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In solid state physics, a surface phonon is the quantum of a lattice vibration mode associated with a solid surface. Similar to the ordinary lattice vibrations
Surface_phonon
Quasiparticle form phonon and photon coupling
physics, a phonon polariton is a type of quasiparticle that can form in a diatomic ionic crystal due to coupling of transverse optical phonons and photons
Phonon_polariton
Quasiparticle of mechanical vibrations
A phonon is a quasiparticle, collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, specifically in solids
Phonon
Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
topics investigated in surface physics include friction, surface states, surface diffusion, surface reconstruction, surface phonons and plasmons, epitaxy
Surface_science
Italian experimental physicist
experimental measurement of surface phonon spectra, conventional and acoustic surface plasmon dispersion, and gas surface interaction. Mario Rocca graduated
Mario_Rocca
Loss of heat by thermal radiation
Smith, G. B. (2010-02-10). "Radiative Heat Pumping from the Earth Using Surface Phonon Resonant Nanoparticles". Nano Letters. 10 (2): 373–379. Bibcode:2010NanoL
Radiative_cooling
Electromagnetic waves that travel along an interface
as surface plasmon polaritons, but are called by a different term, surface phonon polaritons. In order to understand the effect of roughness on SPPs,
Surface_plasmon_polariton
Aspect of condensed matter physics
Phonons can scatter through several mechanisms as they travel through the material. These scattering mechanisms are: Umklapp phonon-phonon scattering,
Phonon_scattering
Diffraction of He from surfaces
vibrational modes of a solid surface, so HAS could now be used to probe lattice dynamics. The first measurement of such a surface phonon dispersion curve was
Helium_atom_scattering
Tool used in surface science
plays an important role in the investigation of surface structure, catalysis, dispersion of surface phonons and the monitoring of epitaxial growth. In general
High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy
High_resolution_electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy
Sound wave which travels along the surface of an elastic material
the other direction. Linear elasticity Love wave Phonon Picosecond ultrasonics Rayleigh wave Surface plasmon polariton Ultrasound Applied Solid State
Surface_acoustic_wave
Italian physicist
various research areas regarding low-dimensional systems, like surface dynamics and surface phonon spectroscopy, the topology and physics of cluster-assembled
Giorgio_Benedek
Meng, N. Andrejevic, Y. Zhu, G. D. Mahan, and G. Chen, "Theory of electron-phonon-dislon interacting system – toward a quantized theory of dislocations",
List_of_quasiparticles
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
rate from thermalized hot electrons to surface phonons is much smaller than the energy transfer to the bulk phonons. It must also be underlined that the
Two_temperature_model
A} is the radiating surface area, and T {\displaystyle T} is temperature. Heat current can also be thought of as the total phonon distribution multiplied
Heat_current
Model of phonons-polaritons
electromagnetic and lattice vibrational waves known as phonon-polaritons, rather than currents or photons. Since phonon-polaritons propagate with frequencies in the
Polaritonics
German-American scientist
referred to as Tang-Toennies model. High-resolution measurements of surface phonon dispersion for Ag, LiF, NaF, KCl, and Pt-crystals were carried out using
Jan_Peter_Toennies
Resistance to thermal flow between two materials
vibrational properties in different materials, when an energy carrier (phonon or electron, depending on the material) attempts to traverse the interface
Interfacial thermal resistance
Interfacial_thermal_resistance
Quantum chemistry rule regarding vibronic transitions
small, zero- or few-phonon transitions can only be observed at temperatures below about 40 kelvins. See Zero-phonon line and phonon sideband for further
Franck–Condon_principle
Capacity of a material to conduct heat
quality of the surface. Thus, temperature dependence of λL is determined by the specific heat and is therefore proportional to T3. Phonon quasimomentum
Thermal conductivity and resistivity
Thermal_conductivity_and_resistivity
Device that emites acoustic radiation
amplification based on stimulated emission of phonons. Sound (or lattice vibration) can be described by a phonon just as light can be considered as photons
Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Sound_amplification_by_stimulated_emission_of_radiation
Coherent delocalized electron oscillations
Surface plasmons (SPs) are coherent delocalized electron oscillations that exist at the interface between any two materials where the real part of the
Surface_plasmon
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid or liquid matter (such as a phonon, plasmon, or an exciton). Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion
Polariton
LiF(001) surface and the hydrogenated Si(111) surface. Kole, P.R.; Jardine, A.P.; Hedgeland, H.; Alexandrowicz, G. (2010). "Measuring surface phonons with
Helium-3_surface_spin_echo
Scattering process outside crystals' first Brillouin zone
conductivity in crystalline materials, the others being phonon scattering on crystal defects and at the surface of the sample. The left panel of Figure 1 schematically
Umklapp_scattering
Quantity in solid-state physics
may be important, such as neutral impurity scattering, optical phonon scattering, surface scattering, and defect scattering. Elastic scattering means that
Electron_mobility
Formal constraint in quantum mechanics
in relaxation of the selection rules and appearance of these unexpected phonon modes in the spectra. Therefore, the appearance of new modes in the spectra
Selection_rule
Chemical compound
Skofronick; W. P. Brug; S. A. Safron (1989). "Surface phonon modes of the RbBr(001) crystal surface by inelastic He-atom scattering". Phys. Rev. B.
