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Topological structure in loop quantum gravity
In physics, the topological structure of spinfoam or spin foam consists of two-dimensional faces representing a configuration required by functional integration
Spin_foam
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
network. These networks of loops are called spin networks. The evolution of a spin network, or spin foam, has a scale on the order of a Planck length
Loop_quantum_gravity
Fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales
Quantum foam (also known as spacetime foam, or spacetime bubble) is a theoretical quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum
Quantum_foam
Hypothetical approach to quantum gravity with emergent spacetime
distance operator). This is not true for spin foams or loop quantum gravity in general. Moreover, in spin foams the discreteness is thought to be fundamental
Causal dynamical triangulation
Causal_dynamical_triangulation
Quantum field theory with a Lie group base manifold
quantum gravity, the spin foam formalism and causal dynamical triangulation. Its perturbative expansion can be interpreted as spin foams and simplicial pseudo-manifolds
Group_field_theory
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
loops called spin networks. The evolution of a spin network over time is called a spin foam. The characteristic length scale of a spin foam is the Planck
Quantum_mechanics
Numerical coefficient in loop quantum gravity
This proposes a kinematical picture for defining a quantum horizon via spin foam models, however the dynamics of such a model has not yet been studied
Immirzi_parameter
Hypothetical physical concept
content of the Standard Model supplemented with neutrino masses fits into a spinor representation of SO(10), a subgroup of E8 that routinely emerges in string
Theory_of_everything
French physicist
his contributions to quantum gravity, including loop quantum gravity, spin foam models, doubly special relativity, group field theory, relative locality
Laurent_Freidel
American toy company
footbag design purchased from its inventors in 1983 Splatter Up (1990s) EZ SPIN Foam Frisbee Disc (2008), a soft version of the Frisbee that could be used
Wham-O
Description of gravity using discrete values
polarization), and decoherence induced by fluctuations in the space-time foam. The latter scenario has been searched for in light from gamma-ray bursts
Quantum_gravity
gravity. John Baez: mathematical physicist who introduced the notion of spin foam in loop quantum gravity (a term originally introduced by Wheeler). Julian
List of quantum gravity researchers
List_of_quantum_gravity_researchers
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). It proposes that for every known particle
Supersymmetry
Attraction of masses and energy
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Gravity
Field theory in physics that aims to unify the fundamental forces and particles
fields in physics include vector fields such as the electromagnetic field, spinor fields whose quanta are fermionic particles such as electrons, and tensor
Unified_field_theory
Component primarily utilized for making cushions or mattresses
often referred to as "viscoelastic" polyurethane foam, or low-resilience polyurethane foam (LRPu). The foam bubbles or 'cells' are open, effectively creating
Memory_foam
Classical statement of gravity as force
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Diagram used to represent quantum field theory calculations
Commons has media related to Spin networks. Spin connection Spin structure Character variety Penrose graphical notation Spin foam String-net Trace diagram
Spin_network
Theory proposed by Roger Penrose
It has a physical interpretation as the space of massless particles with spin. It is the projectivisation of a 4-dimensional complex vector space, non-projective
Twistor_theory
Theory of quantum gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Hořava–Lifshitz_gravity
Aspect of loop quantum gravity
coworkers have recently been investigating the Minkowski state of LQG using spin foam techniques. It is expected that these questions will all remain open as
Lorentz invariance in loop quantum gravity
Lorentz_invariance_in_loop_quantum_gravity
Italian theoretical physicist and writer (born 1956)
covariant "spin foam" version of loop quantum gravity. In 2008, in collaboration with Jonathan Engle and Roberto Pereira, he has introduced the spin foam vertex
Carlo_Rovelli
Attempt to describe spacetime and associated phenomena in terms of geometry
complicated topological phenomena at very small scales, the so-called spacetime foam. This would realize geometrical intuition suggested by quantum gravity, or
Geometrodynamics
American mathematical physicist (b. 1961)
California, Riverside (UCR) in Riverside, California. He has worked on spin foams in loop quantum gravity, applications of higher categories to physics
John_C._Baez
Analogies between Maxwell's and Einstein's field equations
predictions, such as induced rotation of a falling object and precession of a spinning object are among the last basic predictions of general relativity to be
Gravitoelectromagnetism
Theory extending Einstein gravity
being accepted as a viable theory because of its introduction of a massive spin-2 ghost particle. Aside from the massive ghost, the theory also predicts
Quadratic_gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Chasles'_theorem_(gravity)
Classical theory of gravitation
results in the additional set of equations for spin and torsion, as well as the addition of extra spin-related terms in the Einstein field equations themselves
