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Average temperature of the Earth's surface
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface at a given time. It is a combination of sea surface temperature and the
Global_surface_temperature
Index of articles associated with the same name
surface of the Earth Sea surface temperature, the temperature of water close to the ocean's surface Global surface temperature, the combined global average
Surface_temperature
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system
Climate_change
Water temperature close to the ocean's surface
Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of surface varies in
Sea_surface_temperature
Difference of a temperature from a reference value
base period. Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures. Using reference values
Temperature_anomaly
Atmospheric heat retention
at 2023, global warming of about 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, with the global average surface temperature increasing
Greenhouse_effect
Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
The ocean temperature plays a crucial role in the global climate system, ocean currents and for marine habitats. It varies depending on depth, geographical
Ocean_temperature
Strait connecting the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans
can be obtained only with an open Drake Passage. Regarding the global surface temperature, an open (and sufficiently deep) Drake Passage cools the Southern
Drake_Passage
Physical quantity that expresses hot and cold in the atmosphere
is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location. The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological
Atmospheric_temperature
Scientific hypothesis about Earth
establish a global control system that regulates Earth's surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity, powered by the global thermodynamic
Gaia_hypothesis
American physicist
major concerns of the climate change skeptics, in particular the global surface temperature record. In 2016, Richard and Elizabeth Muller co-founded Deep
Richard_A._Muller
This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming. The likely range of human-induced surface-level air warming by 2010–2019 compared
Causes_of_climate_change
Topics referred to by the same term
change. Global warming may also refer to: a long-term rise in: global surface temperature ocean heat content ocean temperature sea surface temperature Earth's
Global warming (disambiguation)
Global_warming_(disambiguation)
Weather record
conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight. Global surface temperatures as a whole
Highest temperature recorded on Earth
Highest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth
List of debates over global warming
scientific literature, there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused
List of climate change controversies
List_of_climate_change_controversies
Graph in climate science
Hockey stick graphs present global or hemispherical mean global surface temperatures of the distant past, as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions
Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)
Climatic and oceanographic cycle affecting Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an irregular oscillation of sea surface temperatures in which the western Indian Ocean becomes alternately warmer (positive
Indian_Ocean_Dipole
Period of little Earth temperature change
change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record
Global_warming_hiatus
Long-term weather pattern of a region
data and graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download
Climate
American physicist (born 1941)
2010, Hansen published a paper entitled "Global Surface Temperature Change" describing current global temperature analysis. Hansen published papers forecasting
James_Hansen
Global warming affects all parts of Earth's climate system. Global surface temperatures have risen by 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). Scientists say they will rise
Effects_of_climate_change
Gaseous phase of water
greenhouse gases as principal LW control knob that governs the global surface temperature for past and future climate change". Tellus B. 65 19734. Bibcode:2013TellB
Water_vapor
Gas layer surrounding Earth
the Earth's surface and outer space. It shields the surface from most meteoroids and ultraviolet solar radiation, reduces diurnal temperature variation
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Temperature trends in the Common Era
conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 170 years at a global scale. Large-scale reconstructions covering
Temperature record of the last 2,000 years
Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years
Slow response of complex feedback systems
The rate of rise in global surface temperature (GST) has especially been resisted by 1) the thermal inertia of the planet's surface, primarily its ocean
Climate_inertia
Temperature of a planet when approximated as radiating as a black body
equilibrium temperature differs from the global mean temperature and surface air temperature, which are measured observationally by satellites or surface-based
Planetary equilibrium temperature
Planetary_equilibrium_temperature
the World Meteorological Organization forecast that the average global surface temperature for each year from 2026 through 2030 will be between 1.3–1.9 °C
2026_in_climate_change
Climate change scenarios
Marangoni, Giacomo; Krey, Volker (2018). "Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C". Nature Climate Change. 8 (4): 325–332.
Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
spectrum. They are global electromagnetic resonances generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere
Schumann_resonances
Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks
due to orbital changes or stellar evolution, to determine the global surface temperature. Additionally, the carbonate-silicate cycle has been considered
Carbonate–silicate_cycle
Global climate phenomenon
International Date Line. This phenomenon significantly affects the global average surface temperature of the planet. A large El Niño event can raise it by as much
Super_El_Niño_events
Type of Earth observation from space
Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained
Satellite temperature measurement
Satellite_temperature_measurement
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
This affects air temperature and precipitation in coastal regions and further inland. Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients
Ocean
Global climate phenomenon
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
Concept for energy flows to and from Earth
or globally 0.90±0.15 W/m2. It takes time for any changes in the energy budget to result in any significant changes in the global surface temperature. This
Earth's_energy_budget
global average sea surface temperature reached 21.1 °C (70.0 °F), its highest level on record, exceeding the March 2024 record. Such temperatures are
Weather_of_2026
Carbon-oxygen gas
significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared
Carbon_dioxide
Italian research scientist
model is based primarily on a comparison of periodic changes of global surface temperature and the Sun's periodic movement around barycenter of the Solar
Nicola_Scafetta
Component of international climate change agreements
the global targets set out in the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature
Nationally determined contribution
Nationally_determined_contribution
Short-term state of the atmosphere
received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change. Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher
Weather
Climatological research institute
land temperature data analysis for climate science. Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 (originally called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project)
Berkeley_Earth
Atmospheric phenomenon
very low temperatures, as low as −80 °C, and early spring conditions. In such conditions the ice crystals of the cloud provide a suitable surface for conversion
Ozone_depletion
Projections used in climate change modeling
values mean higher greenhouse gas emissions and therefore higher global surface temperatures and more pronounced effects of climate change. The lower RCP
Representative Concentration Pathway
Representative_Concentration_Pathway
2015 international treaty regarding climate change
2026. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial
Paris_Agreement
Evaluation of climate change by the scientific community
scientific literature, there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused
Scientific consensus on climate change
Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
longwave radiation, which is asymptotically reached due to higher surface temperatures evaporating water into the atmosphere, increasing its optical depth
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
Topics referred to by the same term
sociology General systems theory Generalized structure tensor Global surface temperature Glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme family Goode Solar Telescope
GST
Light liquid precipitation
partially masking the effects of greenhouse gas increases on global surface temperature. However, it is not clear that the representation of the chemical
Drizzle
Proposed cloud-seeding technique
marine cloud brightening due to the emissions of ships and causing a global temperature reduction of as much as 0.25 ˚C lower than they would otherwise have
Marine_cloud_brightening
Physical quantity of hot and cold
Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Current map of global surface temperatures Portal: Energy
Temperature
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation
local and global temperature increases associated with global warming. In order to measure the cooling power of a passive radiative cooling surface, both
Solar_irradiance
Atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary cooling
the Huronian glaciation during the early Proterozoic eon, until global surface temperature finally re-stabilized to temperate levels during the Boring Billion
Anti-greenhouse_effect
framework. In general, climate damages increase the more the global surface temperature increases. Many effects of climate change are linked to market
Economic analysis of climate change
Economic_analysis_of_climate_change
Topics referred to by the same term
GMST may refer to: Global mean surface temperature, sometimes abbreviated as Global surface temperature (GST) Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time, a time scale
GMST
International environmental NGO
was agreed upon during the 2009 Copenhagen Accord as a limit for global temperature rise. In the 2015 Paris Agreement, 1.5 °C of warming was introduced
350.org
German scientist (born 1954)
author of a modelling study in Nature whose results suggested "global surface temperature may not increase over the next decade, as natural climate variations
Mojib_Latif
Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
boundary (about 56 million years ago), when surface ocean temperatures rose by 5–6 °C. In that event, surface ecosystems experienced a variety of impacts
Ocean_acidification
Topics referred to by the same term
war Volcanic winter – Temperature anomaly event caused by a volcanic eruption a long-term decline in: global surface temperature ocean heat content Climate
Global cooling (disambiguation)
Global_cooling_(disambiguation)
Biogeographical region in Africa
