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Ion
Peroxynitrite (sometimes called peroxonitrite) is an ion with the formula ONOO−. It is a structural isomer of nitrate, NO− 3. Peroxynitrite is a potent
Peroxynitrite
Chemical compound
of tyrosine nitration mediated by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anion and nitrogen dioxide. The phenol group in nitrotyrosine is 1000x
Nitrotyrosine
Family of antimicrobial molecules
(•NO) with superoxide (O2•−) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO−): •NO (nitric oxide) + O2•− (superoxide) → ONOO− (peroxynitrite) Superoxide anion (O2−) is a reactive
Reactive_nitrogen_species
Free radical toxicity
(•O− 2), nitric oxide (•NO) and their particularly reactive product, peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Although the use of these highly reactive compounds in the
Oxidative_stress
Hungarian physician and pharmacologist
early 2000s defined the role of a unstable reactive species called peroxynitrite – formed by the reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide – in various
Csaba_Szabo_(pharmacologist)
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
reactive as these species, but is readily activated and is thus included. Peroxynitrite and nitric oxide are reactive oxygen-containing species as well. Hydroxyl
Reactive_oxygen_species
Chemical compound
base of peroxynitric acid, is formed rapidly during decomposition of peroxynitrite in neutral conditions. Peroxynitric acid is formed in the atmosphere
Peroxynitric_acid
Chemical compound
uncharged counterpart of the nitrate anion NO− 3 and an isomer of the peroxynitrite radical OONO. Nitrogen trioxide is an important intermediate in reactions
Nitrate_radical
Chemical compound
vitro, ebselen is a mimic of glutathione peroxidase and reacts with peroxynitrite. It is purported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
Ebselen
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
Nitroxide O=N− or NO− Nitrite O=N−O− or NO−2 Nitrate O2N−O− or NO−3 Peroxynitrite O=N−O−O− or NO−3 Peroxynitrate O2N−O−O− or NO−4 Orthonitrate +N(−O−)4
Nitrogen_oxide
Steven R. (1999). "The chemistry of DNA damage from nitric oxide and peroxynitrite". Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
Jacquin_Niles
Family of antioxidant enzymes
peroxides, specifically hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. Prxs were historically divided into three (mechanistic) classes: typical
Peroxiredoxin
Protein found in humans
made through the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide. Presence of peroxynitrite or H2O2 and nitrogen dioxide NO2 in the mitochondria can be lethal since
Cytochrome_c
Device that removes contaminants from the air in a room
radical, Singlet Oxygen (dioxidene), Superoxide, Atomic Oxygen, Peroxynitrite (peroxynitrite). The two long-lived ROS ones are Hydrogen Peroxide – Gas Phased
Air_purifier
Chemical compound
natural antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger with potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Peroxynitrite has been correlated with
Inosine
Free-radical aging theory
reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or peroxynitrite (OONO−). Denham Harman first proposed the free radical theory of aging
Free-radical_theory_of_aging
Chemical compound
BH3 radical from reacting with other free radicals (superoxide and peroxynitrite specifically). Without this recycling process, uncoupling of the endothelial
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Albumin found in human blood
OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the reactive nitrogen species as peroxynitrite (ONOO.), and have been shown to oxidize Cys34 to sulfenic acid derivate
Human_serum_albumin
Chemical compound
(HNO3) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It is the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite (ONOO−). It has a pKa of approximately 6.8. It is formed in vivo from
Peroxynitrous_acid
Colorless gas with the formula NO
Oxide, Part D: Oxide Detection, Mitochondria and Cell Functions, and Peroxynitrite Reactions. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 359. pp. 27–42. doi:10
Nitric_oxide
Immune system chemical weapon
4H2O + 3NADP+ Nitric oxide may react with superoxide anions to produce peroxynitrite anion. O2•− + NO• → ONO2− The exposure to these reactive species in
Respiratory_burst
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
react with some oxidants, such as superoxide, but does act against peroxynitrite, peroxides, and hypochlorous acid. Concerns over elevated UA's contribution
Antioxidant
Chemical compound
ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via blocking peroxynitrite formation in mouse spinal cord white matter". Experimental Neurology
Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone
Arachidonyl_trifluoromethyl_ketone
Human protein and coding gene