Rubidium_bromide
Quantum anomaly
anomaly or the Kohn effect is an anomaly in the dispersion relation of a phonon branch in a metal. The anomaly is named for Walter Kohn, who first proposed
Kohn_anomaly
Experimental technique to determine the distribution of electrons in solids
Yu; Rienks, E D L; Chulkov, E V (December 11, 2009). "Electron–phonon coupling at surfaces and interfaces". New Journal of Physics. 11 (12) 125005. Bibcode:2009NJPh
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy
Force resisting sliding motion
understood case is the drag force on dislocations due to atomic vibrations (phonon drag), although electron interactions can also play a role. There are also
Friction
Branch of physics
storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons. Heat
Heat_transfer_physics
Spectroscopic technique
can also be used. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser
Raman_spectroscopy
Method in physics
estimate phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box
Debye_model
D. I.; Cleland, A. N. (November 2018). "Quantum control of surface acoustic-wave phonons". Nature. 563 (7733): 661–665. arXiv:1804.07308. Bibcode:2018Natur
Quantum_acoustics
polarization in the surface layers of a solid. Magnons are analogous to other forms of polaritons, such as plasmons and phonons, but represent an oscillation
Surface_magnon_polariton
Spectroscopic technique
typically localized at the surface, and can strongly affect IMFP. Temperature-dependent atomic lattice vibrations, or phonons, can broaden the core level
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy
Research institute of the Paris-Saclay University
Kociak, Mathieu (26 March 2021). "Three-dimensional vectorial imaging of surface phonon polaritons". Science. 371 (6536): 1364–1367. arXiv:2011.10825. doi:10
Laboratoire de Physique des Solides
Laboratoire_de_Physique_des_Solides
Metallic palladium
This can be explained by a hardening of the phonon spectrum, which includes a decrease in the electron–phonon constant λ. The process of absorption of hydrogen
Palladium_hydride
Release of an atoms or molecules from a surface
lower than the Si-Br bond strength. Instead, the optical phonons of the Silicon weaken the surface bond through vibrations and also provide the energy for
Desorption
Phenomenon in solid-state physics of semiconductors
multistep nature of trap emission, a phonon is also often emitted. Trap emission can proceed by use of bulk defects or surface defects. Non-radiative recombination
Carrier generation and recombination
Carrier_generation_and_recombination
American electrical engineer
explanation; studies of phonons in nanostructures and low-dimensional materials, which led to the development of the field of phonon engineering; investigation
Alexander_A._Balandin
Surface force Surface forces apparatus Surface freezing Surface gravity Surface layer Surface phenomenon Surface phonon Surface photovoltage Surface plasmon
Index_of_physics_articles_(S)
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
significant than electron–phonon interactions in cuprates – making the superconductivity unconventional. Recent work on the Fermi surface has shown that nesting
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Applications of liquid helium
well-defined magnitude and phase, as well as well-defined phonon–roton (P-R) modes. A phonon refers to a quantum of energy associated with a compressional
Helium_cryogenics
with complex phonon dispersions is using the Einstein model which states that only one phonon mode exists in solids. For optical phonons, this approximation
Carrier_scattering
Behaviour of metals at low temperatures
however, the Fermi surface can be substantially smaller than the size of the Brillouin zone, and only a small fraction of acoustic phonons can scatter off
Bloch–Grüneisen_law
Quasiparticle in condensed matter physics
equilibrium positions to effectively screen the charge of an electron, known as a phonon cloud. This lowers the electron mobility and increases the electron's effective
Polaron
Non-destructive type of ultrasonics
nanomaterials or to study phonon physics. The absorption of an incident optical pump pulse sets up a local thermal stress near the surface of the sample. This
