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Hypotheses of second-language acquisition
The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen
Input_hypothesis
collectively known as the Input Hypothesis, Krashen suggested that language acquisition is driven solely by comprehensible input, language input that learners can
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
Idea that second-language acquisition is helped by face-to-face communication
meaning negotiation. Similar to Krashen's input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis claims that comprehensible input, which is characterized as a variety
Interaction_hypothesis
Theory of second-language acquisition
consciously notice the input. The theory was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. The noticing hypothesis explains the change from linguistic input into intake and
Noticing_hypothesis
American linguist
(born May 14, 1941) is an American linguist known for developing the input hypothesis, a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition. He is a
Stephen_Krashen
Hypothesis in language acquisition
enhance input due to the mental processes connected with the production of language. This hypothesis is closely related to the noticing hypothesis. Swain
Comprehensible_output
Method of teaching foreign languages
is based on two key theoretical pillars: the input hypothesis, and mastery learning. The Input Hypothesis, proposed by Dr. Stephen Krashen, suggests that
TPR_Storytelling
The Teachability Hypothesis was produced by Manfred Pienemann. It was originally extracted from Pienemann's Processibility model. It proposes that learners
Teachability_Hypothesis
Process of learning a second language
aligns with Krashen's input hypothesis, which proposes that language acquisition occurs exclusively through "comprehensible input", exposure to the language
Second-language_acquisition
Posits ability to interpolate within latent manifolds
The manifold hypothesis posits that many high-dimensional data sets that occur in the real world actually lie along low-dimensional latent manifolds inside
Manifold_hypothesis
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
The simulation hypothesis proposes that what one experiences as the real world is actually a simulated reality, such as a computer simulation in which
Simulation_hypothesis
Position that there is no relationship between two phenomena
The null hypothesis (often denoted H 0 {\textstyle H_{0}} ) is the claim in scientific research that the effect being studied does not exist. The null
Null_hypothesis
Hypothesis that younger people are better at language acquisition
deprived of the necessary binocular input for developing stereopsis. Preliminary research into the critical period hypothesis investigated brain lateralization
Critical_period_hypothesis
Theory of brain function
such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then compared with the actual input signals from those senses. Predictive
Predictive_coding
Method of language teaching
to have time to apply it. The input hypothesis. This states that language is acquired by exposure to comprehensible input at a level a little higher than
Natural_approach
American linguist (1925–2002)
speaking practice on the part of students, in accordance with Krashen's input hypothesis that "speaking ability emerges on its own after enough competence has
J._Marvin_Brown
Reading longer, easier texts for extended periods of time
to Cobb (2007), Krashen's input hypothesis states that extensive reading generates a continuous hidden learning (lexical input), eventually "doing the entire
Extensive_reading
Canadian applied linguist
Input Hypothesis, Swain’s Output Hypothesis posited that comprehensible input on its own is not enough for language learning. The Output Hypothesis proposes
Merrill_Swain
Bilingualism by learning a second language after a first
According to the input hypothesis by Krashen, one can acquire a second language efficiently with comprehensible input, which suggests that input brought by
Sequential_bilingualism
Acquisition-Learning hypothesis; the Monitor hypothesis; the Natural Order hypothesis; the Input hypothesis; and the Affective Filter hypothesis. These hypotheses
Glossary of language education terms
Glossary_of_language_education_terms
Unintended deviation from the rules of a language variety
second-language acquisition Input hypothesis Interaction hypothesis Interface hypothesis Interface position Noticing hypothesis Processability theory Order
Error_(linguistics)
knowledge. Krashen's Input hypothesis posits that learners acquire language primarily through exposure to comprehensible input, leading to the development
Implicit and explicit knowledge
Implicit_and_explicit_knowledge
Pedagogical approach
language integrated learning English as a second or foreign language Input hypothesis Problem-based learning Project-based learning Second-language acquisition
Task-based_language_teaching
VOD platform for language learning
implicit language acquisition through meaningful input, as described in Krashen’s input hypothesis. The "binge-learning” methodology structured by Lingopie
Lingopie
Neurobiological theory
The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic cell (and maturation of excitatory synaptic inputs) eventually can
