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Model simulating voters in an election
the spatial (sometimes ideological or ideal-point) model of voting, also known as the Hotelling–Downs model, is a mathematical model of voting behavior
Spatial_voting
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
Voter choice theory
ideological proximity to the candidates. In spatial voting theories there is no role for partisanship in voting. Furthermore, critics claim that the Michigan
Michigan_model
Visual analogy for political or ideological positions
"Multidimensional Spatial Voting with Non-separable Preferences". Political Analysis. 23 (3): 415–428. doi:10.1093/pan/mpv013. ISSN 1047-1987. The spatial model of
Political_spectrum
Methods of voting on motions
of voting on motions (formal proposal by members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies
Comparative politics for electoral systems
methods to compare voting systems: Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey. Adherence to logical criteria. Voting methods can be
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Self-contradiction of majority rule
to be voted for. One important implication of the possible existence of the voting paradox in a practical situation is that in a paired voting process
Condorcet_paradox
Governmental style in which political parties cooperate to form a government
coalition. Retrospective voting has a huge influence on the outcome of an election. However, the risk of retrospective voting is a lot weaker with coalition
Coalition_government
Political science analytical tool
voting behavior from the First Congress to the present-day, Poole and Rosenthal published Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting in
NOMINATE_(scaling_method)
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Political issue with broad voter consensus
Downs’s theory of voting behavior which analogues supply and demand market logic. Downs concluded that voters, when determining their voting preferences, and
Valence_issue
Election result affecting losing candidate
severity of spoiler effects depends substantially on the voting method. First-past-the-post voting, especially if without winnowing or primary elections[citation
Spoiler_effect
Voter behaviour
to study voting habits, there are three primary models used in statistical studies of issue voting: the linear position model, the spatial model and
Issue_voting
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
option, C. The result is often cited in discussions of voting rules, where it shows no ranked voting rule can eliminate the spoiler effect. This result was
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Russian politician and sociologist (1854–1921)
dead link] Connections and Implications of the Ostrogorski Paradox for Spatial Voting Models[permanent dead link] Jewish Encyclopedia: Ostrogorski, Moisei
Moisey_Ostrogorsky
Spatial verification is a technique in which similar locations can be identified in an automated way through a sequence of images. The general method
Spatial_verification
Theorem in political science
Arrow. Similar median voter theorems exist for rules like score voting and approval voting when voters are either strategic and informed or if voters' ratings
Median_voter_theorem
Organization of 68th U.S. Congress
with a will." A spatial analysis of the speakership election conducted by Jeffrey A. Jenkins and Timothy P. Nokken concluded that the voting patterns of individual
1855–56 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election
1855–56_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election
postal voting, voter IDs, voter registration, voting machines and vote counting, felony disenfranchisement, and election recounts. Thus the voting rights
Elections in the United States
Elections_in_the_United_States
System to specify locations on Earth
It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others
Geographic_coordinate_system
Serbian architect (born 1963)
Urbanism and Spatial Planning, including "Urban Environment and Urbanization," "Urban Structure and Zoning," "Urban Functions," and "Urban and Spatial Planning
Vladan_Đokić
Performance metric for voting methods
how often a voting method elects a candidate in the Smith set.[citation needed] Smith efficiency can be used to differentiate between voting methods across
Condorcet_efficiency
Legislature of Serbia
21 who paid tax on property, labour or income; women could not vote. Until 1888, voting was public: each voter declared his choice aloud at the polling
National_Assembly_(Serbia)
American singer and songwriter (1958–2009)
now available at various DSPs, including 360 Reality Audio on Amazon, Spatial Audio on Apple Music, mixed by Serban Ghenea from the original masters
Michael_Jackson
Repealed Act of Parliament in New Zealand
The Spatial Planning Act 2023 (SPA), now repealed, was one of three laws introduced by the Sixth Labour Government in order to replace New Zealand's Resource
Spatial_Planning_Act_2023
her work on voter behavior and political forecasting Duncan Black – spatial voting theorist Earl Black – political scientist at Rice University; focuses
List_of_political_scientists
Pareto efficiency implies utilitarian rule
Instant-runoff UK/NZ: Alternative vote (AV) AU: Preferential voting US/CA: Ranked-choice (RCV) Party block voting Plurality block voting Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