detoxification of highly reactive peroxides, including hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1, HO-1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown
NFE2L2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cytosolic or mitochondrial thioredoxins to reduce alkyl hydroperoxides or peroxynitrite with high rate constants in the 106 to 107 M−1s−1 range, whereas its
PRDX5
Toxic effects of carbon monoxide
of nitric oxide, and the formation of oxygen free radicals including peroxynitrite. In the brain this causes further mitochondrial dysfunction, capillary
Carbon_monoxide_poisoning
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
PMID 4028954. Beckman, J. S. (1990). "Apparent Hydroxyl Radical Production by Peroxynitrite: Implications for Endothelial Injury from Nitric Oxide and Superoxide"
Neurotoxin
Accumulation of molecules in tumor tissue
macromolecules in solid tumor tissues. For instance, bradykinin, nitric oxide / peroxynitrite, prostaglandins, vascular permeability factor (also known as vascular
Enhanced permeability and retention effect
Enhanced_permeability_and_retention_effect
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
PMID 24476342. Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L (2007). "Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease". Physiol. Rev. 87 (1): 315–424. doi:10.1152/physrev
Radical_(chemistry)
Protein and coding gene in humans
Wendt S, Schlattner U, Wallimann T (2003). "Differential effects of peroxynitrite on human mitochondrial creatine kinase isoenzymes. Inactivation, octamer
CKMT2
Class of enzymes
to nitric oxide (NO), which reacts with a superoxide anion to form peroxynitrite under aerobic conditions. XO has also been found to produce the strong
Xanthine_oxidase
Drug that causes vasodilation by releasing nitric oxide
include increase of oxidative stress resulting in deactivation of NO to peroxynitrite, and liberation of the vasoconstrictors angiotensin II and endothelin
Nitrovasodilator
Buffering agents for biochemical and biological research
; de Groot, H. (1998). "Hydrogen peroxide formation by reaction of peroxynitrite with HEPES and related tertiary amines. Implications for a general mechanism"
Good's_buffers
Toxic effects of breathing oxygen at high partial pressures
increase the formation of other free radicals, such as nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and trioxidane, which harm DNA and other biomolecules. Although the
Oxygen_toxicity
tumor cells can go through a mechanism that produces a free radical peroxynitrite, causing them to become resistant to certain types of cancer immunotherapy
Dmitry_Gabrilovich
Chemical compound
Oxide, Part D: Oxide Detection, Mitochondria and Cell Functions, and Peroxynitrite Reactions. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 359. pp. 27–42. doi:10
Sodium_diethyldithiocarbamate
Chemical compound
molecular oxygen generation from peroxynitrate, a decomposition product of peroxynitrite". Dalton Transactions (29): 5720–5729. doi:10.1039/b905560f. ISSN 1477-9226
Peroxynitrate
Ion, and compounds containing the ion
nitrogen oxyanions include nitrate, NO− 3 nitrite, NO− 2 peroxonitrite, (peroxynitrite), OONO− peroxonitrate, HNO− 4 trioxodinitrate, (hyponitrate), [ON=NO2]2−
Hyponitrite
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
(2011), Production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites from a peroxynitrite/iron(III) porphyrin biomimetic model and their mutagenicities. Environmental
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
Class of enzymes
targets. For example, it reacts with the NO radical, and makes toxic peroxynitrite. Because the uncatalysed dismutation reaction for superoxide requires
Superoxide_dismutase
Drug discovery
naturally occurring reducing agents. BH4 is sensitive to oxidation by peroxynitrite (ONOO−), which is produced when NO reacts with O2−, so it has been hypothesized
Discovery and development of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors
Discovery_and_development_of_cyclooxygenase_2_inhibitors
with O2− generating peroxynitrite. The increase in the NOS activity causes the production of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant
Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome
Biological_effects_of_radiation_on_the_epigenome
activity could also proceed through phenolic nitration via a putative heme-peroxynitrite intermediate. The most well studied NO dioxygenase is flavohemoglobin
Nitric_oxide_dioxygenase
death. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with reactive oxygen species to form peroxynitrite. In cases of chronic arsenic exposure, the nitric oxide levels are depleted
Arsenic_biochemistry
Glial cell located throughout the brain and spinal cord
radical scavenger edaravone prevents oxidative neurotoxicity induced by peroxynitrite and activated microglia". Neuropharmacology. 48 (2): 283–90. doi:10