Synaptotropic_hypothesis
Scientific hypothesis about Earth
The Gaia hypothesis (/ˈɡaɪ.ə/), also known as the Gaia theory, Gaia paradigm, or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their
Gaia_hypothesis
Theory of leadership
opposed to quality of speech. According to the hypothesis, individuals who contribute more verbal input during group interactions are perceived to have
Babble_hypothesis
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
regarding creole genesis: Theories focusing on European input Theories focusing on non-European input Gradualist and developmental hypotheses Universalist
Creole_language
Reverse-engineering neural networks
interpretability methods that focused primarily on "black box" explanations. This hypothesis suggests that high-level concepts are represented as linear directions
Mechanistic_interpretability
linguistics principles, including the Natural Approach and Krashen's Input Hypothesis, which argues that fluent language learners benefit most from language
Lingua.ly
Study of uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or system
uncertainty in its inputs. This involves estimating sensitivity indices that quantify the influence of an input or group of inputs on the output. A related
Sensitivity_analysis
Function of the observed sample results
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed,
P-value
Theoretical model of sensory neuroscience
visual system should cut out any redundancies in the sensory input. Central to Barlow's hypothesis is information theory, which when applied to neuroscience
Efficient_coding_hypothesis
Unproven computational hardness assumption
time hypothesis is the non-uniform exponential time hypothesis, which posits that there is no family of algorithms (one for each length of the input, in
Exponential_time_hypothesis
Estimate of time taken for running an algorithm
size of the input is the square of the number of vertices.) This conjecture (for the k-SAT problem) is known as the exponential time hypothesis. Since it
Time_complexity
Worldwide glaciation episodes during the Proterozoic eon
The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis proposing that during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface was nearly entirely
Snowball_Earth
Krashen and his acquisition/learning hypothesis, one of the five hypotheses often known together as the input hypothesis. Krashen's views have been criticised
Interface_position
Tendency of the brain to prefer visual input from one eye to the other
sometimes called eye preference or eyedness, is the tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other. It is somewhat analogous to the laterality of
Ocular_dominance
Concepts from statistical hypothesis testing
null hypothesis in statistical hypothesis testing. A type II error, or a false negative, is the incorrect acceptance of a false null hypothesis. An analysis
Type_I_and_type_II_errors
Process in control theory
control schemes as the input to the reference model. A wide range of scientists contribute to progress on the internal model hypothesis. Michael I. Jordan
Internal model (motor control)
Internal_model_(motor_control)
Scholarly society based in Colchester, UK
second-language acquisition Input hypothesis Interaction hypothesis Interface hypothesis Interface position Noticing hypothesis Processability theory Order
European Second Language Association
European_Second_Language_Association
Field of linguistics
in the distributional hypothesis: linguistic items with similar distributions have similar meanings. The distributional hypothesis in linguistics is derived
Distributional_semantics
Language family
legitimate scholarly arguments for both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and the P-/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness
Celtic_languages
Model of the neural processing of vision and hearing
The two-streams hypothesis is a model of the neural processing of vision as well as hearing. The hypothesis, given its initial characterisation in papers
Two-streams_hypothesis
Hypothesis of philosopher Jerry Fodor
The language of thought hypothesis (LOTH), sometimes known as thought ordered mental expression (TOME), is a view in linguistics, philosophy of mind and
Language of thought hypothesis
Language_of_thought_hypothesis
Neurons that are part of the olfactory system
with their inputs is still a matter of controversy. One prominent hypothesis is that mitral cells encode the strength of an olfactory input into their
Mitral_cell
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
likely hypothesis that should be adopted. Subjective logic generalises probabilistic logic by including degrees of epistemic uncertainty in the input arguments
Abductive_reasoning
Medical hypothesis on development of immunity
In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects
Hygiene_hypothesis
Interpretation of sensory information
make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to
Perception
Validate model assumptions. Step 3. Compare the model input-output transformations to corresponding input-output transformations for the real system. A model
Verification and validation of computer simulation models
Verification_and_validation_of_computer_simulation_models
Type of information retrieval using LLMs
