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Language spoken in addition to one's first language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language
Second_language
Process of learning a second language
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native
Second-language_acquisition
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
English as a second or foreign language (ESL or EFL) is the teaching and learning of English by people whose first language is not English. The field includes
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Teaching English as a second (TESL) or foreign language (TEFL) and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) are terms that refer to teaching
Teaching English as a second or foreign language
Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
second-language acquisition (SLA) is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language. The field of second-language acquisition
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
Chinese as a foreign or second language is when non-native speakers study Chinese varieties. The increased interest in China from those outside has led
Chinese_as_a_foreign_language
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable form of contact language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing
Creole_language
Language skill phenomenon
Second-language attrition refers to atrophy of second-language skills. It is commonly found in individuals who live in environments in which the presence
Second-language_attrition
Writing performed by non-native users of a language
Second language writing is the study of writing performed by non-native speakers/writers of a language as a second or foreign language. The process of
Second_language_writing
Structured system of communication
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both
Language
Way to categorize assembly languages
The label of second-generation programming language (2GL) is a generational way to categorize assembly languages. They belong to the low-level programming
Second-generation programming language
Second-generation_programming_language
The phonology of second languages is different from the phonology of first languages in various ways. The differences are considered to come from general
Second-language_phonology
West Germanic language
second language in the world, with more second‑language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third‑most spoken native language
English_language
concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother
Motivation in second-language learning
Motivation_in_second-language_learning
Academic journal
Chinese as a Second Language (CSL), or Hanyu jiaoxue yanjiu meiguo zhongwen jiaoshi xuehui xuebao (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報), is an academic journal in the field
Chinese_as_a_Second_Language
Romance language
widely spoken Romance language after Spanish by the number of total speakers. French is an official language in 26 countries, the second most number of countries
French_language
West Germanic language
European Union. German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language, after English, both as a first and as a second language. German is also widely taught
German_language
Brittonic language
Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken
Welsh_language
linguistics is a perspective and approach to the study of second, third and additional language acquisition. The general term complex dynamic systems theory
Complex dynamic systems theory
Complex_dynamic_systems_theory
Process and practice of acquiring a language
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually
Language_education
Overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition
topical guide to second-language acquisition: Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often
Outline of second-language acquisition
Outline_of_second-language_acquisition
Romance language
global language with 519 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 636 million speakers total, including second-language speakers
Spanish_language
Radio show
English as a Second Language (ESL) Podcast is a web-based English language-learning podcast. It is the first and longest-running English language learning
English as a Second Language Podcast
English_as_a_Second_Language_Podcast
Use of Spanish as a non-native language
The term Spanish as a second or foreign language is the learning or teaching of the Spanish language for those whose first language is not Spanish. In October
Spanish as a second or foreign language
Spanish_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Use of multiple languages
Someone might learn multiple languages since birth or in early childhood whereas another might not learn a second language until teenage years or even
Multilingualism
2019 studio album by XXX
Second Language is the second studio album by South Korean hip hop duo XXX. The album was released on 15 February 2019 through Beasts And Natives Alike
Second_Language_(album)
24th episode of the 1st season of Community
"English as a Second Language" is the twenty-fourth and penultimate episode of the first season of the American comedy television series Community. It
English as a Second Language (Community)
English_as_a_Second_Language_(Community)
Academic journal
Second Language Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of linguistics, concerned foremost with second language acquisition and second-language
Second_Language_Research
regional and foreign languages are also spoken. According to the 2024 Moroccan census, 92.7% of the population (including second-language speakers) spoke Arabic
Languages_of_Morocco
The generative approach to second language (L2) acquisition (SLA) is a cognitive based theory of SLA that applies theoretical insights developed from
Generative second-language acquisition
Generative_second-language_acquisition
North Germanic language
Finland-Swedish minority, Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland and has co-official language status in the country. Swedish was long spoken
Swedish_language
Scholarly society based in Colchester, UK
European Second Language Association (EuroSLA) is a learned society for researchers with an interest in second language and second language acquisition
European Second Language Association
European_Second_Language_Association
distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. There is no single criterion for how much knowledge is sufficient to be counted as a second-language (L2) speaker
