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Language spoken in addition to one's first language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language
Second_language
Academic journal
Second Language Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of linguistics, concerned foremost with second language acquisition and second-language
Second_Language_Research
Process of learning a second language
other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language. SLA research spans cognitive, social
Second-language_acquisition
field, more and more second language researchers are now trying to have a bigger lens on examining the complexities of second language acquisition. As SLA
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational
Second-language acquisition classroom research
Second-language_acquisition_classroom_research
on the form and operations of grammar. Subsequently, research within the Generative Second-Language Acquisition (GenSLA) tradition describes and explains
Generative second-language acquisition
Generative_second-language_acquisition
second languages. Research on second-language phonology has been done not only on segments, but also on prosody. Second-language prosody, like second-language
Second-language_phonology
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
English as a second or foreign language (ESL or EFL) is the teaching and learning of English by people whose first language is not English. The field includes
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Writing performed by non-native users of a language
foreign language. The process of second language writing has been an area of research in applied linguistics and second language acquisition theory since the
Second_language_writing
Process of losing a language
both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production
Language_attrition
Dörnyei's book Motivational Dynamics in Language Learning was influential in reorienting second language motivation research by claiming that motivation is dynamic
Complex dynamic systems theory
Complex_dynamic_systems_theory
Overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition
topical guide to second-language acquisition: Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often
Outline of second-language acquisition
Outline_of_second-language_acquisition
Language skill phenomenon
conference "The Loss of Language Skills", and language attrition was recognized as a field in the research of second-language acquisition. Since then
Second-language_attrition
Academic journal
Language Teaching Research is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes research within the area of second or foreign language teaching. Although articles
Language_Teaching_Research
Academic journal
The Journal of Second Language Writing is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the fields of linguistics and language education. Its scope encompasses
Journal of Second Language Writing
Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing
2003 Online virtual world platform
(Linden Scripting Language) is the scripting language that gives behavior to Second Life primitives, objects, and avatars. "LSO - Second Life Wiki". May
Second_Life
Teaching English as a second (TESL) or foreign language (TEFL) and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) are terms that refer to teaching
Teaching English as a second or foreign language
Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Canadian academic (born 1956)
Educational Research Association (AERA), she was the first recipient in 2010 of the Senior Research Leadership Award of AERA's Second Language Research SIG.
Bonny_Norton
Academic journal
journal. Language Learning covers research on "fundamental theoretical issues in language learning such as child, second, and foreign language acquisition
Language_Learning_(journal)
Knowledge of multiple languages
of language transfer, or the first language affecting the second, has long been known. More recent research has also shown that the second language also
Multi-competence
concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother
Motivation in second-language learning
Motivation_in_second-language_learning
Linguist
Universal Grammar framework, her early research examined the acquisition of grammatical meaning in a second language, particularly the relationship between
Roumyana_Slabakova
Hypothesis that younger people are better at language acquisition
the field of linguistics and second language acquisition that claims a person can achieve native-like fluency in a language only before a certain age. It
Critical_period_hypothesis
Use of multiple languages
is offered in a different language. Based on the research in Ann Fathman's The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability, there
Multilingualism
Scholarly society based in Colchester, UK
European Second Language Association (EuroSLA) is a learned society for researchers with an interest in second language and second language acquisition
European Second Language Association
European_Second_Language_Association
Influence one language has on the acquisition or intelligibility of another
both languages in the acquisition of a simultaneous bilingual. It may also occur from a mature speaker's first language (L1) to a second language (L2)
Language_transfer
Linguist
is a linguist who specializes in applied linguistics, second language acquisition and research methodology and is one of the most highly cited scholars
Alison_Mackey
Romance language
widely spoken Romance language after Spanish by the number of total speakers. French is an official language in 26 countries, the second most number of countries
French_language
Chinese as a foreign or second language is when non-native speakers study Chinese varieties. The increased interest in China from those outside has led
Chinese_as_a_foreign_language
Process and practice of acquiring a language
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually
Language_education
American linguistics professor (1940–2024)
professor and researcher. She examined the ways people learn new languages (called second-language acquisition), and one of her research papers was considered
Georgette_Ioup
Canadian linguist
perspective of generative grammar. Her 1989 survey of SLA research, Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition, has become a standard textbook in many
Lydia_White
English research institution
School of Advanced Study based on the second floor of the Senate House, the Institute of Modern Languages Research promotes and facilitates national and
Institute of Modern Languages Research
Institute_of_Modern_Languages_Research