prompt stuffing, the LLM's input is generated by a user; with prompt stuffing, additional relevant context is added to this input to guide the model's response
Retrieval-augmented generation
Retrieval-augmented_generation
Hypothesis in cognitive neuroscience
The neuronal recycling hypothesis was proposed by Stanislas Dehaene in the field of cognitive neuroscience in an attempt to explain the underlying neural
Neuronal_recycling_hypothesis
Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
The expensive tissue hypothesis (ETH) relates brain and gut size in evolution (specifically in human evolution). It suggests that in order for an organism
Expensive_tissue_hypothesis
Attribute of machine learning models
variant fixes a particular input-output distribution; The strong variant takes the worst-case sample complexity over all input-output distributions. The
Sample_complexity
Overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition
culture leads to fewer opportunities to learn the language. Input hypothesis – Interaction hypothesis – the development of language proficiency is promoted
Outline of second-language acquisition
Outline_of_second-language_acquisition
Hypothesis that decreased glutamatergic signalling is involved in schizophrenia
glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia models the subset of pathologic mechanisms of schizophrenia linked to glutamatergic signaling. The hypothesis was initially
Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia
Psychological phenomenon
proposed the affective primacy hypothesis: that affective reactions (such as liking) can be "elicited with minimal stimulus input." Through mere-exposure experiments
Mere-exposure_effect
Hypothesis about intelligent agents
unconstrained goal of solving a complex mathematics problem like the Riemann hypothesis could attempt to turn the Earth (and in principle other celestial bodies)
Instrumental_convergence
Assumptions for inference in machine learning
the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs of given inputs that it has not encountered. Inductive bias is anything which makes the
Inductive_bias
Hypothesis on immune system development
Graham A. W. (2023). "The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs". Frontiers in Allergy. 4 1220481. doi:10
Old_Friends_hypothesis
hypothesis that the input state was ∣ − α ⟩ {\displaystyle \mid -\alpha \rangle } . If no photons are counted, it is most likely that the hypothesis was
Dolinar_receiver
Meteorological hypothesis
The clathrate gun hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the periods of rapid warming during the Quaternary. The hypothesis is that changes in fluxes
Clathrate_gun_hypothesis
Economic model explaining consumption pattern formation
The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns. It suggests consumption patterns
Permanent_income_hypothesis
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
a position Searle calls the strong AI hypothesis: "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in
Chinese_room
Economic theory
production factors constant, at some point a further incremental unit of input will return a lower amount of output. The law of diminishing returns does
Diminishing_returns
Linguistic theory of creole language innovations
The language bioprogram theory or language bioprogram hypothesis (LBH) is a theory arguing that the structural similarities between different creole languages
Language_bioprogram_theory
Hypothesised negative feedback loop linking marine biota and the climate
system (increased/decreased solar input) is ultimately counteracted and damped by the loop. As such, the CLAW hypothesis posits an example of planetary-scale
CLAW_hypothesis
Speakers of Austronesian languages
Hmong–Mien and even Japanese-Ryukyuan into the larger Austric hypothesis. While the Austric hypothesis remains contentious, there is genetic evidence that at
Austronesian_peoples
Evolution-related timelines
exceptions to the predictions of the social intelligence hypothesis, which that hypothesis has no predictive model for, are successfully predicted by
Evolution of human intelligence
Evolution_of_human_intelligence
Human evolution hypothesis
The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation
Multiregional origin of modern humans
Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans
Induced innovation is a microeconomic hypothesis first proposed in 1932 by John Hicks in his work The Theory of Wages. He proposed that "a change in the
Induced_innovation
Machine learning paradigm
learning paradigm where an algorithm learns to map input data to a specific output based on example input-output pairs. This process involves training a statistical
Supervised_learning
Neurobiological theory
The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard University psychiatrists John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Activation-synthesis_hypothesis
Scientific model
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model that attributes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia to a
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia
Statistical methods for comparing samples
Z-test (also called the two-sample proportion Z-test) is a statistical hypothesis test for assessing whether two groups differ in the proportion of a binary
Two-proportion_Z-test