Picosecond_ultrasonics
Movement of charge carriers with negligible scattering
acoustic phonon (emission and absorption) scattering length, λ o p , e m s {\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {op,ems} }} is the optical phonon emission
Ballistic_conduction
Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter
since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations. Thus, plasmons are collective
Plasmon
Energy quantum particles contribute to themselves
Another example of self-energy is found in the context of phonon softening due to electron-phonon coupling. Mathematically, this energy is equal to the so-called
Self-energy
Semiconductor laser
fraction of the light energy is absorbed by the surface states, where it is converted to the heat by phonon-electron interactions. This heats the cleaved
Laser_diode
Materials whose temperature variance leads to voltage change
reduce the thermal conductivity due to elevated scattering of phonons on their extensive surfaces and low cross-section. Combining Si and Ge also allows to
Thermoelectric_materials
American professor
and post-doctoral research on ultrahigh-vacuum and surface physics, studying the surface phonons of porous vycor glass with Professor Thomas J. Greytak
Cherry_A._Murray
Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
gases, information about rotational energy can also be gleaned. For solids, phonon modes may also be observed. The basics of infrared absorption regarding
Raman_scattering
Process by which heat is transferred within an object
diffusion, as in metals, or phonon vibration, as in insulators. In insulators, the heat flux is carried almost entirely by phonon vibrations. Metals (e.g
Thermal_conduction
Material which exhibits superconductivity above 0 °C
.4.4513K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4513. PMC 5938259. PMID 29740606. "High-temperature superconductivity: Exploring quadratic electron-phonon coupling".
Room-temperature superconductor
Room-temperature_superconductor
Interaction of light with material waves in a medium
quasiparticle) could be for example: mass oscillation (acoustic) modes (called phonons); charge displacement modes (in dielectrics, called polarons); magnetic
Brillouin_scattering
Photoluminescent particles
upconversion is nonradiative phonon relaxation. Generally, if large numbers of phonons are needed to convert excitation energy into phonon energy, the efficiency
Upconverting_nanoparticles
Belgian physicist (1950–2013)
fraction, enabling accurate predictions of surface phonon spectra. This work was cited extensively in the surface physics literature and established the Namur
Jean-Pol_Vigneron
X-ray imaging technique
J.; Baruchel, J. (1999-09-20). "X-ray imaging and diffraction from surface phonons on GaAs". Applied Physics Letters. 75 (12). AIP Publishing: 1709–1711
Diffraction_topography
Heat capacity of an electron gas
capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure metals, however, the electronic
Electronic_specific_heat
Type of surface acoustic wave which travels along the surface of solids
traveling through the air. Linear elasticity Longitudinal wave Love wave Phonon Surface acoustic wave Telford, William Murray; Geldart, L. P.; Robert E. Sheriff
Rayleigh_wave
Relation of wavelength/wavenumber as a function of a wave's frequency
conductor. Phonons are to sound waves in a solid what photons are to light: they are the quanta that carry it. The dispersion relation of phonons is also
Dispersion_relation
Canadian physicist (1936–2023)
could be operated with a 500 Hz bandwidth at a sensitivity near the one phonon level and around 800 Hz, and could complement a 4-km laser interferometer
Jean-Paul_Richard
Light scattering by small particles
solids such as glass, and is responsible for acoustic wave damping and phonon damping in glasses and granular matter at low or not too high temperatures
Rayleigh_scattering
Number of available physical states per energy unit
system, the density of states can be calculated for electrons, photons, or phonons, and can be given as a function of either energy or the wave vector k.
