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Layer of a turbulent fluid affected by interaction with a surface
The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where
Surface_layer
Layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface
a boundary layer is the thin layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface formed by the fluid flowing along the surface. The fluid's
Boundary_layer
Molecular interface between a surface and a fluid
In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is
Double layer (surface science)
Double_layer_(surface_science)
Physico-chemical processes contributing to protect a surface against oxidation
fouling layer.[clarification needed][citation needed] When exposed to air, many metals naturally form a hard, relatively inert surface layer, usually
Passivation_(chemistry)
Outer layer of the cerebrum of the mammalian brain
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.
Cerebral_cortex
Lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by contact with the planetary surface
contact with a planetary surface. On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface radiative forcing in an hour or less. In this layer physical quantities
Planetary_boundary_layer
Protein-based part of the cell envelope found in most archaea and some bacteria
An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria. The S-layers of both archaea
S-layer
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
surface layer of about 100 m is quite stable and does not mix much with deeper water, while near the poles winter cooling and storms make the surface
Ocean
Layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths
limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer in which this turbulence
Mixed_layer
Water temperature close to the ocean's surface
takes place between the surface water and the deeper water. This depends on the temperature: in the tropics the warm surface layer of about 100 m is quite
Sea_surface_temperature
Effect in surface physics
structure of the surface layers, in addition to changes in the position of the entire layer. For example, in a cubic material the surface layer might re-structure
Surface_reconstruction
Surface layering is a quasi-crystalline structure at the surfaces of otherwise disordered liquids, where atoms or molecules of even the simplest liquid
Surface_layering
Outermost layer of a physical object
A surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object. It is the portion or region of the object that
Surface
Topics referred to by the same term
trading Layering (linguistics), a principle by which grammaticalisation can be detected Surface layering, a quasi-crystalline structure at the surfaces of
Layering
Distinct layer of temperature change in a body of water
ocean's surface, which heats during the day and cools at night as heat energy is lost to space by radiation. Waves mix the water near the surface layer and
Thermocline
Candidate unified theory of physics
spatial integrals are expressed by so-called surface layer integrals. In general terms, a surface layer integral is a double integral of the form ∫Ω(∫M∖Ω⋯ℒ(x
Causal_fermion_systems
Change of object's surface through age and exposure
(/pəˈtiːnə/ pə-TEE-nə, or /ˈpætɪnə/ PAT-ih-nə) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and alloys
Patina
Region of the stratosphere
of the Ozone Layer. Venus also has a thin ozone layer at an altitude of 100 kilometers above the planet's surface. The Earth's ozone layer formed about
Ozone_layer
the surface layer of water is the study of animal locomotion in the case of small animals that live on the surface layer of water, relying on surface tension
Animal locomotion on the water surface
Animal_locomotion_on_the_water_surface
Net transport of surface water perpendicular to wind direction
the velocity shear in the surface layer. Splitting the planetary boundary layer into the surface layer and the Ekman layer generally yields more accurate
Ekman_transport
Function in fluid mathematics
describes the non-dimensionalized mean flow and mean temperature in the surface layer under non-neutral conditions as a function of the dimensionless height
Monin–Obukhov similarity theory
Monin–Obukhov_similarity_theory
Organisms that live at the surface of a body of water
water's surface layer." Neustons can be informally separated into two groups: the phytoneuston, which are autotrophs floating at the water surface including
Neuston
Soil layer whose physical characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath
soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath
Soil_horizon
Layer where the density gradient is greatest within a body of water
waves transfers heat downward from the surface. In low and mid-latitudes, this creates a surface-mixed layer of water of almost uniform temperature which
Pycnocline
Top layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake
The epilimnion or surface layer is the top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake. The epilimnion is the layer that is most affected by sunlight, its
Epilimnion