Framework for analyzing machine learning algorithms
somewhere in the sequence of inputs (past or future), and the hypothesis is correct for all inputs (past or future), so the hypothesis is correct for every sentence
Algorithmic_learning_theory
Problem in computer science
is the decision problem of, given an arbitrary computer program and an input, determining whether said program will eventually finish running and halt
Halting_problem
Model in economics
slower. Various empirical studies seemingly confirm the three-sector hypothesis, but employment in the primary sector fell far more than Fourastié predicted
Three-sector_model
Linguistic hypothesis on the origin of the English language
The Middle English creole hypothesis is a proposal that Middle English was a creole, which is usually defined as a language that develops during contact
Middle English creole hypothesis
Middle_English_creole_hypothesis
Measure of algorithmic complexity
each Turing Machine M a bitstring <M>. If M is a Turing Machine which, on input w, outputs string x, then the concatenated string <M> w is a description
Kolmogorov_complexity
9/11 conspiracy theories
Eagar is one scientist who has paid some attention to the demolition hypothesis — albeit grudgingly. A materials engineer at the Massachusetts Institute
World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories
World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories
Perceptually indistinguishable data compression
compressed result is perceptually indistinguishable from the uncompressed input, i.e., perceptually lossless. A transparency threshold is a given value
Transparency (data compression)
Transparency_(data_compression)
2017 research paper by Google
for each input sequence (typically limited by the size of the context window), allowing the model to focus on different parts of the input sequence at
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Critical experiment
for the same "input variables" within the experiment), those hypotheses and theories are proven false but the experimenter's hypothesis is not ruled out
Experimentum_crucis
Probabilistic primality test
Miller test, which is deterministic assuming the extended Riemann hypothesis: Input: n > 2, an odd integer to be tested for primality Output: “composite”
Miller–Rabin_primality_test
Computation model defining an abstract machine
Turing machine can equivalently be defined as a model that recognises valid input strings, rather than enumerating output strings. Given a Turing machine
Turing_machine
Hypothesis that humans are born with knowledge of linguistic structure
In linguistics, the innateness hypothesis, also known as the nativist hypothesis, holds that humans are born with at least some knowledge of linguistic
Innateness_hypothesis
Group of subcortical nuclei involved in the motor and reward systems
receives input from various brain areas but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. The globus pallidus receives input from the striatum
Basal_ganglia
Framework for machine learning
is an input–output pair, where the input maps to an output. The learning problem consists of inferring the function that maps between the input and the
Statistical_learning_theory
Thesis on the nature of computability
hypothesis—a point emphasized by Post and by Church. If we consider the thesis and its converse as definition, then the hypothesis is an hypothesis about
Church–Turing_thesis
Bilingualism by learning two languages from birth
of input, the separation of input, and the stability of input, as well as attitudes about bilingualism. It is important to consider amount of input, because
Simultaneous_bilingualism
Subset of artificial intelligence
only one input, situation, and only one output, action (or behaviour) a. There is neither a separate reinforcement input nor an advice input from the
Machine_learning
Yes-or-no question that cannot ever be solved by a computer
input in some infinite set of inputs, requires a "yes" or "no" answer. Those inputs can be numbers (for example, the decision problem "is the input a
Undecidable_problem
English scientist (1919–2022)
environmentalist and futurist. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system
James_Lovelock
Phase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements
to "scanning hypothesis", the directional properties of REM sleep are related to a shift of gaze in dream imagery. Against this hypothesis is that such
Rapid_eye_movement_sleep
System manipulating symbols as expressions
"consciousness", such as John Searle's Strong AI hypothesis: The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in
Physical_symbol_system
Set of all things that may be the input of a mathematical function
In mathematics, the domain of a function is the set of inputs accepted by the function. It is sometimes denoted by dom ( f ) {\displaystyle \operatorname
Domain_of_a_function
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form
Equivalence_principle
Randomized algorithm
) {\displaystyle (i+1)} -th input is processed is k i {\displaystyle {\frac {k}{i}}} according to the inductive hypothesis. The probability that it is
Reservoir_sampling
Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum
timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity
Cerebellum
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