of non-native languages, a branch of developmental linguistics and cognitive science. He is a founding editor of Second Language Research, successor to
Mike_Sharwood_Smith
affecting language acquisition. More detailed research on many of these specific factors continues today. For this reason, individual variation in second-language
Individual variation in second-language acquisition
Individual_variation_in_second-language_acquisition
Academic journal
Studies in Language is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in linguistics as viewed from discourse-pragmatic, functional, and typological
Studies_in_Language
British linguist (1940–2021)
of the European Second Language Association (EuroSLA), and co-founder of the Oxford University Press journal Writing Systems Research. He died in December
Vivian_Cook_(linguist)
Academic journal
and Language is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal of cognitive science, which focuses primarily on the issues of memory and language comprehension
Journal of Memory and Language
Journal_of_Memory_and_Language
Teachability Hypothesis is based on previous psycholinguistic research in second language acquisition done by Meisel, Clahsen, and Pienemann (1981) and
Teachability_Hypothesis
Educational agency of the U.S. Department of Defense
assigned languages, and international personnel in English. Other functions include planning, curriculum development, and research in second-language acquisition
Defense_Language_Institute
Relative ability to learn a foreign language
Aptitude on Adult Second Language Speech Attainment in Foreign Language Classrooms" (PDF). Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies. 67
Language-learning_aptitude
Branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language
linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what language is; how it works; how universal grammar
Theoretical_linguistics
Radio show
as iTunes. ESL Podcast uses a pedagogical approach based upon research in second language acquisition focusing on providing comprehensible input in a relaxed
English as a Second Language Podcast
English_as_a_Second_Language_Podcast
Academic journal
founded by Thomas Sebeok in May 1968 as a publication of the Research Center for the Language Sciences at Indiana University. In its current version, the
Language_Sciences
Indo-European language of the Italic branch
(lingua Latina or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins
Latin
ways to measure language proficiency and knowledge of grammar cross-linguistically. It was first introduced to second language research by Jacqueline S
Near-native_speaker
Academic journal
Bernard Bloch, Language was the vehicle for publication of many of the important articles of American structural linguistics during the second quarter of
Language_(journal)
Romance language
global language with 519 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 636 million speakers total, including second-language speakers
Spanish_language
Academic journal
Language Documentation & Conservation is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering all topics related to language documentation and conservation
Language Documentation & Conservation
Language_Documentation_&_Conservation
Academic journal
Writing Systems Research was a peer-reviewed academic journal, founded in 2009, relating to the analysis, use and acquisition of writing systems. The editors
Writing_Systems_Research
Type of machine learning model
widespread internet access, researchers began compiling massive text datasets from the web ("web as corpus") to train statistical language models. Moving beyond
Large_language_model
Academic journal
Language Testing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering language testing and assessment. Its editors-in-chief are Talia Isaacs (University
Language_Testing
Academic journal
Ethics. First Language focuses on original research in child language acquisition. The journal is multidisciplinary, containing research from diverse theoretical
First_Language_(journal)
Idiolect used by a second language learner
idiolect developed by a learner of a second language (L2) which preserves some features of their first language (L1) and can overgeneralize some L2 writing
Interlanguage
Language for controlling a computer
programming, assembly languages (or second-generation programming languages—2GLs) were invented, diverging from the machine language to make programs easier
Programming_language
East Slavic language
Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is
Russian_language
other minor language families and isolates. According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after
Languages_of_India
Academic journal
Teachers Associations. It covers research and discussion about the learning and teaching of foreign and second languages. Types of articles published include
The_Modern_Language_Journal
Artificial intelligence division of Meta Platforms
to be discontinued for developing a language that was unintelligible to humans. FAIR clarified that the research had been shut down because they had accomplished
Meta_AI
faculties. Researchers have found a very consistent order in the acquisition of first-language structures by children, which has drawn interest from Second Language
Order_of_acquisition
Language Teaching and Research". In the first issue of 1962, Foreign Language Teaching and Research was changed back to a quarterly. After the second
Foreign Language Teaching and Research
Foreign_Language_Teaching_and_Research
Brittonic language
Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken
Welsh_language
Structured system of communication
including language." In March 2024, researchers reported that the beginnings of human language began about 1.6 million years ago. The study of language, linguistics
Language
SI unit of time
(2005) National Research Council of Canada: Optical frequency standard based on a single trapped ion NIST: Definition of the second; notice the cesium
Second
Scientific study of language
properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include language change
Linguistics
Methods to achieve fluency in a target language
the SILL as a research instrument, of which very few met rigorous research criteria. A second problem associated with researching language learning strategies
Language_learning_strategies
Academic journal
Lingvisticae Investigationes: International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources is a peer-reviewed academic journal of linguistics published
Lingvisticae_Investigationes
American linguist
editorial board member and former associate editor of the journal Second Language Research and a Life Member of the Linguistic Society of America. Selected
Charles_B._Chang
Northwest Semitic language