Microglia
Chemical compound
neurotoxic and promotes oxidative stress on neurons. Linsidomine is a peroxynitrite-generating compound involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative
Linsidomine
Uruguayan chemist (born 1968)
of the Republic. Her thesis focused on the biological chemistry of peroxynitrite. She works as associate professor at the Enzymology Laboratory of the
Beatriz_Álvarez_Sanna
Uruguayan biochemist and biomedical scientist
infectious diseases. His seminal paper related to the biochemical actions of peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant and nucleophile formed secondary to the diffusion-controlled
Rafael_Radi
Indian virologist (1939–2021)
accelerated production of free radicals, nitrite, reactive oxygen and peroxynitrite. He developed an in-vitro model for testing metal toxicity and prescribed
U._C._Chaturvedi
Species of archaeon
Bolognesi, Martino; Coletta, Massimo (14 May 2014). "Nitrite-Reductase and Peroxynitrite Isomerization Activities of Methanosarcina acetivorans Protoglobin"
Methanosarcina_acetivorans
Canadian scientist
Roggensack, A. M., Zhang, Y., & Davidge, S. T. (1999). Evidence for peroxynitrite formation in the vasculature of women with preeclampsia. Hypertension
Sandra_Davidge
Class of enzymes
levels of NO have the opportunity to react with superoxide leading to peroxynitrite formation and cell toxicity. These properties may define the roles of
Nitric_oxide_synthase
Family of proteins
the cytotoxicity of macrophages and smooth muscle cells exposed to peroxynitrite". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
Poly_(ADP-ribose)_polymerase
Synthetic compounds
diabetic mice. MnTBAP has the ability to prevent formation of cytotoxic peroxynitrite, a hazardous byproduct of superoxide reacting with nitric oxide, and
Superoxide_dismutase_mimetics
Chemical compound
PMID 8943052. Whiteman M, Halliwell B (January 1997). "Prevention of peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine nitration and inactivation of alpha1-antiproteinase
Tigecycline
Enzyme
DINITROSOGLUTATHIONE 1k4q: Human Glutathione Reductase Inactivated by Peroxynitrite 1xan: HUMAN GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE IN COMPLEX WITH A XANTHENE INHIBITOR
Glutathione_reductase
Rate-limiting enzyme in the methyl cycle
SAMe.[citation needed] An alternative opinion is that 5-MTHF processes peroxynitrite, thereby preserving existing BH4, and that no such 'reverse reaction'
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase
Chemical compound
been proposed that 3,3'-dinitrobisphenol A might be formed in vivo by peroxynitrite-mediated oxidations of bisphenol A and that it may exhibit higher toxicity
Dinitrobisphenol_A
Class of enzymes
Cadenas E (Sep 2005). "Sites and mechanisms of aconitase inactivation by peroxynitrite: modulation by citrate and glutathione". Biochemistry. 44 (36): 11986–96
Aconitase
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Scott GS, Cuzzocrea S, Marmer D, Salzman AL, Szabó C (July 1998). "Peroxynitrite-induced thymocyte apoptosis: the role of caspases and poly (ADP-ribose)
PARP1
Hypothetical type of antioxidant
reactions. Various reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide, must be continually removed from cells to maintain
Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols
Antioxidant_effect_of_polyphenols_and_natural_phenols
Acid that contains oxygen
+3 HNO 2 Nitrous acid NO− 2 Nitrite HOONO Peroxynitrous acid OONO− Peroxynitrite +2 H 2NO 2 Nitroxylic acid NO2− 2 Nitroxylate +1 H 2N 2O 2 Hyponitrous
Oxyacid
Emerging treatment for multiple sclerosis
are critical drivers of Treg failure in MS. Remarkably, the action of peroxynitrite, a powerful reactive nitrogen species, has been shown to nitrate the
CAR Treg therapy in multiple sclerosis
CAR_Treg_therapy_in_multiple_sclerosis
Medical condition
acidosis mechanism and the hypothetic participation of inflammatory peroxynitrite". Journal of Inflammation Research. 1: 41–48. doi:10.2147/jir.s3982
Molar incisor hypomineralisation
Molar_incisor_hypomineralisation
Chemical compound
(2001). "Protection by quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide of peroxynitrite-induced antioxidant consumption in human plasma low-density lipoprotein"
Miquelianin
Ability of plants to withstand pathogens
chemicals, including reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide or peroxynitrite, or more complex phytoalexins such as genistein or camalexin Antimicrobial
Plant_disease_resistance
could lead to cell damage due to nitric oxide radical formation and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) formation after interacting with oxygen in the body. In order
Gaseous_mediator
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
et al. (2003). "Human sensitive to apoptosis gene protein inhibits peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 (3): 671–4.
