value. Accumulation can reach a point where the reinvestment of capital no
Overaccumulation
Mode of production theory
despotic ruling clique, residing in central cities and directly expropriating surplus from largely autarkic and generally undifferentiated village communities"
Asiatic_mode_of_production
Concepts used in classical political economy
Kapital Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ch04.htm An Inquiry into the Nature
Productive and unproductive labour
Productive_and_unproductive_labour
Marxist theory of cultural dominance
the culture of that society—the beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and mores—so that the worldview of the ruling class becomes the accepted
Cultural_hegemony
that creates surplus value, e.g. production of raw materials and manufacturing products. Unproductive labor does not create surplus value and may in fact
Marxist_feminism
Price levels at which goods and services must be sold
fully depends on market trade. If there are no market sales, then value and surplus value cannot be realized as private profit. For the purpose of the analysis
Prices_of_production
Treatment of social attributes as real, in Marxist theory
the Proletariat." Rubin, I. I. 1972 [1928]. "Essays on Marx’s Theory of Value." Schaff, Adam. 1980. Alienation as a Social Phenomenon. Tadić, Ljubomir
Reification_(Marxism)
Italian Marxist philosopher, writer, and politician (1891–1937)
hegemonic culture, which propagated its own values and norms so that they became the common sense values of all. People in the working class and other
Antonio_Gramsci
Relationship where a worker sells labour to an employer
as free persons, there can be no production of surplus value; without the production of surplus-value there can be no capitalist production, and hence
Wage_labour
Left-wing variant of communism
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
Left_communism
1852 essay by Karl Marx on the 1851 French coup d'état
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte
Economic theorem regarding rate of profit
the value of constant capital plus variable capital (c + v) gives profits s. Now the value composition of capital c/v, the rate of surplus value s/v,
Okishio's_theorem
Interpretation of Karl Marx's value theory
so-called "value rate of profit" (the ratio of surplus-value to capital invested), while (b) businesses' investments of capital value, and thus the values of
Temporal single-system interpretation
Temporal_single-system_interpretation
Socialist tendency developed by Nikolai Bukharin
Productive forces Relations of production Commodity (fetishism) Surplus product Surplus value Exploitation Wage labour Capital (accumulation) Critique of
Bukharinism
German philosopher and socialist (1820–1895)
core concepts like constant and variable capital and the theory of surplus value. He also served as Marx's "man on the ground" for analysing economic
Friedrich_Engels
School of thought in economics
Theories of Value and Distribution Since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory (1973), as well as in Karl Marx's Theories of Surplus Value. The above
Classical_economics
Italian communist politician and Marxist theoretician (1889–1970)
socialism in which the law of value no longer directs economic activity. Monetary relations in the form of exchange-value, profit, interest, and wage labour
Amadeo_Bordiga
Economic process
appropriation of surplus value. Classical Marxist theory posits that this contradiction will intensify to a point where socialization of surplus value appropriation
Socialization_(Marxism)
SURPLUS VALUE
SURPLUS VALUE
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excess, Surplus
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Possessing Divine Surplus
Boy/Male
Indian
High, Excellent, Surplus, Abundance
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Prayer; Surplus; Overabundance
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Excess; Surplus
Boy/Male
Muslim
Surplus bestowed by Allah
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant spelling of Searles.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Possessing Divine Surplus
Boy/Male
Muslim
High, Excellent, Surplus, Abundance
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Excess; Surplus
Girl/Female
Indian
Surplus, Overabundance
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Place Name
Girl/Female
Arabic
Excess; Surplus
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Addition; Surplus; Increase; Growth
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Increase; Addition; Surplus; Plenty
Girl/Female
Muslim
Surplus, Overabundance
Girl/Female
Muslim
Excess, Surplus
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Abundant; Plentiful; Surplus
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Surplus
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Surplus Bestowed by Allah
SURPLUS VALUE
SURPLUS VALUE
Boy/Male
Indian
Girl/Female
Indian
Madly Love songs
Girl/Female
Irish
The feminine form of Ciaran, from the Irish ciar meaning “dark†and implies “dark hair and brown eyes.†St. Ciara was a distinguished seventh-century figure who established a monastery at Kilkeary in County Tipperary. It was the fourth most popular baby girl name in Ireland in 2003.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil
Calm
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Era; Generation
Boy/Male
Indian
Peak, Lord of Sun
Male
Finnish
Pet form of Finnish Sakari, SAKU means "whom Jehovah remembered."
Male
English
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Glædwine, GLADWYN means "bright friend."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : altered form of Pickering.
Female
Italian
Diminutive form of Latin Antonia, possibly ANTONIETTA means "invaluable."Â In use by the Italians and Spanish.
SURPLUS VALUE
SURPLUS VALUE
SURPLUS VALUE
SURPLUS VALUE
SURPLUS VALUE
n.
An excess; a surplus.
n.
That which remains after a supply, or beyond a quantity proposed; surplus.
n.
A syrphus fly.
n.
A sum or quantity over; surplus.
v. t.
The art of carrying off surplus water, as from land.
n.
Excessive measure; the excess beyond true or proper measure; surplus.
n.
The act of surcharging; also, surcharge, surplus.
imp. & p. p.
of Surpass
pl.
of Purple
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Surpass
n.
Increase; addition; surplus.
v. t.
To surfel.
n.
An outlet for the escape of surplus liquid.
n.
That which remains when use or need is satisfied, or when a limit is reached; excess; overplus.
n.
Specifically, an amount in the public treasury at any time greater than is required for the ordinary purposes of the government.
n.
Surplus.
a.
Being or constituting a surplus; more than sufficient; as, surplus revenues; surplus population; surplus words.
v. t.
To go beyond in anything good or bad; to exceed; to excel.
n.
A pipe used for carrying off surplus water.