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Techniques that create structures using stamps
In technology, soft lithography is a family of techniques for fabricating or replicating structures using "elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks"
Soft_lithography
Multilayer soft lithography (MSL) is a fabrication process in which microscopic chambers, channels, valves and vias are molded within bonded layers of
Multilayer_soft_lithography
Industrial and food chemical
procedure of soft lithography, making it one of the most common materials used for flow delivery in microfluidics chips. The process of soft lithography consists
Polydimethylsiloxane
American chemist
resonance spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. A prolific author
George_M._Whitesides
Process in microfabrication
Photolithography (also known as optical lithography) is a process that involves using light to transfer a pattern onto a photoresist layer deposited on
Photolithography
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
wavelength of 13.8 nm for the so-called soft X-ray projection lithography. To address the challenge of EUV lithography, researchers at Lawrence Livermore National
EUV_lithography
Used to create structures that only measure nanometers
lithography, only covering very small structures. All NL methods can be categorized into four groups: photo lithography, scanning lithography, soft lithography
Nanolithography
Printing technique
Lithography (from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos) 'stone' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility
Lithography
Patterned silicone piece
patterned, usually against a master mold to form a relief pattern used in soft lithography. This PDMS stamp can be used in its current form as a relief surface
PDMS_stamp
Nanosphere lithography (NSL) is an economical technique for generating single-layer hexagonally close packed or similar patterns of nanoscale features
Nanosphere_lithography
Method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns using a special stamp
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a method of fabricating nanometer-scale patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high throughput
Nanoimprint_lithography
Form of soft lithography
Microcontact printing (or μCP) is a form of soft lithography that uses the relief patterns on a master polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp or Urethane rubber
Microcontact_printing
Epoxy-based polymer
of microfluidics (mainly via soft lithography, but also with other imprinting techniques such as nanoimprint lithography) and microelectromechanical systems
SU-8_photoresist
engineering and for fundamental research on cellular biology by mean of soft lithography. It generally uses photolithography methods but many techniques have
Micropatterning
American scientist, inventor and entrepreneur (born 1969)
microfluidics, also known as a "lab on a chip." He invented multilayer soft-lithography devices, made from elastomer, which have integrated valves and pumps
Stephen_Quake
Device integrating laboratory functions on a integrated circuit
deposition and bonding, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) processing (e.g., soft lithography), Off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers (OSTEmer) processing, thick-film-
Lab-on-a-chip
Small-scale two-dimensional array of samples on a solid support
alternative to the commonly used pin printing and is also referred as soft lithography, which in theory covers different, related pattern transfer technologies
Microarray
Topics referred to by the same term
Moisture sensitivity level, for semiconductor handling Multilayer soft lithography, a fabrication process Multiple single-level, computer security systems
MSL
Movement of white blood cells out of blood vessels and towards the inflamed site
(CFDRC) and developed using the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based soft-lithography process. The SMN can recreate the complex in vivo vasculature, including
Leukocyte_extravasation
Chinese-American nanomedicine researcher
for energy- and environment-related applications. Xia co-invented soft lithography while he was a PhD student with George M. Whitesides at Harvard University
Younan_Xia
Molecular property
Jang-Ung; Rogers, John A.; Alleyne, Andrew G. (2005). "Stamp Collapse in Soft Lithography" (PDF). Langmuir. 21 (17): 8058–68. doi:10.1021/la0502185. PMID 16089420
Adhesion
American chemist
has made important contributions to soft lithography – a low cost alternative to conventional photo-lithography for patterning circuits on microchips
Ralph_Nuzzo
Chemist and materials scientist
Northwestern University. Rogers' research seeks to exploit characteristics of 'soft' materials, such as polymers, liquid crystals, and biological tissues as
John_A._Rogers
Class of materials
to their self-cleaning properties. Nanocasting is a method based on soft lithography that uses elastomeric molds to make nano-structured surfaces. For example
Self-cleaning_surfaces
Lithography technique
Contact lithography, also known as contact printing, is a form of photolithography whereby the image to be printed is obtained by illumination of a photomask
Contact_lithography