Workpiece finishing process
process that improves surface finish and workpiece geometry. This is achieved by removing just the thin amorphous surface layer of fragmented or smeared
Superfinishing
Alloy steel containing around 13% manganese
deformation of the surface layer and the formation of wear debris during friction. Such materials may develop hardened surface layers during sliding contact
Mangalloy
Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
does the salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters. In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold
Ocean_temperature
Phenomenon of sand that produces sound
of the dry surface layer of sand. The sound waves bounce back and forth between the surface of the dune and the surface of the moist layer, creating a
Singing_sand
composition and the nature of geological processes operating on the surface. Mars's surface layer represents a tiny fraction of the total volume of the planet
Martian_surface
Rock dust covering the Moon
processes. As the Moon's fine surface layer, lunar regolith is picked up by even weak natural phenomena active at the Moon's surface, allowing it to be part
Lunar_regolith
Thin-film deposition technique that deposits one 1-atom thick layer at a time
synthesizing nanomaterials. During atomic layer deposition, a film is grown on a substrate by exposing its surface to alternate gaseous species (typically
Atomic_layer_deposition
Instrument in dentistry
thin surface layer remains intact. The use of a dental explorer with firm pressure to probe suspicious areas may result in the rupture of the surface layer
Dental_explorer
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
minimizes the necessary "wall tension" of the surface layer according to Laplace's law. Another way to view surface tension is in terms of energy. A molecule
Surface_tension
Topics referred to by the same term
layer composed of pastry or salt Crust, the bread foundation of pizza Bread crust, the dense surface layer of bread Crust (geology), the outer layer of
Crust
Form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces
even diffusion-welded to the adjacent surface. This transfer can be enhanced if one or both metals form a thin layer of hard oxides with high coefficients
Galling
Coating that prevents sticking
early commercial formulations. A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity)
Non-stick_surface
Tin- and lead-based alloy in plain bearings
addition to bearing metal. Babbitt metal is most commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi-metal assembly, but its original use was as a cast-in-place
Babbitt_(alloy)
Air mass forming over a large body of water
A marine layer is an air mass that develops over the surface of a large body of water, such as an ocean or large lake, in the presence of a temperature
Marine_layer
Water-repellant coating
A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (also known as ultrahydrophobic) materials, and
Superhydrophobic_coating
First successful type of transistor, developed in 1947
gold contacts very close to each other. The piece of germanium used a surface layer with an excess of electrons. When an electric signal traveled in through
Point-contact_transistor
Layering of a body of water due to density variations
that a layer of warmer saline water is layered between a colder fresher surface layer and a colder more saline deeper layer. A pycnocline is a layer in a
Stratification_(water)
Electron diffraction by reflection from surfaces
technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction
Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction
Species of fungus
hard woody consistency and may persist for many years, building a new surface layer each year. The bracket measures 5–20 centimetres (2–8 in) in diameter
Phellinus_igniarius
Manufactured wood panel made from thin sheets of wood veneer
an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced, that is, the surface layers have their grains set parallel to one another. This balance reduces
Plywood
Process in metallurgy
predominantly in the surface layer, the depth of this layer being dictated by the frequency of the alternating field, the surface power density, the permeability
Induction_hardening
Star at the centre of the Solar System
99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. The mass of the Sun's surface layer, its photosphere, consists mostly of hydrogen (~73%) and helium (~25%)
Sun
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up layer or layers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Layer or layered may refer to: Layers (Kungs album) Layers (Les McCann album) Layers (Royce
Layer
Upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction
a wearing surface, friction course, or surface course, is the upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction. The term 'surface course' is
Wearing_course
Geologically-formed topological depression
surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to doline, enclosed depressions that are also known as shakeholes, and to openings where surface water