Einstein–Cartan_theory
Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Gauss's_law_for_gravity
Approach to quantum gravity using discrete spacetime
Causal Set Theory; arXiv:0801.0240 R. Sverdlov; A Geometrical Description of Spinor Fields; arXiv:0802.1914 R. Sverdlov; Bosonic Fields in Causal Set Theory;
Causal_sets
Modern theory of gravitation that combines supersymmetry and general relativity
contains a spin-2 field whose quantum is the graviton. Supersymmetry requires the graviton field to have a superpartner. This field has spin 3/2 and its
Supergravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Gravity_filtration
Contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its gravity
accrete matter from the companion, increasing the mass and potentially spinning it up. When sufficient hydrogen has been accumulated along the outer shell
Gravitational_collapse
German theoretical physicist (born 1977)
physicist known for her contributions to loop quantum gravity and the spin foam approach to quantum gravity. She has been a faculty member at Perimeter
Bianca_Dittrich_(physicist)
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon
Graviton
common tetrahedron are a proper superset of 4-pseudomanifolds used in spin foam formulation of loop quantum gravity. Combinatorial n-complexes defined
Pseudomanifold
Tensor field in Riemannian geometry
Lee 2018, p. 196. Lawson, H. Blaine Jr.; Michelsohn, Marie-Louise (1989). Spin Geometry. Princeton U Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-691-08542-5. Synge J.L.,
Riemann_curvature_tensor
Unified field theory
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Kaluza–Klein_theory
Theory of quantum gauge fields on a lattice
in the action, lattice gauge theory can be shown to be exactly dual to spin foam models. Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory Lattice field theory Lattice
Lattice_gauge_theory
Gravity theories that are invariant under Weyl transformations
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Conformal_gravity
Finite, symmetry-reduced model of loop quantum gravity
has also recently been work by Carlo Rovelli, et al. on relating LQC to spin foam cosmology. However, the results obtained in LQC are subject to the usual
Loop_quantum_cosmology
Kinetic theory of gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Le Sage's theory of gravitation
Le_Sage's_theory_of_gravitation
Theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Entropic_gravity
Concept in physics
doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2005/05/003, S2CID 307531 Richard T. Hammond (2013), "Spin from the Nonsymmetric Metric Tensor", International Journal of Modern Physics
Nonsymmetric gravitational theory
Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory
Aspect of theoretical physics
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Twistor_string_theory
Idea in quantum gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Induced_gravity
Comformal theory of gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity
Hoyle–Narlikar_theory_of_gravity
Toy model of general relativity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
CGHS_model
Theory of gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
AQUAL
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
ISBN 978-0-226-87029-8. Wheeler, John; Ford, Kenneth (1998), Geons, Black Holes, & Quantum Foam: a life in physics, New York: W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-31991-0 Rindler
General_relativity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity
Bi-scalar_tensor_vector_gravity
Concept in cosmology
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Cosmological_constant_problem
1922 theory, now obsolete
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Whitehead's theory of gravitation
Whitehead's_theory_of_gravitation
Theories of higher-dimensional general relativity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity
Higher-dimensional_Einstein_gravity
commercial products as spin-offs. Well-known products that NASA claims as spin-offs include memory foam (originally named temper foam), freeze-dried food
NASA_spin-off_technologies
Nonpertubative field theoretic approach to quantum gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity
Physics_applications_of_asymptotically_safe_gravity
Comprehensive physical model
undiscovered particles, or have gravity-like (spin connection) bosons affecting elements of the particles spin direction. Each of these possesses theoretical
Grand_Unified_Theory
Violation of charge-parity symmetry in particle physics and cosmology
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
CP_violation
Discrete geometries used in spin foam models
play a role in loop quantum gravity and spin foam models, where they appear in the semiclassical limit of spin networks. A twisted geometry can be visualized
Twisted_geometries
Scientific device
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Air_track
Model of gravity with dilation
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Jackiw–Teitelboim_gravity
Relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's MOND paradigm
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Tensor–vector–scalar_gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Scalar theories of gravitation
Scalar_theories_of_gravitation
Model of quantum gravity
modeled the analogous constraint on the summation over spin foam. The Barrett–Crane model on spin foam quantizes the Plebanski action, but its path integral
Barrett–Crane_model
Proposed theories of gravity
}{M_{s}^{2}}}\right)=0,} in order to make sure that only massless spin −2 and spin −0 components propagate in the graviton propagator around Minkowski