Materials that can retain several shapes
production of functional and responsive photonic gratings. By using modern soft lithography techniques such as replica molding, it is possible to imprint periodic
Shape-memory_polymer
analyses on a microfluidic chip. The 1990s saw rapid progress through soft lithography techniques pioneered by George M. Whitesides, which enabled inexpensive
History_of_fluid_mechanics
Organised layer of amphiphilic molecules
this strategy are: Micro-contact printing Micro-contact printing or soft lithography is analogous to printing ink with a rubber stamp. The SAM molecules
Self-assembled_monolayer
Method for making multi-colour prints
is a method for making multi-colour prints in lithography, and in theory includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour. However, in modern
Chromolithography
with a valence of three or more. Dip Pen Nanolithography An AFM-based soft-lithography technique. Directed-Assembler A specific type of assembler that makes
Glossary_of_nanotechnology
Scanning probe lithographic technique
Dip pen nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning-probe lithography technique where an atomic-force microscope (AFM) tip is used to directly create patterns
Dip-pen_nanolithography
Method of isolating particles in an aqueous solution
analyze. It is also simple and inexpensive to incorporate into existing soft lithography based microfluidic systems. The first step in creating the microfluidic
Hydrodynamic_trapping
direct-write lithography. A resist is not always necessary. Several materials may be deposited or patterned directly using techniques like soft lithography, Dip-Pen
Resist (semiconductor fabrication)
Resist_(semiconductor_fabrication)
Machine component that moves a mechanism
processes such as micro-moulding, solid freeform fabrication, and mask lithography. However, these methods require manual fabrication of devices, post processing/assembly
Actuator
Microtechnology
with fast actuation times and variable flow restriction is multilayer soft lithography (MSL). Valves produced through this fabrication technique are called
Bio-MEMS
Interdisciplinary science
devices are often first produced using fabrication methods such as soft lithography, micro milling or laser machining to validate microchannel designs
Microfluidics
inclined/rotated UV lithography. During the process, we coat SU-8 50 on a silicon wafer with a thickness of about 100 μm. Then, soft bake the resist on
3D_microfabrication
Organ-on-a-chip device
transferred onto the material using a microfabrication technique called soft lithography, which was pioneered by George M. Whitesides. Computer aided design
Lung-on-a-chip
Animal flesh produced by culturing cells
this are usually quite a bit more expensive including 3D printing, soft lithography and photolithography. Vascularization can also help overcome the 100–200 nm
Cultured_meat
Petri dish culture system
established to create compartmentalized devices as these by using soft lithography. A recent study demonstrated that a negative mold consisting of microchannels
Campenot_chamber
Combination of chemistry and nanoscience
Scanning probe microscope Nanoimprint lithography Dip-Pen nanolithography Soft lithography Each nanolithography technique has varying factors of the resolution
Nanochemistry
G. M. (1999). "Making Negative Poisson's Ratio Microstructures by Soft Lithography". Advanced Materials. 11 (14): 1186–1189. Bibcode:1999AdM....11.1186X
Mechanical_metamaterial
Process of separating populations of cells
development. Research into microfluidic cell-sorter designs often employ soft lithography techniques utilizing materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
Cell_sorting
American organic materials chemist
November 2009). "Applications of Photocurable PMMS Thiol−Ene Stamps in Soft Lithography". Chemistry of Materials. 21 (21): 5319–5326. doi:10.1021/cm902506a
Luis_M._Campos
thermally cured to stiffen and bond to a substrate. OSTE+ allows for soft lithography microstructuring, strong biocompatible dry bonding to almost any substrate
Off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymer
Off-stoichiometry_thiol-ene_polymer
Intaglio printmaking technique
France, partly as a reaction against the industrial associations of lithography and reproductive engraving: because the design was drawn into a wax ground
Etching
Japanese multinational corporation
businesses include cameras and lenses, semiconductor and flat-panel-display lithography systems, microscopes and ophthalmic imaging systems, industrial measurement
Nikon
Award-Winning Malaysian-American Chemical Engineer
solution-processable organic semiconductors and conductors. She also researches soft lithography. Using derivatives of Hexabenzocoronene Loo's group developed transparent
Yueh-Lin_Loo
DNA visualization technique
work well for large genomic DNA molecules, microfluidic devices using soft lithography possessing a series of parallel microchannels were developed. An improvement
Optical_mapping
European optical sensing project
host material, including injection molding, laser structuring, and soft lithography were considered. The influence of the embedding process was studied
PHOSFOS
Process of creating artworks by printing