Sinkhole
Metallurgical process
The process quenches the surface layer of the bar, which pressurizes and deforms the crystal structure of intermediate layers, and simultaneously begins
Thermomechanical_processing
Raised landform with a flat top
indurated surface layer duricrust by deep weathering beneath a relatively flat surface. Second, the breaching and incision of the duricrust layer by rivers
Tableland
Surface and subsurface layers of soil
The solum (plural, sola) in soil science consists of the surface and subsoil layers that have undergone the same soil forming conditions. The base of the
Solum
Juvenile eel
Anguilliform Leptocephali: Remarkable Transparent Fish Larvae of the Ocean Surface Layer.” Aqua-BioScience Monographs 2 (2009): 1-94. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Fahay
Leptocephalus
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
ferrous tools or surfaces to remove rust. Corrosion removal should not be confused with electropolishing, which removes some layers of the underlying
Corrosion
Motion of water in the oceans
temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean. Ocean
Ocean_dynamics
Layer of material in asphalt roadways
pavements is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway, race track, riding arena, or sporting field. It is located under the surface layer consisting of
Base_course
implant elements from the implant-body interface and creates an oxide layer on the surface of the implant. The process is important for making biomaterials
Nitinol_biocompatibility
Type of hard and shiny finish
to a base that is usually wood. This dries to a very hard and smooth surface layer which is durable, waterproof, and attractive in feel and look. Asian
Lacquer
Iron-carbon alloy
deformation of the surface layer and the formation of wear debris during friction. Such materials may develop hardened surface layers during sliding contact
Cast_iron
North-flowing current in the northwest Pacific Ocean
the surface layer of the ocean for brief periods of time. These winds induce the warmer surface layer of the ocean to mix with the deeper cooler layer of
Kuroshio_Current
Stage in the formation of sea ice
etc), turbulence mixes the frazil ice down into the upper layer and forms a surface layer of grease ice. The term ‘grease ice’ follows World Meteorological
Grease_ice
Layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline
Barrier layer in the ocean is a layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline. The thickness of the barrier layer is defined
Barrier_layer_(oceanography)
Detachment of a boundary layer from a surface into a wake
flow separation or boundary layer separation is the detachment of a boundary layer from a surface into a wake. A boundary layer exists whenever there is
Flow_separation
General category of storage mechanisms
electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to the disk's surface layer. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable
Disk_storage
Electro reflectance
conclusion was that the effect had to come from a modulation of the near-surface layer of the gold. When an electric field is applied to a metal or semiconductor
Electroreflectance
Major circulating system of ocean currents
hydrogen via the knallgas reaction: H2 (aq) + 0.5O2 (aq) H2O (l) In the surface layer of sediment cores from oligotrophic regions of the SPG, O2 is the primary
South_Pacific_Gyre
Material shed from the body of humans and various animals
come from the scalp and are composed of epithelial skin cells. The surface layer of mammalian skin is called the stratum corneum, which is shed as part
Dander
Links to Wikipedia articles on sinkholes, blue holes, dolines, cenotes, and pit caves
depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Some are caused by karst processes—for example, the chemical dissolution
List_of_sinkholes
Cell membrane of a muscle fibre
membrane and the cell's exterior. At each end of the muscle fibre, the surface layer of the sarcolemma fuses with a tendon fibre, and the tendon fibres,
Sarcolemma
Tendency of optical discs to become unreadable
by liquid water. In ordinary use, a surface layer of aluminium oxide is formed quickly when an aluminium surface is exposed to the atmosphere; it serves
Disc_rot
Surgical removal of a protective outer layer of an organ
Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ. The procedure is usually performed
Decortication
area in 1852 after traveling along the Oregon Trail. Surface layer: organic material Subsurface layer: dark reddish brown silty clay loam Subsoil - upper:
Jory_(soil)
Unit of measure used in oceanography
measure of the resistance to atmospheric CO2 being absorbed by the ocean surface layer. The buffer factor is used to examine the distribution of CO2 between
Revelle_factor
Chemical used in metallurgy for cleaning or purifying molten metal
brazing, the oxide layer must be removed from both the surfaces of the materials and the surface of the filler metal preform. Exposed surfaces also require
Flux_(metallurgy)
Local set of atmospheric conditions that differ significantly from the surrounding area
