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Solid acid fuel cells (SAFCs) are a class of fuel cells characterized by the use of a solid acid material as the electrolyte. Similar to proton exchange
Solid_acid_fuel_cell
Acid that is insoluble in the reaction medium
alcohols, catalyzed by solid acids. Acylations are also catalyzed by solid acids. Solid acids can be used as electrolytes in fuel cells. Kresge, Charles T
Solid_acid
Device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity
Fuel_cell
Type of fuel cell
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized
Phosphoric_acid_fuel_cell
Power station that uses fuel cells to generate electricity
include phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. A fuel cell power plant is
Fuel_cell_power_plant
Ethiopian-American chemist
is an Ethiopian-American chemist, known for developing the first solid acid fuel cells. She is a professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern
Sossina_M._Haile
oxygen or hydrogen. Alkaline fuel cell Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) also known as the Bacon fuel cell. Alloy An alloy is a solid solution or homogeneous mixture
Glossary_of_fuel_cell_terms
Electro-chemical device
proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). There are many types of fuel cells, but they all
Electrochemical_cell
Type of fuel cell
than fuel cells with acidic electrolyte, such as proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cells, and phosphoric acid fuel cells. Because
Alkaline_fuel_cell
High-temperature fuel cells
phosphoric acid fuel cell plant. When the waste heat is captured and used, overall fuel efficiencies can be as high as 85%. Unlike alkaline, phosphoric acid, and
Molten_carbonate_fuel_cell
Type of electrochemical cell
respective spaces. A flow battery may be used like a fuel cell (where new charged negolyte (a.k.a. reducer or fuel) and charged posolyte (a.k.a. oxidant) are added
Flow_battery
fuel cell (PCFC) is a fuel cell based around a ceramic, solid, electrolyte material as the proton conductor from anode to cathode. These fuel cells produce
Protonic_ceramic_fuel_cell
Power generation technology
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), also known as polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, are a type of fuel cell being developed mainly
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
Proton-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell
development of the lead-acid battery and subsequent "secondary" or "chargeable" types allowed energy to be restored to the cell, extending the life of
History_of_the_battery
Brand name for a chemical product
installs fuel cell". The News Journal. p. B7. Kusoglu, Ahmet; Weber, Adam Z. (2017-02-08). "New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers"
Nafion
Amino acid and neurotransmitter
carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH 2. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral
Glutamic_acid
Simplest carboxylic acid (HCOOH)
directly in formic acid fuel cells or indirectly in hydrogen fuel cells. Electrolytic conversion of electrical energy to chemical fuel has been proposed
Formic_acid
Fuels from sources other than fossil fuels
with air. Another fuel is formic acid. The fuel is used by converting it first to hydrogen and using that in a fuel cell. Formic acid is much more easy
Alternative_fuel
Vehicle that uses a fuel cell to power its electric motor
fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, reformed methanol fuel cell and Regenerative Fuel Cells. The
Fuel_cell_vehicle
American chemical engineer (born 1954)
solid acids?", Catalysis Letters, 62(1), 1-13, (1999). S. Park, J. M. Vohs, R. J. Gorte "Direct Oxidation of hydrocarbons in a solid oxide fuels cell"
Raymond_Gorte
Battery with solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte
development of solid-state electrochemical devices with increased energy density. The first were molten sodium / β-alumina / sulfur cells developed at Ford
Solid-state_battery
Chemical compound (PO(OH)3)
Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic
Phosphoric_acid
Lower-temperature fuel cell types such as the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, and alkaline fuel cell require pure hydrogen as fuel, typically
Integrated gasification fuel cell cycle
Integrated_gasification_fuel_cell_cycle
Branch of electrochemistry
and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites. Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable
Solid_state_ionics
Bio-electrochemical system
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a type of bioelectrochemical fuel cell system also known as micro fuel cell that generates electric current by diverting electrons
Microbial_fuel_cell
Vehicle propelled fully or mostly by electricity
diesel–electric multiple unit (DEMU) Generated on-board using a fuel cell: fuel cell vehicle Generated on-board using nuclear power: nuclear submarines
Electric_vehicle
Fuel from carbon monoxide and hydrogen
from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas. Common ways for refining synthetic fuels include the Fischer–Tropsch