related intaglio printing techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts
Printmaking
poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device fabrication through soft lithography microfluidic devices have progressed and have proven to be very beneficial
Microfluidic_cell_culture
Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at University of Pennsylvania
worked at Surface Logix Inc., a start-up company, working on using soft lithography to fabricate cell-based assays, planar waveguides and other devices
Chinedum_Osuji
Natural gum obtained from Acacia trees
industry and soft drink industry as a stabilizer, with E number E414 (I414 in the US). Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography and is used
Gum_arabic
Canadian American physicist
interface and colloid science, colloid chemistry, biophysics, complex fluids, soft condensed matter physics, phase transitions, the study of glass and amorphous
David_A._Weitz
were subsequently molded in poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) using the soft lithography technique.(40) Briefly, PDMS was molded onto the SU-8 masters at 70 °C
Nanoshell
Optical quantitative imaging technique
structure on a silicon wafer and on a surf. Biological films Biochips Soft lithography Langmuir-Blodgett films Nanoparticles Graphene Nanolane's Sarfus Mapping
SEEC_microscopy
3D printing technique
innovation in France. The term “stereolithography” (Greek: stereo-solid and lithography) was coined in 1984 by Chuck Hull when he filed his patent for the process
Stereolithography
Technique used to increase the number of structures a microchip may contain
electron-beam lithography, single exposure appears insufficient at ~10 nm half-pitch, hence requiring double patterning. Double patterning lithography was first
Multiple_patterning
Israeli professor (born 1958)
Pritam Kumar Roya, Shraga Shoval, Mirit Sharabi, Edward Bormashenko, “Soft Lithography with Liquid Marbles”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and
Shraga_Shoval
can be formed using the most common, rapid prototyping technology, soft lithography with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS). PDMS is an inexpensive, clear elastomeric
Centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip
Centrifugal_micro-fluidic_biochip
Nanotechnology
surface micromachining with sacrificial layers, nano-imprinting lithography, and soft-lithography. The most common method utilized for bottom-up fabrication
Nanofluidic_circuitry
Garment worn to protect a human in space
designed with "laser scanning technology, 3D computer modeling, stereo lithography, laser cutting technology and CNC machining". This allows for cheaper
Space_suit
Type of excimer laser
microelectronic chip manufacturing in nanometer dimensions. Excimer laser lithography has enabled transistor feature sizes to shrink from 800 nanometers in
Krypton-fluoride_laser
American physicist
developing X-ray microscopy techniques for research and for the industry (EUV lithography). He is the author with Anne Sakdinawat of a reference book on X-rays
David_Attwood_(physicist)
Interdisciplinary science in scientific discipline
preferred. Glass is a common alternative when PDMS is not desirable. Soft lithography is the most common method for making PDMS devices. This technique is
Microfluidics in chemical biology
Microfluidics_in_chemical_biology
American physicist, academic and researcher (1944–2024)
extensively on lithography during 1990s. He presented Schwarzschild imaging optics for improving alignment stability and demonstrated soft-x-ray projection
Richard_R._Freeman
Element of printing techniques
ink. This category includes lithography, offset printing, and collotype. Invented in 1798 by Alois Senefelder, lithography was the only 19th-century printing
Forme
Form of electromagnetic radiation
ultraviolet, radiation bands that overlaps UV but shares some properties with soft X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight and constitutes about 10% of
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 10–121nm
ultraviolet radiation are photoelectron spectroscopy, solar imaging, and lithography. In air, EUV is the most highly absorbed component of the entire electromagnetic
Extreme_ultraviolet
Writing implement
that tend to smear when erasers are applied to them. Grease pencils have a softer, oily core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces such as glass or porcelain
Pencil
Additive process used to make a 3D object
powder bed fusion, binder jetting, stereolithography, computed axial lithography, liquid alternative, lamination, directed energy deposition, selective
3D_printing
Methods used for additive 3D manufacturing
powder bed fusion, binder jetting, stereolithography, computed axial lithography, liquid alternative, lamination, directed energy deposition, selective
3D_printing_processes
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
hopes to add others, among which a plan for onshoring ultraviolet light lithography. Business Insider reports that, among Thiel's inner circle (who know
Peter_Thiel
Japanese multinational imaging corporation
acquire Texas-based Molecular Imprints Inc., a developer of nanoprint lithography systems, for an amount speculated to be around US$98 million. On 13 June
Canon_Inc.