List of languages by total number of speakers
List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers
country's official language, and almost the entire population speaks it either as a first language or proficiently as a second language. Its standard form
Languages_of_Israel
Romance language
Portuguese (endonym: português) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family, written in the Latin script. With approximately 267
Portuguese_language
high level (usually as a second language), 78% spoke German, and 77% Luxembourgish (which is the most common native language). Upon the founding of the
Languages_of_Luxembourg
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is
Dutch_language
1949–1990), the most common second language taught there was Russian, while English and French were the preferred second languages taught in schools in the
Languages_of_Germany
East Slavic language
Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is
Russian_language
North Germanic language
íslensk tunga [ˈi(ː)stlɛnsk ˈtʰuŋka]) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 390,000 people, the vast majority
Icelandic_language
Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational
Second-language acquisition classroom research
Second-language_acquisition_classroom_research
Learning technique
Computer-assisted language learning (CALL), known as computer-assisted learning (CAL) in British English and computer-aided language instruction (CALI)
Computer-assisted language learning
Computer-assisted_language_learning
of the three official languages as a second language, according to their official registered ethnic group (the associated language is classified as a “Mother
Languages_of_Singapore
Austronesian language of the Philippines
as the third most widely spoken native language. Iloco serves as a regional lingua franca and second language among Filipinos in Northern Luzon, particularly
Ilocano_language
Academic journal
The Journal of Second Language Writing is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the fields of linguistics and language education. Its scope encompasses
Journal of Second Language Writing
Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing
Indo-Aryan language
who speak it as a second language. The name Urdu was first used by the Indian poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780 for the language, even though he
Urdu
SI unit of time
The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day, first into hours, then into minutes, and lastly into seconds, for a total
Second
bilingual; Grisons is officially trilingual. English is widely spoken as a second language across Switzerland, and many Anglophone migrants live in Switzerland
Languages_of_Switzerland
Tibeto-Burman language
including by 32.9 million speakers as a first language and 10 million as a second language. A 2023 World Bank survey found that 80% of the country's population
Burmese_language
West Slavic language
Eastern Europe. In addition to being the official language of Poland, Polish is also spoken as a second language in eastern Germany, northern Czech Republic
Polish_language
In the course of learning a second language, learners will frequently encounter communication problems caused by a lack of linguistic resources. Communication
Communication strategies in second-language acquisition
Communication_strategies_in_second-language_acquisition
Indo-Aryan language
43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the sixth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number
Bengali_language
Ethio-Semitic language
million second language speakers in 2019, making the total number of speakers over 58.8 million. Amharic is the largest, most widely spoken language in Ethiopia
Amharic
language & religion", National Population and Housing Census 2021 in Nepal. Nepali accounted as a mother tongue for 44.86% while also being a second additional
Languages_of_Nepal
Process of losing a language
both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production
Language_attrition
Language used to facilitate communication between groups without a common native language
'Frankish tongue or language'), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, link language, or language of wider communication
Lingua_franca
Spanish is the language that is predominantly understood and spoken as a first or second language by nearly all of the population of Argentina. According
Languages_of_Argentina
Relative ability to learn a foreign language
foreign language, both in classroom and real-world situations. Understanding aptitude is crucial for a complete picture of the process of second language acquisition
Language-learning_aptitude
Austroasiatic language
and as a second language by 11 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the native language of the
Vietnamese_language
Manding language of Mali
national language of Mali spoken by perhaps 14 million people, natively by 4.2 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users. It
Bambara_language
Structural rules of a language
first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) learners, especially in academic writing. First-language (L1) are those composing in their native language, while
Grammar
English-based creole spoken in Sierra Leone
as a second language by millions of other Sierra Leoneans belonging to the country's indigenous tribes. English is Sierra Leone's official language, and
Krio_language
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language
Tagalog_language
Language that is spoken internationally and often learned as a second language
A world language (sometimes called a global language or, rarely, an international language) is a language that is geographically widespread and makes
World_language
Simplified language
native language of any singular speech community, but can be learned as a second language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from
Pidgin
Ability to deliver information quickly and correctly
It is also used to characterize language production, language ability or language proficiency. In speech language pathology fluency means the flow with
Fluency
population speak it either as native speakers or proficiently as a second language. The New Zealand English dialect is most similar to Australian English
Languages_of_New_Zealand
instruction in schools. English is the first language of most white Zimbabweans, and is the second language of a majority of black Zimbabweans. Historically