1980 film by Stanley Kubrick
maps of spatial discrepancies in the layout of the Overlook Hotel, the interiors of which were constructed in studios in England. These spatial discrepancies
The_Shining_(film)
United States voting pattern
to voting ratio data—resulting in an "unclassified choropleth map". These "purple maps" are useful for showing the highly mixed nature of voting, but
Red_states_and_blue_states
Spatial citizenship describes the ability of individuals and groups to interact and participate in societal spatial decision making through the reflexive
Spatial_citizenship
The Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (SSSI) is the professional association for surveyors and spatial science workers, including cartography,
Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute
Surveying_and_Spatial_Sciences_Institute
A spatial development strategy is a strategic spatial planning document being introduced in England during 2026. They will be produced everywhere in England
Spatial_development_strategy
American artificial intelligence company
owned by OpenAI LP and Microsoft, the latter of which had a minority non-voting stake. The nonprofit OpenAI, Inc., controlled OpenAI GP LLC, which in turn
OpenAI
Country mostly on the Australian continent
proportional system which combines preferential voting with proportional representation for each state. Voting and enrolment is compulsory for all enrolled
Australia
Incoming cabinet after the 2026 election
Affairs); Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning (now part of the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning); and Ministry of Education (now
16th_Government_of_Slovenia
Country in South Asia
effect of annual PM2·5 exposure on mortality in India: a nationwide 1-km spatial cohort study". The Lancet Planetary Health. 8 (12): e941–e949. doi:10
India
Country in South America
Other American Grids". In Hernández, Felipe; Lara, Fernando Luiz (eds.). Spatial Concepts for Decolonizing the Americas. Cambridge Scholars. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-5275-7653-7
Bolivia
Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia
documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context
Philippines
Special administrative region of China
Yip, Ngai-ming (2004). "Hong Kong as a Global City? Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation". Urban Studies. 41 (1): 207–227. Bibcode:2004UrbSt..41
Hong_Kong
Professional footballer (born 2001)
with unhurried poise and balletic elegance. His tactical intelligence and spatial awareness have been associated with his lifelong passion for chess; he
Michael_Olise
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
(Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 765 The Town and Country Planning (Spatial Development Strategy) (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 766 (C
List of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom, 2020
List_of_statutory_instruments_of_the_United_Kingdom,_2020
Cháirez-Garza, Jesús Francisco (2 January 2014). "Touching space: Ambedkar on the spatial features of untouchability". Contemporary South Asia. 22 (1). Taylor &
Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi
2022 ethnic clashes in Leicester, England
live in north Leicester (LE4 postcode), mainly in the Belgrave area. The 'spatial polarization' developed since the 1970s, with the Belgrave area (a former
2022_Leicester_unrest
Tenure of Andy Burnham as Greater Manchester Mayor (2017-2026)
regional disputes over green belt usage under the "Places for Everyone" spatial framework. In mid-2026, amid a rapid decline in national confidence toward
Mayoralty_of_Andy_Burnham
American baseball player and manager (born 1970)
the Year voting, losing to San Francisco Giants manager Gabe Kapler, with one first place vote, 22 second place votes, and four third place votes. On June
Craig_Counsell
Country in Southeastern Europe and West Asia
2019. Akyuz, Ezgi; Samavati, Mehrdad; Kaynak, Burcak (14 August 2020). "Spatial distribution of health risks associated with PM2.5 in Turkey and Iran using
Turkey
Period in Argentine cinema history
straightforward narratives that progress through a defined temporal and spatial journey, featuring protagonists whose lives are deeply intertwined with
Golden Age of Argentine cinema
Golden_Age_of_Argentine_cinema
New Zealand parliamentary term from 2023 to 2026
Parliament was elected using a mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) voting system. MPs represent 72 geographical electorates: 16 in the South Island
54th_New_Zealand_Parliament
City in California, United States
2019. Aitken, Stuart; Prosser, Rudy (September 3, 2010). "Residents' Spatial Knowledge of Neighborhood Continuity and Form', Geographical Analysis"
San_Diego
Directly elected position in England
skills, housing, and local infrastructure investment, and sometimes over spatial planning, policing, health and employment support. Combined (county) authority
Strategic_authority_mayor
(1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical—and therefore, non-spatial—substance. Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and
History_of_human_thought
software engineering and computer science, the process of removing physical, spatial, or temporal details or attributes in the study of objects or systems in