Illustration printed with a steel plate
techniques of that time such as wood engraving, copper engraving and later lithography. Confusingly, the printmaking technique used in steel engravings is,
Steel_engraving
Type of limestone
impressions of soft-bodied animals have been found. Lithographic limestone is a type of plattenkalk chosen for its suitable lithography characteristics
Plattenkalk
Materials used to create works of art
Vellum Wall Wood Aquatint Collotype Engraving Etching Intaglio Linocut Lithography Mezzotint Monotype Screen-printing Wood engraving Woodcut Bone Bronze
List_of_art_media
Synthetic adhesive tape
surface of a 5 μm thick film of the same material using electron beam lithography and dry etching in an oxygen plasma. The fibres were 2 μm long, with
Nano_tape
Printing technique
surface does not have to be printed under pressure, unlike etching or lithography, and it does not have to be planar. Different inks can be used to work
Screen_printing
wash painting technique Keum-boo gilding technique Linocut technique Lithography Lost-wax casting Metalcut technique Mosaic art technique Multidimensional
List_of_art_techniques
Mould used to cast letter blocks (sorts) used in printing
print, whether a plate in etching and engraving, a stone or plate in lithography, or a woodblock in woodcut. In letterpress or "cold metal" typesetting
Matrix_(printing)
Microscopic optical resolution test device
groups at the center of the pattern (groups number 8 and 9), since the lithography at that scale is costly, and the group elements represent resolution
1951 USAF resolution test chart
1951_USAF_resolution_test_chart
Type of sedimentary rock
density correspondingly ranges from 1.5 to 2.7 g/cm3. Although relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 4, dense limestone can have a crushing strength
Limestone
Tool used in semiconductor fabrication
and put it on the market in April 1989, along with their electron-beam lithography (EBL) division. The EBL work quickly sold, but the aligner division lingered
Micralign
Synchrotron radiation facility
Chemical reaction dynamics Atomic and molecular physics Extreme ultraviolet lithography Synchrotron infrared nano-spectroscopy (SINS) Longer-lasting lithium-ion
Advanced_Light_Source
Illustration of popular styles of clothing
plates, which limited the number of prints that could be taken due to the softness of the metal. By the 1830s, U.S. magazines began to include their own fashion
Fashion_plate
Part of photolithography of integrated circuits
mask is sufficiently closely positioned to the wafer such as in early lithography machines), the mask pattern is imaged on a thin layer of photoresist
Resolution enhancement technologies
Resolution_enhancement_technologies
Japanese company
ultraviolet lithography) masks was unveiled. Lasertec was the first company worldwide to offer such a product commercially. The associated lithography machines
Lasertec
Device that emits light via optical amplification
spot, enabling uses such as optical communication, laser cutting, and lithography. It also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation)
Laser
19th-century Belgian artist
expression was printmaking. He worked with lithography, wood engraving, etching, aquatint, mezzotint, soft-ground etching, burin engravings, heliogravure
Félicien_Rops
Elementary particle with negative charge
such as cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, electron beam welding, lithography, and particle accelerators that generate synchrotron radiation. Electrons
Electron
and William Westall. Hullmandel wrote two major works on lithography, Manual of Lithography (1820), a translation of the work of Raucourt de Charleville
Charles_Joseph_Hullmandel
Paintings sold for the highest price
1997. One of two pastel versions; another two painted versions (and lithography) exist, all created by Munch. Rybolovlev resold Gauguin's Otahi before
List of most expensive paintings
List_of_most_expensive_paintings
Early photographic technique
and made improvements to the velocipede, as well as experimenting with lithography and related processes. Their correspondence reveals that Niépce was at
Daguerreotype
Principle of artistic composition
is relevant to a host of modern-day image-making techniques, such as lithography in printmaking, and rotoscoping in animation. Dow gives several exercises
Notan
Medium consisting of pages of text or images
books are still typically printed this way. Offset printing, a form of lithography, allows for faster printing, color printing, and a broader range of layouts
Book
Tonal printmaking technique
artistic prints and decorative ones. After about 1830 it lost ground to lithography and other techniques. There have been periodic revivals among artists
Aquatint
Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)
(from Latin stannum) and atomic number 50. A metallic-gray metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force, and a bar of tin can be bent by hand
Tin
Genre in painting, where the intent is to depict a specific human subject
can also be made in other media such as prints (including etching and lithography), photography, video and digital art. It may seem obvious today that
Portrait_painting
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