Languages_of_Zimbabwe
in second-language acquisition is the study of why some people learn a second language better than others. Unlike children who acquire a language, adults
Individual variation in second-language acquisition
Individual_variation_in_second-language_acquisition
Language of the Basque people
Basque (/ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ BASK, BAHSK; endonym euskara [eus̺ˈkaɾa]) is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that
Basque_language
South Slavic language spoken in North Macedonia
ˈjazik] ) is an Eastern South Slavic language. It is part of the South Slavic languages, and is one of the Slavic languages, which are part of the Balto-Slavic
Macedonian_language
Indo-Aryan Language
also use the language. Overall, Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million native speakers and additional 14 million as a second language.[citation needed]
Nepali_language
Indigenous Bantu language
Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers, including both native and second-language speakers, generally range from 150 million to 200 million. Most native
Swahili
West Germanic language spoken in South Africa
development as a separate language was "heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language." Beginning in about 1815
Afrikaans
Kra–Dai language
Central Thai (historically Siamese; Thai: ภาษาไทย), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai, Mon, Lao Wiang, and Phuan
Thai_language
people. The most commonly spoken native languages are Hausa (over 63 million when including second-language, or L2, speakers), Yoruba (over 47 million
Languages_of_Nigeria
Type of nonverbal communication
Body language is a type of nonverbal communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior
Body_language
Indo-Aryan language
language in the world when including first and second language speakers. Hindi is the fastest-growing language of India, followed by Kashmiri, Meitei, Gujarati
Hindi
Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
language or dead language is a language with no living native speakers. A heritage language, or sometimes a dormant language, is an extinct language that
Extinct_language
Bantu language spoken in Eswatini and South Africa
to be in the region of 4.7 million including first and second language speakers. The language is taught in Eswatini and some South African schools in
Swazi_language
Academic journal
Studies in Second Language Acquisition is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by Cambridge University Press. The editors for 2008 were Albert
Studies in Second Language Acquisition
Studies_in_Second_Language_Acquisition
Languages designated official status by the Constitution of India
22 languages have been classified as scheduled languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. There is no national language of India
Languages with official recognition in India
Languages_with_official_recognition_in_India
Nguni language of southern South Africa
African language in South Africa, though the most commonly spoken South African language is Zulu. Xhosa is the second most common Bantu home language in South
Xhosa_language
other minor language families and isolates. According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after
Languages_of_India
Romance language
third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13 million EU citizens (3%)
Italian_language
Ngbandi-based creole of the Central African Republic
a first versus second language, almost all 5,500,000 people in the Central African Republic speak it as of 2025. Sango is a language with contested classification
Sango_language
Process in which a first language is being acquired
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language. In other words, it is how human beings gain
Language_acquisition
over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family
Languages_of_Pakistan
Methods of teaching languages
Language pedagogy is the discipline concerned with the theories and techniques of teaching language. It has been described as a type of teaching wherein
Language_pedagogy
Scientific study of language
gestures in sign languages), phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language, and analogous systems of sign languages), and pragmatics (how
Linguistics
Austronesian language
is spoken as a first language by about 80 million people and as a first or second language by close to 300 million. The language is pluricentric and a
Malay_language
as a separate language from Dutch. The first Afrikaans newspaper, Die Afrikaanse Patriot, was first published in 1876. The second language movement arose
Afrikaans_language_movement
Language assessment rubric
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages
Topics referred to by the same term
learning may also refer to: Language Learning (journal), a scholarly journal covering language acquisition and learning Second language learning, the process
Language learning (disambiguation)
Language_learning_(disambiguation)
Difficulty in communication experienced by speakers of different languages or dialects
the California State University system reported English was their second language; yet only 1,000 of these non-active speakers of English tested proficient
Language_barrier
Kartvelian language of Turkey and Georgia
The Laz or Lazuri language (Laz: ლაზური ნენა, romanized: lazuri nena) is a Kartvelian language spoken by the Laz people on the southeastern shore of the
Laz_language
Topics referred to by the same term
that has been developed by a learner of a second language International auxiliary language, a planned language constructed for international communication
Auxiliary_language
Language with several interacting codified standard versions
A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries. Many examples
Pluricentric_language
Constructed auxiliary language
language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 as "the International Language" (la Lingvo Internacia), it is intended to be a universal second language for
Esperanto
Process in which a language eventually loses its last native speaker
including by second-language speakers, when it becomes known as an extinct language. A related term is linguicide, the forced death of a language. The disappearance
Language_death
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
Female
English
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Seònaid, SEONA means "God is gracious."