Glossary_of_computer_science
Economic theory applied to political science
expected gains from voting are still near zero. When this is considered in combination with the multiple recognized costs of voting, such as the opportunity
Public_choice
Medieval and early modern history of the African region
a society based on social ranking to one based on social classes. K2's spatial arrangement became unsuited to this development. Amid a harsh drought which
Medieval and early modern Africa
Medieval_and_early_modern_Africa
Government of New Zealand since 2023
within 100 metres of a voting place (subject to a NZ$10,000 fine). In addition, the Government will ban all prisoners from voting. The Government also intends
Sixth National Government of New Zealand
Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand
1989–1991 unification process of Germany
Land Use Plan of 1988 and General Development Plan of 1980 defined the spatial planning criteria for West and East Berlin, respectively. These were replaced
German_reunification
1956 Israeli massacre of Arab civilians
achieve that end was overwhelming defeated in a Knesset vote on 26 October 2021, with a 93/12 voting majority. The proposed bill, which was opposed by Kfar
Kafr_Qasim_massacre
Country in Central Europe
Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2021. European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)
Poland
Geography of elections
constituencies. The spatial distribution and variation of the voting populace in conjunction with the demographic characteristics and delineation of voting regions
Electoral_geography
English founder of modern nursing (1820–1910)
-M. Guerry's Moral Statistics of France: Challenges for Multivariable Spatial Analysis". Statistical Science. 22 (3). Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Florence_Nightingale
Political movement in Serbia
signatories to oppose the destruction of the Belgrade Fair to the Agency for Spatial Planning and Urbanism. They also oppose the organisation of EXPO 2027.
Kreni-Promeni
AI that generates content
2024. Chee, Foo Yun; Mukherjee, Supantha (June 14, 2023). "EU lawmakers vote for tougher AI rules as draft moves to final stage". Reuters. Archived from
Generative_AI
2017 season of an American television series
footage and then mass voting on it. Isaac hacks into the Master Feed and uploads heartwarming, fake, images of LaMarr. The vote narrowly passes in his
The_Orville_season_1
Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania
identifies settlements consistently using population size, density and spatial contiguity thresholds. Indonesia is also home to smaller communities of
Indonesia
Claudio; Martin, Diana; Katz, Irit (eds.). Camps Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp
History_of_the_Gaza_Strip
United Kingdom legislation
trainee cab drivers. The hippocampus is the area of the brain used for spatial memory and navigation, and is generally larger in taxi drivers than in
Taxis_of_London
Effect of environs on individual people, as effected at the neighborhood level
exchange impossible Kevin Cox used the term in 1969 in 'The Voting Decision in a Spatial Context' and it was later further popularized by Ron J. Johnston
Neighbourhood_effect
Devolved public authority in England
employment support housing strategic planning including the production of spatial development strategies economic development and regeneration the environment
Strategic_authority
Categorisation of people's intelligence based on IQ
Gregory; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (2 November 2010). "Recognizing Spatial Intelligence". Scientific American. Retrieved 5 June 2013. Perleth, Christoph;
IQ_classification
2013 video game
Informer preferred the challenge. GameSpot thought the improved graphics and spatial anti-aliasing made the open world "even more spectacular". They said that
Grand_Theft_Auto_V
2010 film by Edgar Wright
from this roundup would be treasonous." In 2025, it was one of the films voted for the "Readers' Choice" edition of The New York Times' list of "The 100
Scott_Pilgrim_vs._the_World
2024–2025 concert tour by Olivia Rodrigo
Olsen – associate creative director Marie-Eve Pageau – project manager, spatial designer Heather Picchiottino – costume designer Maurizio Pino – guitar
Guts_World_Tour
2026. Roiz, Jessica (May 15, 2026). "Sech's 'SECHO GANG' Album & More: Vote for the Best New Latin Music Release This Week". Billboard. Retrieved May
2026_in_hip-hop
2024 European Union regulation
13 March 2024, when MEPs adopted the final text in plenary session by a vote of 523 for, 46 against, and 49 abstaining. It was approved by the EU Council
Artificial_Intelligence_Act
Settlement of Beirut on island in Beirut River
Realpolitik de l'urbain. Le cas libanais)" (PDF). Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. 4 (1): 1–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
History_of_Beirut
Ethnic group in the United States
traditionally used to measure assimilation: language proficiency, intermarriage, spatial concentration, and socio-economic status.[citation needed] Per these criteria
Iranian_Americans
English singer, songwriter, and actor (born 1994)
Styles announced he was donating his appearance fee from Apple's AirPods' spatial audio campaign to the International Rescue Committee, a global humanitarian
Harry_Styles