a first language until after 200 CE and as the liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. The language was revived
Hebrew_language
British linguist
Tokyo, Japan. He is known for his research on the cognitive and psycholinguistic processes involved in adult second language learning. His work has been published
Peter_Robinson_(linguist)
Language and Cognition Language Learning Language Testing Journal of Second Language Writing LEARN Journal System TESOL Quarterly The Modern Language
List_of_linguistics_journals
Indo-Aryan language
43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the sixth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number
Bengali_language
of Language Development in the Curriculum (NALDIC) from 2018 to 2021. Murphy's research focuses on the connections between child second language learning
Victoria_Murphy
General-purpose programming language
typically ranked as the most or second-most popular language in the TIOBE index. C is an imperative, procedural language with a free-form source layout
C_(programming_language)
West Germanic language
second language in the world, with more second‑language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third‑most spoken native language
English_language
American applied linguist
interested in how language learners acquire their second languages. During his Masters study at Temple University, Japan, he began researching how students
Norbert_Schmitt
Efforts to teach other apes human communication
Great ape language research historically involved attempts to teach chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans to communicate using imitative human speech
Great_ape_language
Theory of second-language acquisition
noticing hypothesis is a theory within second-language acquisition that a learner cannot continue advancing their language abilities or grasp linguistic features
Noticing_hypothesis
West Germanic language
European Union. German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language, after English, both as a first and as a second language. German is also widely taught
German_language
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable form of contact language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing
Creole_language
Biannual linguistic journal
Turkic Languages is a peer-reviewed biannual academic journal published by Harrassowitz. The journal covers research on all aspects of linguistics concerning
Turkic_Languages_(journal)
Central Semitic language
Arabic is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization
Arabic
Academic journal
annual academic journal published by the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory (ASLIP) that has been published since 1995. Its goal is to
Mother_Tongue_(journal)
Indo-European language
[helːɛːnikɛ́ː]) is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to the territories
Greek_language
Language spoken in Korea
is the native language of the Korean people, who make up the majority of the language's 81 million speakers. It is the national language of both North
Korean_language
Academic journal
Natural Language & Linguistic Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering theoretical and generative linguistics. It was established
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
Natural_Language_and_Linguistic_Theory
Dravidian language
long-term Tamil Sangams, which researched, developed and made amendments to the Tamil language. Although the name of the language which was developed by these
Tamil_language
Learning technique
the language classroom, Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomas M. (2008) Handbook of research on Web 2.0 and second language learning
Computer-assisted language learning
Computer-assisted_language_learning
Theory that people adjust speech style to listeners
Native-Nonnative Interactions: Going Beyond the "What" to the "Why" in Second-Language Research". In Giles, Howard; Coupland, Justine; Coupland, N. (eds.). Contexts
Communication accommodation theory
Communication_accommodation_theory
Language of the Basque people
Basque (/ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ BASK, BAHSK; endonym euskara [eus̺ˈkaɾa]) is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that
Basque_language
Unease when using a foreign language
apprehension experienced in learning or using a second or foreign language. The feelings may stem from any second language context whether it is associated with
Foreign_language_anxiety
American linguist
Linguistics, Languages, and Cultures at Michigan State University. Her research focuses on applied linguistics with a special focus on second language learning
Susan_Gass
Academic journal
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of linguistics focusing on the study of multilingualism, including bilingual
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
Bilingualism:_Language_and_Cognition
relatively little research on the subject since then. No comprehensive list of strategies has been agreed on by researchers in second-language acquisition,
Communication strategies in second-language acquisition
Communication_strategies_in_second-language_acquisition
Experimental linguist
Transfer/Full Access model." Second Language Research 12.1: 40–72. "Bonnie D. Schwartz - Department of Second Language Studies". Retrieved January 10
Bonnie_Schwartz
U.S. presidential administration since 2025
the authoritarian politics researcher Alex Norris described the maximalist interpretation of executive power in Trump's second term as president, including
Second presidency of Donald Trump
Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump
Language family native to Eurasia
Celtic, and Baltic languages. However, Van Boxhorn's suggestions did not become widely known and did not stimulate further research. Ottoman Turkish traveller
Indo-European_languages
Common misunderstandings about the process of learning language
providing appropriate input for second-language learners, and for helping them overcome problems of fossilisation. Research on bilingual education programs
List of common misconceptions about language learning
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_language_learning
Language used to facilitate communication between groups without a common native language
'Frankish tongue or language'), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, link language, or language of wider communication
Lingua_franca
Academic journal
The Journal of Language Relationship (abbreviated JLR; Russian: Вопросы языкового родства) is a quarterly academic journal published in Russia and the
Journal of Language Relationship
Journal_of_Language_Relationship
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