Global Security". Ibadan Journal of Peace & Development. 10 (1): 165–180. Khatim Kherraz & Nabil Ben Khatra 2019, p. 8. "Global Surface Temperature"
Sahel
Proposed economic stimulus program
Edward Barbier authored the United Nations’ Global Green New Deal, which was a strategy for greening the global economic recovery after the Great Recession
Green_New_Deal
Data visualization graphics depicting trends of annual temperature changes
2024-09-26. Data source: "Met Office Climate Dashboard / Global temperature / Global surface temperatures / (scroll down to) Berkeley Earth". Met Office (U.K
Warming_stripes
Fuel derived from biological sources
blended into gasoline. Gasification normally relies on temperatures greater than 700 °C. Lower-temperature gasification is desirable when co-producing biochar
Biofuel
2025 United Kingdom climate engineering research initiative
mitigate global warming effects. The programme aims to build an independent evidence base to evaluate whether various approaches to reduce global surface temperatures
Exploring Climate Cooling Programme
Exploring_Climate_Cooling_Programme
Cold regions surrounding impact craters
region of anomalously low nighttime surface temperature surrounding a young impact crater on an airless planetary surface. Material is displaced and rarefied
Cold_spot_(astronomy)
Discredited 1970s hypothesis of imminent cooling of the Earth
increase by only a factor of 4 in global aerosol background concentration may be sufficient to reduce the surface temperature by as much as 3.5 ° K. If sustained
Global_cooling
Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the
List_of_weather_records
coal, oil and natural gas, as a fuel source, is the largest contributor to global warming. During June of 2023, with 12,705 million tonnes CO2 equivalent
List of locations and entities by greenhouse gas emissions
List_of_locations_and_entities_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions
Diplomatic summit resulting in the Paris Agreement
the Convention is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase. Since COP 17 this increase is set at 2 °C (3.6 °F) above
2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
Climate change skeptic blog by Steve McIntyre
(CRU) at the University of East Anglia, UK, for access to monthly global surface temperature data held by the institute. But in recent weeks, Jones has been
Climate_Audit
in nature and may include averaged data for parameters like global surface temperatures or accumulations of rainfall for locations inside the model,
PP-format
Natural processes of water movement within the water cycle
by the global surface temperature); and thirdly the ability of the atmosphere to take up water (humidity) which can cause the air temperature to vary
Evapotranspiration
Stand of trees losing health and dying
of greenhouse gases increase the temperature of the atmosphere. Projections for dieback vary, but the threat of global climate change only stands to increase
Forest_dieback
Greenhouse gases emitted from human activities
at 2023, global warming of about 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, with the global average surface temperature increasing
Greenhouse_gas_emissions
Type of climate model
change. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) model the atmosphere and impose sea surface temperatures as boundary conditions. Coupled atmosphere-ocean GCMs (AOGCMs, e
General_circulation_model
Field of study in meteorology and climate science
degree to which such events can be explained by or linked to human-caused global warming, and are not simply due to random climate variability or natural
Extreme_event_attribution
Impact of human life on Earth and environment
Surface air temperatures over land have also increased at about twice the rate they do over the ocean, causing intense heat waves. These temperatures
Human impact on the environment
Human_impact_on_the_environment
Research initiative by the US government
change science, formed under the auspices of the Global Change Research Act of 1990. The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) which coordinates
National_Climate_Assessment
Atmospheric phenomenon
Effects: Global Observations And Modeling". Ph.D. Thesis. Yi, Bingqi (2022-06-22). "Diverse cloud radiative effects and global surface temperature simulations
Ice_cloud
Long-term future of planet Earth
surface reservoir would remain at the surface. Once the solar luminosity is 10% higher than its current value, the average global surface temperature
Future_of_Earth
the warmest year since records began in 1850, with an average global surface temperature reaching 1.6 °C above pre-industrial levels, surpassing for the
2025_in_climate_change
Environmental policy intended to stop using coal
(IEA) estimates that coal is responsible for over 30% of the global average temperature increase above pre-industrial levels. Some countries in the Powering
Coal_phase-out
Non-profit organization
drastically over the past few years. The Climate Reality Project now has a global network of 3.5 million. With this gross network this project is aiming to
The_Climate_Reality_Project
Greenhouse gas inventory sector
Agreement to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F). Land-use change alters not just atmospheric CO2 concentration but also land surface biophysics such as
Land use, land-use change, and forestry
Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry
New York City-based NASA laboratory
of comprehensive global datasets (derived from surface stations combined with satellite data for sea surface temperatures) with global models of atmospheric
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies
American meteorologist (born 1955)
and Nye publicly challenged each other with predictions of mean global surface temperature in the near term. "Joe Bastardi (biography)". AccuWeather.com
Joe_Bastardi
Lowering of body temperature due to the passing flow of lower-temperature air