In Switzerland, spatial planning is the sum total of public policies concerning land use, the organization of the built environment, and the distribution
Spatial planning in Switzerland
Spatial_planning_in_Switzerland
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases
Climate_change
Most populous city in Canada
ISBN 978-0-7700-0311-1. Johansen Aase, Emily (2014). Cosmopolitanism and Place: Spatial Forms in Contemporary Anglophone Literature. New York City, NY, USA: Palgrave
Toronto
Historical process by which the lower River Thames was turned into a tidal canal
Gowland, G.L.; Western, A.G. (2012). "Morbidity in the Marshes: Using Spatial Epidemiology to Investigate Skeletal Evidence for Malaria in Anglo-Saxon
Embanking_of_the_tidal_Thames
Country in East Asia
Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Chen, Hungyen (2018). "The spatial patterns in long-term temporal trends of three major crops' yields in Japan"
Japan
mega-corporation, Ferrous Corp. With One, Five and Six voting to deliver the weapons and Three and Four voting to abandon the miners to their fate, Two (who has
List_of_Dark_Matter_episodes
Fictional protagonist of Tomb Raider
that it felt made Lara Croft iconic: a ponytail, "M-shaped" lips, and the spatial relationship between her eyes, mouth, and nose. The company also changed
Lara_Croft
City in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
ru Milan Bufon (April 11, 2014). The New European Frontiers: Social and Spatial (Re)Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions. Cambridge Scholars
Kaliningrad
Language family of northern Eurasia
Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"
Uralic_languages
voting would be repeated at some stations where the results could not be determined, effectively postponing the announcement of final results. Voting
2022_Serbian_general_election
Armed conflict between Turkey and PKK
Jongerden. The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds – an Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War: p. 38. 2007. Üngör, Ugur Ümit (1 March 2012)
Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_insurgency
2020 video game
the player to locate enemies through a heightened sense of hearing and spatial awareness, indicated as outlines visible through walls and objects. In
The_Last_of_Us_Part_II
2014 film by Christopher Nolan
designed for interstellar travel Wormholes in fiction – Depictions of a spatial anomaly This number culminates the initial $681 million worldwide gross
Interstellar_(film)
Country in South America
Torrallardona, Luis Aquino, Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez (Modernism); Lucio Fontana (Spatialism); Tomás Maldonado, Guillermo Kuitca (Abstract art); León Ferrari, Marta
Argentina
U.S. state
Retrieved February 7, 2013. "Mean Annual Precipitation, Alaska-Yukon". Spatial Climate Analysis Service. Oregon State University. February 2000. Archived
Alaska
Study of rational collective decision-making
parliamentary procedures for voting on laws, as well as electoral systems; as such, the field is occasionally called voting theory. It is closely related
Social_choice_theory
Finnic language
Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (8 June 2022). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"
Votic_language
the Article 117 of the Constitution request a vote of confidence. If government does not win the vote of confidence, National Assembly has to elect new
7th National Assembly of Slovenia
7th_National_Assembly_of_Slovenia
Iranian ethnic group
Pakistan?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 14 August 2022. "Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimate". United Nations world data form. Archived
Pashtuns
class. Geographically, the spatial divide showed the NDA dominating large metropolitan cities and urban zones with a 45% vote share, but while the NDA bloc
Results of the 2024 Indian general election
Results_of_the_2024_Indian_general_election
Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2026
den Brink (2026–present; Deputy Prime Minister 2026–present) Housing and Spatial Planning Elanor Boekholt-O'Sullivan (2026–present) Climate Policy and Green
Rob_Jetten
travel, tourism, insurance
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
Girl/Female
Hindu
Crystal clear
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian, Modern
Special
Boy/Male
Tamil
Special
Boy/Male
Tamil
Saisnigda | ஸாஈஸà¯à®¨à¯€à®•à¯à®¤à®¾
Special
Saisnigda | ஸாஈஸà¯à®¨à¯€à®•à¯à®¤à®¾
Girl/Female
Muslim
Royal
Boy/Male
Hindu
Special
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian, Telugu
Special
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian, Telugu
Special
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Special
Boy/Male
Arabic
Arab River
Girl/Female
Tamil
Special
Girl/Female
Indian
Special
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Royal
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
Protector
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Special
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Special
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Crystal; Pure
Girl/Female
Indian
Special
Girl/Female
Arabic, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Special
Girl/Female
Greek, Indian, Marathi, Turkish
Special
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
SPATIAL VOTING
travel, tourism, insurance