Density_of_states
Special point in the density of states of a crystal
analyzed by the Belgian physicist Léon Van Hove in 1953 for the case of phonon densities of states. Consider a one-dimensional lattice of N particle sites
Van_Hove_singularity
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
electron scattering by optical phonons of the substrate has a more significant effect than scattering by graphene's phonons, limiting mobility to 40000 cm2⋅V−1⋅s−1
Graphene
Injection of EM radiation into a solid, resulting in bond breakage
energy given to the electrons will be transferred to the ions via electron-phonon coupling. This will cause the entire material to heat up, melt, and thermally
Coulomb_explosion
Point defect in diamonds
lasers. Excitation can also be achieved at energies below that of zero phonon emission. The radiative lifetime of the 3E excited state is around 10 ns
Nitrogen-vacancy_center
Quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion
impurities or Umklapp scattering. Umklapp phonon-phonon scattering exchanges momentum with the crystal lattice, so phonon momentum is not conserved, but Umklapp
Second_sound
Basque physicist and former Minister of Education of the Basque Autonomous Community
materials and surfaces as well as their interaction with surface excitations such as surface plasmons, surface plasmon polaritons, and surface phonons. Etxenike
Pedro_Miguel_Etxenike
Non-crystalline solid
a dimensionless ratio (up to a numerical constant) of the phonon wavelength to the phonon mean free path. Since the theory of tunnelling two-level states
Amorphous_solid
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
of disorder in the molecular structure of a liquid or solid. The thermal phonon mean free paths or relaxation lengths of a number of glass formers have
Glass_transition
Study of heat conduction between solid bodies
contact patch restricted transport of phonons rather than electrons. When the two bodies come in contact, surface deformation may occur on both bodies
Thermal_contact_conductance
Ratio of energy extracted from sunlight in solar cells
carrier combination. The excess kinetic energy is converted to heat through phonon interactions as the kinetic energy of the carriers slows to equilibrium
Solar-cell_efficiency
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
\gamma } is the exciton-phonon coupling constant, and ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the characteristic frequency of optical phonons. Excitons are self-trapped
Exciton
Light emission from substances after they absorb photons
minimum. Typical mechanisms are Coulomb scattering and the interaction with phonons. Finally, the electrons recombine with holes under emission of photons
Photoluminescence
phonon oscillations, and interatomic binding are ignored since they are far below this range (~a few eV), and the interaction of particle and surface
Low-energy_ion_scattering
Infrared spectroscopy sampling technique
particularly when studying very hard solids, although the broad diamond phonon band between 2600 and 1900 cm−1 significantly decreases signal to noise
Attenuated_total_reflectance
Wave which propagates through a magnetic material
which are bosonic modes of the spin lattice that correspond roughly to the phonon excitations of the nuclear lattice. As temperature is increased, the thermal
Spin_wave
Surface-sensitive spectroscopy technique
1103/PhysRevLett.66.1489 Guyot-Sionnest, P.;"Two-phonon bound state for the hydrogen vibration on the H/Si(111) surface". Physical Review Letters, 67, 1991, p 2323
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy
Sum_frequency_generation_spectroscopy
Chemical compound naturally occurring as periclase
"Reflection Thermal Diffuse X-Ray Scattering for Quantitative Determination of Phonon Dispersion Relations". Physical Review B. 92 (17) 174301. Bibcode:2015PhRvB
Magnesium_oxide
Acoustic analogue of a black hole in which sound plays the role of light
sometimes called a dumb hole or acoustic black hole, is a phenomenon in which phonons (sound perturbations) are unable to escape from a region of a fluid that
Sonic_black_hole
Soviet physicist (1895–1971)
Cherenkov radiation. He also predicted the quasi-particle of sound: the phonon; and in 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, proposed the Tokamak system
Igor_Tamm
Experiments used to map the Fermi surface
this technique has been used to observe a predicted state called "electron–phonon fluid", a similar particle-quasiparticle state already known is the exciton–polariton
Quantum_oscillations
Iranian-American mechanical engineer
optical phonons into electrical power, and introduced "phonocatalysis," in which atomic-scale vibrations drive molecular dissociation at surfaces. His group
Massoud_Kaviany
Subfield of magnetism
is known to arise microscopically from magnon–magnon scattering, magnon–phonon scattering, and losses due to eddy currents. The Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert
Magnonics
Phenomenon in mesoscopic physics
l m {\displaystyle \textstyle l_{m}} is the momentum relaxation due to phonon scattering events length or mean free path. For weakly localized samples
Universal conductance fluctuations
Universal_conductance_fluctuations
Refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with formula BN
Chen, Ying; Santos, Elton J. G.; Li, Lu Hua (2017). "Raman signature and phonon dispersion of atomically thin boron nitride". Nanoscale. 9 (9): 3059–3067
Boron_nitride
Mineral supergroup
multiferroicity through cooperative exchange striction. Spin–phonon coupling also plays a central role. Phonon anomalies detected in Raman or infrared spectra at
Spinel_group
Two-dimensional allotrope of silicon
transport of acoustic phonons, as well as by symmetry breaking and hybridization effect between silicene and the substrate. Acoustic phonons describe the synchronous
Silicene
Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets
voltage. In these experiments, the ferromagnetism was limited to a thin surface layer. The Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem, discovered in the 1910s, showed that
Ferromagnetism
ubiquitous strong electron–phonon coupling in high-temperature superconductors Photoemission Evidence for a Remnant Fermi Surface and a d-Wave-Like Dispersion
Feng_Donglai
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon (heat) or a photon (light). A semiconductor is a material with an intermediate-sized
Band_gap
bandgap. Nonradiative recombination can occur through energy release via phonon emission or Auger recombination. In this size regime, quantum confinement
Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal
Core–shell_semiconductor_nanocrystal
Photon emission under the impact of an electron beam
energy (color) of the photon, and the probability that a photon and not a phonon will be emitted, depends on the material, its purity, and the presence of
Cathodoluminescence
State of matter at low temperatures
dynamics and interactions. The approach provides a unified description of the phonon, maxon and roton excitations, and has noteworthy agreement with experiment:
Superfluid_helium-4
SURFACE PHONON
SURFACE PHONON
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Indian
Part of Sun
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh
Surname.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Surface of the Earth
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh Scandinavian Scottish English
Surname.
Surname or Lastname
Probably an Americanized spelling of the Swiss German surname Bunz (see Bunce).English
Probably an Americanized spelling of the Swiss German surname Bunz (see Bunce).English : possibly a variant of Bunt.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria and Durham)
English (Cumbria and Durham) : variant spelling of Furness.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Biblical Hebrew
Surname.
Boy/Male
Scottish American English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
SURFACE PHONON
SURFACE PHONON
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Paint
Boy/Male
Tamil
Somashekara | ஸோமாஂஷேகாராÂ
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sleep
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Strong
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Song from Veena
Girl/Female
British, English
Bright Fame
Biblical
The two cities; callings; or meetings
Boy/Male
Hindu
Abode of God, Nera
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pole star, Immovable, Eternal, Firm
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Light
SURFACE PHONON
SURFACE PHONON
SURFACE PHONON
SURFACE PHONON
SURFACE PHONON
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Surface
n.
That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion.
a.
Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc.
n.
The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.
a.
meeting a curve or surface at a point and having at that point the same direction as the curve or surface; -- said of a straight line, curve, or surface; as, a line tangent to a curve; a curve tangent to a surface; tangent surfaces.
n.
A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.
n.
Hence, outward or external appearance.
v. t.
To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.
v. t.
To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.
imp. & p. p.
of Surface
v. t.
To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.
n.
A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.
n.
Alt. of Serfdom
n.
An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc.
n.
Surface; superficies; externality.
n.
Surface; body; substance.
n.
To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace.
n.
An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. See Surface gauge, under Surface.