Synthetic_fuel
State of matter
lanthanum, cerium, manganese and nickel are now being developed as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Lithium, lithium-titanate and tantalum nanoparticles are
Solid
Ion-exchange membrane specific for protons
conductivity (σ), methanol permeability (P), and thermal stability. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane (a thin plastic film) which is permeable to protons
Proton-exchange_membrane
Organic acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3. In its solid state, it is white and in its liquid state is miscible with water. When
Lactic_acid
Power supply with electrochemical cells
Other primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clark cell, and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was
Electric_battery
Electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface
in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM fuel cell) and in proton exchange membrane (PEM) or hydrochloric acid (HCL) membrane electrolysis. When
Gas_diffusion_electrode
Chemical compound
treatment. Polyvinylphosphonic acid is an essential component for the polymer electrolyte membranes used in fuel cell development, in the medical field
Vinylphosphonic_acid
Process of manufacturing and using nuclear fuel
The nuclear fuel cycle, also known as the nuclear fuel chain, is the series of stages that nuclear fuel undergoes during its production, use, and recycling
Nuclear_fuel_cycle
Chemical compound
in papers as late as 1970. Phosphotungstic acid is used in histology as a component for staining of cell specimens, often together with haematoxylin
Phosphotungstic_acid
German-Swiss chemist (1799–1868)
1868) was a German-Swiss chemist who is best known for inventing the fuel cell (1838) at the same time as William Robert Grove and his discoveries of
Christian_Friedrich_Schönbein
Solid conductor with highly mobile ions
various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need
Fast-ion_conductor
Ethiopian-American chemist Sossina M. Haile developed the first solid acid fuel cell. 2000: Venezuelan astrophysicist Kathy Vivas presented her discovery
Timeline_of_women_in_science
Chemical compound
Johnson, Christopher (2007). "Sulfur-tolerant anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell application". Journal of Power Sources. 168 (2): 289–298. Bibcode:2007JPS
Strontium_titanate
Primary or secondary battery
certain applications. A significant advantage of magnesium cells is their use of a solid magnesium anode, offering energy density higher than lithium
Magnesium_battery
Biochemical process applied in industrial production
the objective, as is the case for single-cell proteins, baker's yeast, and starter cultures for lactic acid bacteria used in cheesemaking. In general
Industrial_fermentation
Chemical separation of spent nuclear fuel
fuel rods, containing uranium. The fuel was decladded by boiling it in caustic soda. After decladding, the uranium metal was dissolved in nitric acid
Nuclear_reprocessing
Chemical compound
doped with phosphoric acid was utilized as a high temperature fuel cell electrolyte. The doped PBI high temperature fuel cell electrolyte has several
Polybenzimidazole
Polymer matrix capable of ion conduction
of electrolyte—liquid and solid-state—polymer electrolytes aid in movement of charge between the anode and cathode of a cell. The use of polymers as an
Polymer_electrolytes
Membraneless Fuel Cells convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy without the use of a conducting membrane as with other types of fuel cells. In Laminar
Membraneless_Fuel_Cells
Type of chemical reaction
fuel cell especially in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell. While the 2e− pathway reaction is often the side
Oxygen_reduction_reaction
Type of biofuel
reform ethanol into hydrogen to feed what is known as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The fuel cell generates electricity to supply power to the electric
Ethanol_fuel
Chemical compound
non-toxic white solid that is soluble in water and several organic solvents. It plays several roles in biology. Upon heating, itaconic acid converts to its
Itaconic_acid
Highly corrosive mineral acid
as "concentrated nitric acid". The azeotrope of nitric acid and water is a colourless liquid at room temperature. Two solid hydrates are known: the monohydrate
Nitric_acid
Chemical compound
be used to power hydrogen fuel cells, or it may be used directly within high-temperature solid oxide direct ammonia fuel cells to provide efficient power
Ammonia
Technologies that relating to the production & use of hydrogen
fuel cell (DMFC) Electro-galvanic fuel cell (EGFC) Flow battery (RFC) Formic acid fuel cell (FAFC) Metal hydride fuel cell (MHFC) Microbial fuel cell
Hydrogen_technologies
Vehicle not powered by petrol or diesel
vehicles or fuel cell vehicles that utilize synthetic renewable fuels such as biofuels (ethanol fuel, biodiesel and biogasoline), hydrogen fuel or so-called
Alternative_fuel_vehicle
the 2009 World Food Prize. Sossina M. Haile (1966–), Inventor of Solid acid fuel cells, professor of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering at the