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Lovelock_theory_of_gravity
Attempt to find a consistent theory of quantum gravity
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Asymptotic_safety
Modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Scalar–tensor–vector_gravity
Proposed model of gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
DGP_model
General relativity in 2+1 dimensions
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
(2+1)-dimensional_topological_gravity
Hypothetical particle
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Dilaton
Theory of gravity in which the graviton has nonzero mass
when Wolfgang Pauli and Markus Fierz first developed a theory of a massive spin-2 field propagating on a flat spacetime background. It was later realized
Massive_gravity
Theory of fundamental physics
within the framework of a fully relativistic theory. The Higgs boson is the spin-0 particle that has been introduced in electroweak theory to give mass to
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
Formulation of general relativity
124026. S2CID 118968025. Wang, Charles H.-T. (2005-10-06). "Unambiguous spin-gauge formulation of canonical general relativity with conformorphism invariance"
Canonical_quantum_gravity
Physics theory
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Rainbow_gravity_theory
Topological field
Background field method Barrett–Crane model Dual graviton Plebanski action Spin foam Tetradic Palatini action Dijkgraaf, Robbert; Witten, Edward (1990). "Topological
BF_model
Theories trying to extend known physics
charginos. Each particle in the Standard Model would have a superpartner whose spin differs by 1/2 from the ordinary particle. Due to the breaking of supersymmetry
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model
Unsolved problem in physics
Lagrangian. However, suppose there existed two complex scalars (taken to be spin-0) such that λ S = | λ f | 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{S}=|\lambda _{f}|^{2}}
Hierarchy_problem
Theory of gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Gauss–Bonnet_gravity
Theory of gravity
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Shape_dynamics
Approach to quantum gravity utilizing Wick rotations
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Euclidean_quantum_gravity
Linear perturbations to solutions of nonlinear Einstein field equations
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Linearized_gravity
Physical theory with matter as quantum fields but gravity as a classical field
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Semiclassical_gravity
Phenomenon in which a neutrino changes lepton flavor as it travels
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Neutrino_oscillation
Theory of gravity
any nontrivial tensorial dependence, we typically have additional massive spin-2 degrees of freedom, in addition to the massless graviton and a massive
F(R)_gravity
Condensed matter physics model involving only closed loops
Model. For strings labeled by the positive integers, string-nets are the spin networks studied in loop quantum gravity. This has led to the proposal by
String-net_liquid
Canadian toy and entertainment company
Spin Master Corp. (formerly known as Spin Master Toys) is a Canadian multinational toy and entertainment company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. Spin
Spin_Master
Physics laboratory in Assergi, Italy
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso
Theory of gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Infinite_derivative_gravity
Fringe theory of physics
of 24-dimensional SU(5) in the Georgi–Glashow model or of 45-dimensional Spin(10) in the SO(10) model. Since there is a different elementary particle for
An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything
An_Exceptionally_Simple_Theory_of_Everything
2003 American spaceflight accident
insulating foam broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the thermal protection system tiles on the orbiter's left wing. Similar foam shedding
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster
Proposed theory of gravitation
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Brans–Dicke_theory
Geometric algebra approach to gravity
the Einstein field equations are derivable from a variational principle. A spin tensor can also be supported in a manner similar to Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble
Gauge_theory_gravity
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
Japanese neutrino observatory
Large extra dimensions Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum
Super-Kamiokande
Hypothetical force carrier particle connected to dark matter
Particle Physics with a new abelian U(1) gauge symmetry. The corresponding new spin-1 gauge boson (i.e., the dark photon) can then couple very weakly to electrically
Dark_photon
Theory of gravity on antimatter
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Gravitational interaction of antimatter
Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter
Female Italian theoretical physicist
of quantum mechanics. She is best known for two research directions: Spin foam Cosmology, and Planck stars, with special emphasis on white holes and
Francesca_Vidotto
Hypothetical gravitational particle
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Pressuron
Early attempts to explain gravity
Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal
Mechanical explanations of gravitation
Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
SPIN FOAM
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SPIN FOAM