localized atmospheric conditions in the near-surface layer, which includes the air immediately above a surface as well as the shallow soil and water environments
Microclimate
directly affected by solar heating of the Earth's surface. This layer extends from the Earth's surface to a capping inversion that typically locates at
Convective planetary boundary layer
Convective_planetary_boundary_layer
Method of artificially weathering stone
the surface of stone to make it look like natural weathering. The sudden application of a torch to the surface of stone causes the surface layer to expand
Stone_flaming
Wind model
boundary layer (PBL). The logarithmic profile of wind speeds is generally limited to the lowest 100 m of the atmosphere (i.e., the surface layer of the
Log_wind_profile
Soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil
Soil crusts are soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil, often hardened with a platy surface. Depending on the manner of formation
Soil_crust
Large snowball formed by wind action
be a relatively thin surface layer of wet, loose snow, with a temperature near the melting point of ice. Under this thin layer of wet snow there must
Snow_roller
Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen
properties of the surface layer, affect plastic deformation during cutting, and influence the formation of wear products and surface damage under lubricated
Hydrogen_embrittlement
Outermost layer of an organ
surface layer of the cerebellum, consisting of an outer molecular layer or stratum moleculare, a single layer of Purkinje cells (the ganglionic layer)
Cortex_(anatomy)
Gas layer surrounding Earth
of Earth consists of a multi-layered gas mixture (commonly referred to as air) surrounding the Earth's planetary surface, which is retained by gravity
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Capacitance present in the interface between a surface and fluid
Double-layer capacitance is the important characteristic of the electrical double layer which appears at the interface between a surface and a fluid (for
Double-layer_capacitance
Organisms on the ocean's surface
the surface layer. Many genera are globally distributed. Many organisms have morphological features that enable them to remain at the ocean's surface, with
Ocean_surface_ecosystem
Calcium carbonate based concretion of sediment
likely than eroded surfaces to have caliche well below the soil surface. Layers vary from a few inches to feet thick, and multiple layers can exist in a single
Caliche
Electric charges present on the surface of a solid
is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both
Surface_charge
Process of hardening the surface of a metal object
hydrocarbon gas. This causes carbon to diffuse into the surface of the steel. The depth of this high carbon layer depends on the exposure time, but 0.5mm is a typical
Case-hardening
Various colors of gold obtained by alloying gold with other elements
typically brittle, but can be used as gems and inlays. Surface treatments, such as oxide layers. Pure 100% (in practice, 99.9% or better) gold is 24 karat
Colored_gold
Construction technique
solid ground floor consists of a layer of concrete, which in the case of a domestic building will be the surface layer brought up to ground floor level
Solid_ground_floor
Metal treatment process
passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. The process is called anodizing because the part
Anodizing
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
The dynamic weather on these bodies only occurs in a relatively thin surface layer. Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres
Atmosphere
Board to support and connect electronic components
insulating layers, each with a pattern of traces, planes and other features (similar to wires on a flat surface) etched from one or more sheet layers of copper
Printed_circuit_board
Soil type
soil typically has a very dark gray sand surface layer between 5 and 6 inches thick and a subsurface layer to about 26 inches composed of gray sand.
Myakka_(soil)
decomposes and the reactive halogen atoms form a surface layer of iron halides on the part surface. Eventual failure of the contact point comes when
Extreme_pressure_additive
Cells that form bone tissue
surface osteoblasts are flattened and are called inactive osteoblasts. Osteocytes remain alive and are connected by cell processes to a surface layer
Osteoblast
Crater formed by permafrost gas release
Siberia, where there are large stores of natural gas below a melting surface layer of permafrost. They are believed to be a byproduct of global climate
Gas_emission_crater
Fluid dynamics control in engineering
it attached to its surface. Fresh air can be introduced through slots or mixed in from above. The low momentum layer at the surface can be sucked away
Boundary_layer_control
Floor that absorbs shocks
require a cushioned surface. The construction of sprung floors can vary, but they generally consist of a performance surface layer on top of a sprung sub-floor
Sprung_floor
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