List of African educators, scientists and scholars
List_of_African_educators,_scientists_and_scholars
German chemist (born 1960)
Áron Varga; Bernd Abel (2021-05-11). "Study on solid electrolyte catalyst poisoning in solid acid fuel cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. Vol. 9,
Bernd_Abel
Type of thin-film solar cell
March 2019). "Solid-state p-type dye-sensitized solar cells: progress, potential applications and challenges". Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 3 (4): 888–898
Dye-sensitized_solar_cell
Type of flow battery technology
et al. Further development went into the fuel cell as a separate system. Petek et al. substituted the solid felt electrodes with slurry electrodes (e
Iron_redox_flow_battery
biofuel cell is a specific type of fuel cell that uses enzymes as a catalyst to oxidize its fuel, rather than precious metals. Enzymatic biofuel cells, while
Enzymatic_biofuel_cell
Chemical compound
acid (EDTA), also called EDTA acid, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N(CH2CO2H)2]2. This white, slightly water-soluble solid is
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
List of energy densities Search for the Super Battery (2017 PBS film) Fuel cell Hosein, Ian D. (2021-04-09). "The Promise of Calcium Batteries: Open Perspectives
List_of_battery_types
Organic compounds with the structure R–S(=O)2–OH
organic synthesis. Nafion, a polymeric sulfonic acid useful in fuel cells. Both alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids are known, most large-scale applications are
Sulfonic_acid
Branch of physical chemistry
technologies (like deep cycle lead acid batteries) there is also a wide range of new emerging technologies such as fuel cells, large format lithium-ion batteries
Electrochemistry
(born 1966), American chemist notable for developing the first solid acid fuel cells Naomi Halas (PhD 1987), American biochemist focusing on nanoshells
List_of_chemists
Electricity-induced chemical reaction
blocking a direct electronic pathway through the membrane. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane (a thin plastic film) which is permeable to hydrogen
Electrolysis_of_water
Chemical compound
and can be used for efficient power generation via fuel cell applications, including fuel cell and electric vehicles and other lightweight power applications
Aluminium_hydride
Organic compound
toxicity. There is a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have entered trials including direct-ethanol fuel cells, auto-thermal reforming systems and
Ethanol
Weak acid with formula H3BO3
Boric acid, more specifically orthoboric acid, is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula B(OH)3. It may also be called hydrogen orthoborate
Boric_acid
Α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
between tissues and liver. In muscle and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of glutamate by transamination
Alanine
Electric battery which can be recharged
in the cell can move about. For lead-acid cells, the relationship between time and discharge rate is described by Peukert's law; a lead-acid cell that can
Rechargeable_battery
Chemical compound (H2SO4)
acid has a vapor pressure of <1 mmHg at 40 °C. In the solid state, sulfuric acid is a molecular solid that forms monoclinic crystals with nearly trigonal
Sulfuric_acid
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
to be the correct structure of the solid. It hydrolyses in water to give a mixture of chloric and perchloric acids: the analogous reaction with anhydrous
Chlorine
Uranium-Oxygen compound
brown uranium dioxide (UO2), which is used in MOX nuclear fuel rods. There is a high-pressure solid form with U2O2 and U3O3 rings in it. Hydrous and anhydrous
Uranium_trioxide
operative Solid Snake. She was then found by Liquid Snake, who convinced her to join a FOXHOUND splinter cell under his command. In Metal Gear Solid, Sniper
Characters of the Metal Gear series
Characters_of_the_Metal_Gear_series
Finely powdered platinum used as a catalyst and for coating Pt electrodes
its black color. It is used in many ways; as a thin film electrode, a fuel cell membrane catalyst, or as a catalytic ignition of flammable gases for "self-lighting"
Platinum_black
Sources of electricity or hydrogen via electrolysis
"photoelectrochemical cell" is one of two distinct classes of device. The first produces electrical energy similarly to a dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell, which meets
Photoelectrochemical_cell
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
Nuclear fuel refers to any substance which is used by nuclear reactors or other nuclear devices as fuel to generate energy. Nuclear fuel contains fissile
Nuclear_fuel
Danish company
Topsoe Fuel Cell, initiated the construction of Denmark's first fuel cell production plant that produces high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (also
Topsoe
Independent source of backup electricity
rely on generators, deep-cycle batteries, flywheel energy storage or fuel cells. Emergency power systems were used as early as World War II on naval ships