difference in temperature between the surface and the fluid surrounding it and the velocity of that fluid with respect to the surface. As heat is initially
Wind_chill
Effect of emissions from aircraft engines
concentrations of O 3 than surface NO x emissions and these in turn have a greater global warming effect. The effect of O 3 surface concentrations are regional
Environmental impact of aviation
Environmental_impact_of_aviation
Warm weather period, 250 BC to AD 400
September 2008), "Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia", Proceedings of the National
Roman_Warm_Period
Calculated property of a star or planet
as electromagnetic radiation. Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's surface temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a
Effective_temperature
Fuel formed naturally from dead plants and animals
1038/s41561-019-0400-0. ISSN 1752-0908. PMC 6675609. PMID 31372180. "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2020. EPA (19 January
Fossil_fuel
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
2009 controversy
Earth's mean surface temperature had been rising for decades, with the AAAS concluding: "based on multiple lines of scientific evidence that global climate
Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy
on the temperature record of the past 2,000 years. The instrumental temperature record only covers the last 150 years at a hemispheric or global scale
List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years
List_of_large-scale_temperature_reconstructions_of_the_last_2,000_years
International environmental treaty
2026. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change
coal can also increase ground temperatures if it is left on the surface. Almost all fires in solid coal are ignited by surface fires caused by people or lightning
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry
Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen
ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 33872517. Change NG. "Global Surface Temperature | NASA Global Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
Fermentation
Concept for changes to the energy flows through a planetary atmosphere
aim to relate better the radiative imbalance with global warming (global surface mean temperature). For example, researchers explained in 2003 how the
Radiative_forcing
explored and which have been compared and contrasted, for example in terms of global regulation, in various studies and books. There is widespread scientific
Ozone depletion and climate change
Ozone_depletion_and_climate_change
Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies
as a temperature spiral) is an animated data visualization graphic designed as a "simple and effective demonstration of the progression of global warming"
Climate_spiral
Capital city of British Columbia, Canada
highs. The highest temperature ever recorded at Victoria Gonzales was 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) on 28 June 2021; The coldest temperature on record is −15.6 °C
Victoria,_British_Columbia
travel, tourism, insurance
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Fair Girl
Boy/Male
Hindu
Krishna, Cowherd
Girl/Female
Biblical
Bound, limit.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Mighty; Lord Hanuman
Boy/Male
Indian
Part of Sun
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria and Durham)
English (Cumbria and Durham) : variant spelling of Furness.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lovable
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Guardians of Mercy Animal League
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Oriya, Parsi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Lord Krishna; Protector of Cows; Cow-herd
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Powerful
Boy/Male
English American French
Faithful; unswerving.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Vocal cords
Surname or Lastname
German (usually Göbel)
German (usually Göbel) : see Goebel.French and English : metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of goblets and tankards, from Old French gobel ‘drinking vessel’, ‘cup’ (apparently from Celtic gob ‘mouth’).English : in some cases possibly a variant of Godbold. Compare Goble.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Pretty
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Beloved
Biblical
path; ear of corn
Boy/Male
Scottish
Surname meaning loyal.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Path, ear of corn.
Boy/Male
Scottish
Surname meaning loyal.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Vocal Cords
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
v. t.
To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.
a.
Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters.
n.
Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape; as, the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp.
n.
A little globe; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form.
n.
The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.
imp. & p. p.
of Surface
a.
Resembling, or pertaining to, a globe; round; orbicular.
n.
An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc.
n.
That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion.
imp. & p. p.
of Globe
n.
A round model of the world; a spherical representation of the earth or heavens; as, a terrestrial or celestial globe; -- called also artificial globe.
n.
A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.
a.
Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as, floral games, wreaths.
n.
To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace.
n.
An Indian goat antelope (Nemorhedus goral), resembling the chamois.
n.
A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.
v. t.
To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.
v. t.
To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.
a.
Shaped like a globe.
v. t.
To gather or form into a globe.
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