RNF7
Overview article
protects against blood–brain barrier destruction (through peroxynitrite scavenging ). Peroxynitrite has been correlated with the axons degeneration and its
Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline
Multiple_sclerosis_drug_pipeline
Protein complex involved in cellular respiration
form of complex I was susceptible to inhibition by nitrosothiols and peroxynitrite. It is likely that transition from the active to the inactive form of
Respiratory_complex_I
American chemist
materials, molecular probes of peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration, pharmaceutical strategies for protection against peroxynitrite-mediated pathologies, and
John_T._Groves
Chemical compound
may act by reducing oxidative stress or by decreasing the amount of peroxynitrite formed in these tissues. These effects are related to the inhibition
7-Nitroindazole
Chemical compound
Weissmann, N.; Harrison, D. G.; Dikalov, S. (2003). "Interactions of Peroxynitrite, Tetrahydrobiopterin, Ascorbic Acid, and Thiols: Implications For Uncoupling
Biopterin
Protein family
epithelial cells, and may protect vascular endothelial cells against peroxynitrite toxicity. The high selenium content of SelP suggests that it may be
Selenoprotein_P
Functions of nitric oxide in organisms
of ischemia) reacts with superoxide to produce the damaging oxidant peroxynitrite. In contrast, inhaled nitric oxide has been shown to help survival and
Biological functions of nitric oxide
Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide
Sakihama Y (February 2000). "Simultaneous production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite by plant nitrate reductase: in vitro evidence for the NR-dependent formation
Phytoglobin-NO_cycle
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
RA (Sep 2003). "Oxidative damage to mitochondrial complex I due to peroxynitrite: identification of reactive tyrosines by mass spectrometry". The Journal
NDUFA12
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
et al. (2003). "Oxidative damage to mitochondrial complex I due to peroxynitrite: identification of reactive tyrosines by mass spectrometry". J. Biol
NDUFA6
American neurologist and neuroimmunologist (born c. 1956)
Manning PT, Stern MK, and Misko TP. Evidence for the production of peroxynitrite in inflammatory CNS demyelination. J. Neuroimmunol. 1997; 80:121-130
Anne_Haney_Cross
Disease pathology and physiology
therapeutic in MS by preventing BBB breakdown through inactivation of peroxynitrite. The low level of uric acid found in people with MS is manifestedly
Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Pathophysiology_of_multiple_sclerosis
Acronym for lipoxygenase interaction product
resistant structural analogs of LXB4 and 15-epi-LXA4 inhibit formation of peroxynitrite (i.e. ONOO−) to attenuate the mobilization of NFκB and AP-1 transcription
Lipoxin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(September 2003). "Oxidative damage to mitochondrial complex I due to peroxynitrite: identification of reactive tyrosines by mass spectrometry". The Journal
NDUFS2
Medical condition
and dysregulation of the nitric oxide cycle leads to a buildup of peroxynitrite, an inflammatory oxidant that further degrades BH4 and perpetuates a
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
Tetrahydrobiopterin_deficiency
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(September 2003). "Oxidative damage to mitochondrial complex I due to peroxynitrite: identification of reactive tyrosines by mass spectrometry". The Journal
NDUFS8
Chemical compound
nitric oxide. In combination with a superoxide, nitric oxide forms peroxynitrite and causes oxidative stress in different sorts of tissues. This explains
Gambierol
American neuroscientist
disease. Exploring the signaling cascade led to the identification of peroxynitrite as the nitrogen oxide moiety that mediates neurotoxicity, and the role
Valina_L._Dawson
University of the Republic: Intercellular diffusion and toxicity of peroxynitrite. Mirta Noemí Rosenberg, Poet and translator, Buenos Aires, Argentina:
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2003
List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_2003
Damage to the structure of a biological molecule
species that include hypochlorous acid (HOCl), nitric oxide (NO•), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) to fight infections, and many cell types use nitric oxide as
Molecular_lesion
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