Emergency_power_system
Biomolecule manufacturing process
Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a biomolecule manufacturing process used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fuel and textile industries. These biomolecules
Solid-state_fermentation
2001 video game
reveal of Metal Gear Solid 2 also led to the development of Splinter Cell, which Ubisoft originally intended to be "a Metal Gear Solid 2 killer." According
Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty
Metal_Gear_Solid_2:_Sons_of_Liberty
biofuels, H2 and other valuable chemicals. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) are prominent examples of METs. While MFC is
Microbial electrochemical technologies
Microbial_electrochemical_technologies
Chemical Process
synthesizing over 100 mixed metal oxides including lanthanum manganite for solid oxide fuel cells and BaTiO3 (Lessing 1989). Unlike the sol–gel process in which the
Pechini_process
Type of fuel which have no net greenhouse gas emissions
make synthetic fuels may be directly captured from the air, recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater. Common
Carbon-neutral_fuel
Fibrous material from trees or other plants
pimaric acid, sandaracopimaric acid, isopimaric acid, abietic acid, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, neoabietic acid and dehydroabietic acid. Bicyclic
Wood
Substance whose dissolved ions conduct electricity
energy. In some fuel cells, a solid electrolyte or proton conductor connects the plates electrically while keeping the hydrogen and oxygen fuel gases separated
Electrolyte
Thermal decomposition of materials
deposition parameters in ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell cathode (Thesis). hdl:1853/26670. Barbero-López, Aitor; Chibily
Pyrolysis
Type of waste consisting of everyday items discarded by the public
List of waste management acronyms MSW/LFG (municipal solid waste and landfill gas) Methanol fuel#History and production Sewage Waste management Waste
Municipal_solid_waste
Propulsion system for submarines which operates without access to atmospheric oxygen
Larsen & Toubro and Thermax has developed a 270 kilowatt phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) to power the Kalvari-class submarines, which are based on the
Air-independent_propulsion
Chemical compound
reaction of ethanol with phthalic anhydride, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst: It has been used as a plasticizer for cellulose acetate in many
Diethyl_phthalate
Chemical reactions with oxygen
optimized to produce energy. Many metalloenzymes mediate these reactions. Fuel cells rely on oxidation of organic compounds (or hydrogen) using catalysts.
Catalytic_oxidation
Flow battery
Flow battery Battery (electricity) Lead–acid battery Electrochemical cell Electrochemical engineering Fuel cell Energy storage Price, A.; Bartley, S.;
Polysulfide–bromide_battery
Molecule produced by a living organism
biology, along with cell theory and evolution theory. A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including: Small molecules: Lipids, fatty acids, glycolipids, sterols
Biomolecule
Reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor
"Study of the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction over Pt in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating under open and closed-circuit conditions". Catalysis
Water–gas_shift_reaction
Technique in chemistry and manufacturing
electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. Direct electrolysis of seawater follows known processes, forming an electrolysis cell in which the seawater
Electrolysis
Liquids that can be used to create energy
transportation and the economy. Liquid fuels are contrasted with solid fuels and gaseous fuels. Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport
Liquid_fuel
Chemical compound
results from dissolving yellowcake or decladded spent nuclear fuel rods in nitric acid, for further separation and preparation of uranium hexafluoride
Uranyl_nitrate
Chemical compound
for fuel cell applications (PDF). 2006 Annual NH3 Fuel Conference, October 9 – 10, 2006, Golden, CO. Amminex. Retrieved 2022-11-16. Via NH3 Fuel Association
Strontium_chloride
American scientist
polymer–concrete composites in hydrochloric acid at elevated temperature," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26, 1159 (1981). "Gas-Solid Exchange Reactions: Zinc Vapor and
Richard_Yeo_(scientist)
overcome the poisoning effect of CO. Formic acid is another attractive fuel for use in PEM-based fuel cells. The dehydration pathway produces adsorbed
Platinum_nanoparticle
Poisonous gas consisting of carbon and oxygen
and other fuels. Carbon monoxide can also be produced by high-temperature electrolysis of carbon dioxide with solid oxide electrolyzer cells. One method
Carbon_monoxide
Chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen
elementary radical reactions. Solid fuels, such as wood and coal, first undergo endothermic pyrolysis to produce gaseous fuels whose combustion then supplies
Combustion
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