Boy/Male
Indian
Second
Female
English
From the name of the state of Arizona in the United States of America, a place considered sacred by the Native Americans. It was named after Sedona Miller Schnebly (1877-1950), the wife of the city's first postmaster. Meaning unknown.
Boy/Male
Scottish
Second son.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Second
Boy/Male
English
Protected by God. Grace and protection. From the Old English name Estmund. Commonly used as a...
Girl/Female
Indian
Second
Male
English
Variant spelling of Middle English Estmond, ESMOND means "gracious protector."Â
Girl/Female
Indian
Dual, Second
Girl/Female
Spanish
Lively.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Second.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old English personal name composed of the elements ēast ‘grace’, ‘beauty’ + mund ‘protection’. This name was also used by the Norman, among whom it represents a continental Germanic cognate of the Old English name.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Dual, Second
Girl/Female
Muslim
Second Khalifah
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Protective Grace
Boy/Male
Scottish American
Second son.
Boy/Male
Scottish American Irish Russian
Second son.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Richward, a Norman personal name composed of the Germanic elements rīc ‘power(ful)’ + ward ‘guard’.French : from Old French record, recort ‘recollection’, ‘account’, ‘testimony’, and by extension ‘witness’, hence perhaps a nickname for someone who had given evidence in a court of law, or a metonymic occupational name for a clerk who recorded court proceedings.New England variant of French Ricard, reflecting an Americanized spelling of the Canadian pronunciation.
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, English, French, German
Wealthy Protector; Protected by Grace; Gracious Protector
Boy/Male
African American American
Of man.
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
Hindu
The Coral tree
Boy/Male
English
Manly; brave. Modern.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Bright, Feminine Zalanda
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Wish; Desire; Kindness; Enjoyment
Boy/Male
English, Modern
Sent by God
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Sweet Like Honey
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian
Eloquence
Girl/Female
Spanish
Lifted up.
Boy/Male
Hindu
One with a light shone upon him, Illumination
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Father of Wealth
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
n.
The second part in a concerted piece.
n.
One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion.
n.
A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited.
v. t.
An official contemporaneous memorandum stating the proceedings of a court of justice; a judicial record.
adv.
Secondly; in the second place.
imp. & p. p.
of Second
prep.
Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as, the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one's strength.
a.
The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place.
n.
The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto.
a.
Cutting; divivding into two parts; as, a secant line.
v. t.
A writing by which some act or event, or a number of acts or events, is recorded; a register; as, a record of the acts of the Hebrew kings; a record of the variations of temperature during a certain time; a family record.
adv.
In the second place.
n.
A secdond trial, experiment, or test; a second judicial trial, as of an accused person.
a.
To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage.
a.
Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a protype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge.
n.
That which is seen at a second view; a meaning beyond the literal sense; the second intention; a hidden signification.
n.
A unit for the measurement of small intervals of time, such that 1012 (ten trillion) of these units make one second.
a.
Having the power of second-sight.
a.
Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion.
a.
Of the rank or degree below the best highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage.