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Archaeological phenomenon
Reverse stratigraphy (sometimes known as inverted stratigraphy) is the result of a process whereby one sediment is unearthed by human or natural actions
Reverse_stratigraphy
Study of archaeological sedimentation for dating purposes
Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept
Stratigraphy_(archaeology)
Study of rock layers and their formation
volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostratigraphy (lithologic stratigraphy), biostratigraphy (biologic stratigraphy), and chronostratigraphy
Stratigraphy
Method of depicting site stratigraphy
(archaeology) Chronological dating Reverse stratigraphy Harris, Edward C. (June 1979). "The laws of archaeological stratigraphy". World Archaeology. 11 (1):
Harris_matrix
Soil depression created by a tree
characteristic pit-and-mound topography of old-growth forest. Nest box Reverse stratigraphy Snag Stonehenge Tree hollow Darvill, T., ed. (2003). Oxford Concise
Tree_throw
Lake in Argentina and Chile
Preservation of younger lithostratigraphic units within the graben form reverse stratigraphy with older units exposed at higher topographic elevations to the
General_Carrera_Lake
Archaeological method of relative dating
seriation in archaeology, but mainly used in ecology Reverse stratigraphy Sequence – Stratigraphy of the archaeological record, used as part of the 'seriation'
Seriation_(archaeology)
Method of dating sedimentary and volcanic rocks
is particularly useful in high-resolution correlation of deep marine stratigraphy where it allowed the validation of the Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
Magnetostratigraphy
supergroup consists of the following members: The Powder Mill Group is reversely polarized except for intervals at the base and top of the upper Kallander
Keweenawan_Supergroup
Ancestral Puebloan archeological site in New Mexico, US
doctoral dissertation showed that the mound's layers represent a reverse stratigraphy. Material from older refuse mounds was often moved and placed on
Chetro_Ketl
Japanese paleontologist
Geological Society of Japan and proved that Akiyoshi plateau had a reverse stratigraphy. He became an associate professor in 1925 and got the Imperial Prize
Ozawa_Yoshiaki
Volcanic field in New Mexico, United States
mesas, and the youngest flows form surfaces lower in elevation. This reverse stratigraphy occurred because after the older flows were erupted about 8.3–5.7
Ocate_volcanic_field
Type of layering in sediment or sedimentary rock
OCLC 570971437. Fritz, William J.; Moore, Jonnie N. (1988). Basics of physical stratigraphy and sedimentology. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471615866. Buatois, Luis
Graded_bedding
New Mexico state park
flows were inundated with more basalt by later eruptions, creating a reverse stratigraphy where newer deposits are below older deposits. Guadalupita Canyon
Coyote_Creek_State_Park
Reversal of direction of Earth's magnetic field
predominant direction of the field was the same as the present direction, and reverse polarity, in which it was the opposite. These periods are called chrons
Geomagnetic_reversal
Fracture or discontinuity in displaced rock
for distinguishing different dip-slip fault types: reverse faults and normal faults. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall displaces upward, while in a
Fault_(geology)
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
eventually became the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today. The later half of the period experienced glaciations,
Carboniferous
Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (1st ed.). Merrill. ISBN 0-675-20487-9. Boggs, S. Jr. (2006). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper
Sedimentary_rock
Proposed geologic epoch
it was rejected as such in 2024 by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The
Anthropocene
Latest age of the Triassic Period
well defined. According to the current ICS (International Commission on Stratigraphy) system, the Rhaetian ended 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma (million years ago). In 2010
Rhaetian
Scientific study of Earth's physical composition
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.105.L180102. "International Commission on Stratigraphy". stratigraphy.org. September 20, 2005. Archived from the original on 2005-09-20
Geology
Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
For global stratigraphic correlation, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) ratify global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section
Permian
Type of sedimentary rock
Marble of Thorigny Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 119–135
Sandstone
Sedimentary basin within the Andes in Bolivia and Peru
that the northern part of the Altiplano Basin experienced a significant reverse fault movement in the Oligocene and Early Miocene (c. 28 to 16 million
Altiplano_Basin
European languages prior to the Bronze Age
genealogy of stratigraphy theories from the Indo-European west". In Andersen, Henning (ed.). Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy. John Benjamins
Paleo-European_languages
Stage of the Pleistocene Epoch
on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2025. "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved
Middle_Pleistocene
Fifth letter of the Greek alphabet
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2018). Cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology. Stratigraphy and Timescales (1st ed.). London San Diego, Calif. Cambridge, Mass. Oxford:
Epsilon
meters) of the Kootenay Formation. Rivers flowing across British Columbia reversed course with debris blockage and deposited the Elk conglomerate atop the
Geology_of_Alberta
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
Pleistocene site of Kermek in western Ciscaucasia (southern Russia): Stratigraphy, biotic record and lithic industry (preliminary results)". Quaternary
Russia
plane, as a cross section, and thereby illustrating its profile and stratigraphy. This may make it easier to view and interpret as it developed over time
Section_(archaeology)
First epoch of the Paleogene Period
usage, the newly formed International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), in 1969, standardized stratigraphy based on the prevailing opinions in Europe: the
Paleocene
Particulate solid matter deposited on a planetary surface
Stratigraphy, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-632-03578-6 Reading, H. G. (1978), Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy
Sediment
Cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally-occurring substance
"What is Reverse Circulation drilling?". www.rangerdrilling.com.au. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023. "An Introduction to Reverse Circulation
Core_sample
Petroliferous geological area on the southern coast of England and the English Channel
case the faults involved are the Mesozoic extensional growth faults. The reverse movements of the extensional faults in response reactivated the basement
Wessex_Basin
Middle Devonian age unit of sedimentary rock
Shaver (1997). "Tioga Bentonite Bed". Compendium of Paleozoic Rock-Unit Stratigraphy in Indiana — A Revision. Retrieved 2008-06-12. Kaufmann, B. (2006). "Calibrating
Marcellus_Formation
Exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains
Excavation Methodologies Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy and Practices of Archaeological Stratigraphy as authorised free PDF Reuben Thorpe – Which way
Archaeological_excavation
Onshore-offshore Cretaceous rift basin on the West Coast of New Zealand
Raine, J.I.; Sykes, R.; Browne, G.H.; Crouch, E.M. (2012). "Sequence stratigraphy and controls on reservoir sandstone distribution in an Eocene marginal
Taranaki_Basin
Archaeological site in Kenya
involved the definition of contexts (or layers), and their removal in reverse stratigraphic order. Finds were allocated the context number from which
Shanga,_Pate_Island
Most ridges in the mountain range are asymmetric anticlines bounded by reverse and thrust faults. Folding and thrusting is often oriented toward major
Geology_of_Kyrgyzstan
Lake in Eurasia
the Ponto Caspian: Ancient Mariners and the Asiatic Mediterranean". Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Oil-gas Basins (pp. 48-68) on Academia.edu. Retrieved
Caspian_Sea
Sedimentary basin located along the coast of southern California
1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1415:LCTEOT>2.3.CO;2. Lyons, Kevin (1991). Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Architecture of Slope and Submarine Fan Deposits, Miocene
Los_Angeles_Basin
chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers (stratigraphy). Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago through accretion
Geological_history_of_Earth
Meteorite impact crater in northern Arizona
The impact created an inverted stratigraphy, so that the layers immediately exterior to the rim are stacked in the reverse order to which they normally
Meteor_Crater
Ancient sculptures in Sardinia (Italy)
However, according to the scholar Marco Lazzati ... the archaeological stratigraphy, in any case, provides only relative dates, indicating in which order
Giants_of_Mont'e_Prama
Geological structure in southwestern France
flank (dipping 5° to the SSW). The northeastern flank is accompanied by a reverse fault with very little heave (10–15 m). On its northern side, the La Tour-Blanche
La_Tour-Blanche_Anticline
Tendency for particles in suspension to settle down
continuity original horizontality Provenance Sedimentary record Sedimentology Stratigraphy Rock cycle calcium silica carbonate-silicate Paleolimnology Biosignature
Sedimentation
Second planet from the Sun
2000.6570. Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W. III (1995). "Global stratigraphy of Venus: Analysis of a random sample of thirty-six test areas". Earth
Venus
Interandean valley in north-central Colombia
faults then pushed through the Jurassic layers to the Cretaceous ductile stratigraphy. The faults then form horizontally at the ductile-brittle transition
Middle_Magdalena_Valley
Technology used to produce heavy crude oil and bitumen
Innovation via Necessity". June 22, 2015. SAGD process with a focus on Reverse Emulsions Description of SAGD and SAGD history Example Supplier of SAGD
Steam-assisted gravity drainage
Steam-assisted_gravity_drainage
State in northeastern India
trade with Bangladesh. In July 2018, the International Commission on Stratigraphy divided the Holocene epoch into three, with the late Holocene epoch being
Meghalaya
Geological structural region on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia
angle detachments. The inland zone has a chevron folded structure with reverse faults. From the stratigraphic point of view the terrane comprises the
Narooma_terrane
Biogeochemical cycle
PMID 22809182. Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 7. ISBN 0-13-154728-3
Silica_cycle
Country in Southwestern Europe
Bernhard (2011). "Gruta Nova da Columbeira (Bombarral, Portugal): site stratigraphy, age of the Mousterian sequence, and implications for the timing of Neanderthal
Portugal
National Historic Site of Tanzania
the ground layers at Laetoli: potassium-argon dating and analysis of stratigraphy. Based on these methods, the layers have been named as follows, starting
Laetoli
Offshore oil field in Saudi Arabia
structures trending NW-SE caused by uplift movement due to the Zagros reverse fault. Regional tectonic events such as compression occurred along eastern
Safaniya_Oil_Field
two marine units filled the depressed area in the region. This complex stratigraphy is grouped into nine rock units: The Geological history of the Pearl
Geology of the Pearl River Delta
Geology_of_the_Pearl_River_Delta
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
with the entire definition. As late as 1990, Lemon, in his textbook of stratigraphy, affirmed that "The uniformitarian view of earth history held that all
Uniformitarianism
Autonomous territory in the Middle East
Retrieved 25 January 2013. UBEID, Khalid F. (2013). "The origin, nature and stratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene palaeosols in Wadi Es-Salqa (Gaza Strip, Palestine)"
Gaza_Strip
Earth's most severe extinction event
overview". In Sweet WC (ed.). Permo–Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys: Stratigraphy, classification, and relations with the western Tethys. World and Regional
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
ISBN 978-0-12-483355-5. Opdyke, Neil D.; Channell, James E. T. (1996). Magnetic Stratigraphy. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-527470-8. Mussett, Alan E.; Khan, M. Aftab
Earth's_magnetic_field
Volcanic supereruption 74,000 years ago in Indonesia
"Surprisingly, Humanity Survived the Super-volcano 74,000 Years Ago". Haaretz. Stratigraphy of the Toba Tuffs and the evolution of the Toba Caldera Complex, Sumatra
Youngest_Toba_eruption
Largest continental igneous province on Earth
basin, Nova Scotia), which are poorly sampled, even if previous magneto stratigraphy analysis in this sequence showed only normal polarity, or in the Scots
Central Atlantic magmatic province
Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province
Headland in Setúbal, Portugal
result, the Arrábida Fault eventually inverted motion direction, becoming a reverse fault. As the crust was regionally compressed from the north and south
Cape_Espichel
Major climatic change and biotic turnover during the Triassic
was intended to spur further research on the mechanisms, impact and stratigraphy of the CPE, as well as its relevance for understanding modern climate
Carnian_pluvial_episode
languages and estimate the time of their divergence (called a linguistic stratigraphy), which can be interpreted as the time a united people separated; glottochronology
African_historiography
Largest pyramid in the Giza Necropolis, Egypt
thus independent from other types of archaeological evidence like stratigraphies, material culture, or radiocarbon dating. The majority of recent chronological
Great_Pyramid_of_Giza
c. 1000 CE Rus' palimpsest in Slavonic
each time wiping out the preceding text. According to data obtained by stratigraphy, dendrochronology, carbon dating, and from the text itself (where the
Novgorod_Codex
Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea
baseline study which incorporated a geological model of topography, stratigraphy, structure, geological, geophysical and tectonic properties of the study
Gozo
Regions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments
sedimentary basins over time. The scientific studies of stratigraphy and in recent decades sequence stratigraphy are focused on understanding the three-dimensional
Sedimentary_basin
Geologic structures formed during sediment deposition
2006 Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Patrick Lynch, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Sedimentary_structures
sequence is reversely magnetized, which when placed in the context of the adjacent stratigraphy, suggests that it was deposited during the reversed polarity
Tyrrhenian_Basin
Geological linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart
J.J.; Morley C.K. (1999). "Hydrocarbons in rift basins: the role of stratigraphy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 357 (1753): 877–900
Rift
Geological fault zone crossing Scotland
short and lateral. The post-Acadian movements are highlighted in the stratigraphy of the region. The Lower Old Red Sandstone is unconformably overlain
Highland_Boundary_Fault
formed when the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous normal faults were reactivated as reverse faults during the mayor Miocene tectonic movements of the Eastern Ranges
Guadalupe_Group
Part of the First Jewish–Roman War
University Press. pp. 94–167. ISBN 978-1-139-05366-2. Geva, Hillel (2010). "Stratigraphy and Architecture". In Geva, Hillel (ed.). Jewish Quarter Excavations
Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)
Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa
2025. Retrieved 24 May 2025. Schütz, Karsten I. (1994). "Structure and Stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt". Interior Rift Basins. doi:10.1306/m59582c3
Red_Sea
Stone, bronze and iron ages of pre-history
independence from textual chronologies and relied mainly on typology and stratigraphy. In 1816 Thomsen at age 27 was appointed to succeed the retiring Rasmus
Three-age_system
by density underflows such as turbidites typically show normal grading. Reverse grading or coarsening upwards is a characteristic of some alluvial fan
Way_up_structure
Fine-grained sediment that accumulates on the floor of the open ocean
continuity original horizontality Provenance Sedimentary record Sedimentology Stratigraphy Rock cycle calcium silica carbonate-silicate Paleolimnology Biosignature
Pelagic_sediment
Process to reveal former land use
excavated spits, but component can also be used for such a grouping of stratigraphy or for groups of spatially related features. An example of phase use
Phase_(archaeology)
Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
interpretation was later shown to be incorrect when the ages of the coastal stratigraphy and sediment were more accurately determined. Along the coast of Louisiana
Barrier_island
Geological formation in Pakistan
Kas (Kala Chitta) at the western end of the Potwar plateau. While the stratigraphy within the Kuldana Formation is poorly understood, its relation to under-
Kuldana_Formation
Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
ISBN 0136427103. Boggs, Sam Jr. (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131547283
Alluvial_fan
Stone bed in the Great Plains
p. Stratigraphy, continued; Mesozoic Rocks (Figures 12, 13, 14, and 20). Datum: top of Greenhorn Limestone Cragin, F.W. (1896). On the stratigraphy of
Fencepost_limestone
Retrieved July 11, 2020. Lucas, Spencer G.; Krainer, Karl (2005). "Stratigraphy and correlation of the Permo-Carboniferous Cutler Group, Chama Basin
Geology_of_New_Mexico
Freshwater lake in Israel
א' (1977). "הסטראטיגראפיה של הפלייסטוקן בעמק-הירדן / the Pleistocene Stratigraphy of the Jordan Valley". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical
Sea_of_Galilee
Fields of natural science related to Earth
subdisciplines are mineralogy and petrology, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, structural geology, engineering geology, and sedimentology. Physical
Earth_science
Type of claystone, composed of absorbent smectite clay minerals
bentonite is the more valuable but calcium bentonite is more common. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass)
Bentonite
Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity
in the timeline of Earth's history by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2016, but the proposal was rejected in 2024. To constitute the Holocene
Holocene_extinction
Method for determining the age of objects
within sites than previous methods, which usually derived either from stratigraphy or from typologies (e.g. of stone tools or pottery); it also allows comparison
Radiocarbon_dating
U.S. state
first state to call for a convention to amend the U.S. Constitution to reverse the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizens United decision ... Monetta is the organizing
Vermont
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
evolution in the Calabrian Arc (Central Mediterranean). Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory. With special reference to the geology of Central
Plate_tectonics
Geologic formation in the western United States
Franseen; W. Lynn Watney; Ronald R. West; Jon J. Smith. "A Review of the Stratigraphy of the Ogallala Formation and Revision of Neogene ("Tertiary") Nomenclature
Ogallala_Formation
Bay on the east coast of North America
ISSN 0149-1423. Yeo, Ross; Risk, Michael J. (1981). "The Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Preservation of Intertidal Deposits in the Minas Basin System, Bay
Bay_of_Fundy
Water-soluble mineral deposit formed by evaporation from an aqueous solution
Geological Institute. Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131547283
Evaporite
First epoch of the Neogene Period
oldest are typically named according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy: Cenozoic mammal faunas are often described using biochronological or
Miocene
Minor geological fault in Michigan
The Keweenaw Fault is a reverse fault that bisects the Keweenaw Peninsula of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The fault thrusts lava flows of the Midcontinent
Keweenaw_Fault
American archaeologist
from 2013 to 2017 and at Lagodekhi from 2018. Her focus has been on stratigraphy, architecture and ancient ceramics connected with sites where she has
Marilyn_Kelly-Buccellati
Baldo, E.; Saavedra, J. (2004). "Sr, C and O isotope geochemistry and stratigraphy of Precambrian and lower Paleozoic carbonate sequences from the Western
Geology_of_Argentina
Hypothetical Archaean supercontinent from about 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago
S2CID 23112906. Retrieved 12 September 2016. Cheney, E. S. (1996). "Sequence stratigraphy and plate tectonic significance of the Transvaal succession of southern
Vaalbara
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