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Study of rock layers and their formation
volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostratigraphy (lithologic stratigraphy), biostratigraphy (biologic stratigraphy), and chronostratigraphy
Stratigraphy
Study of archaeological sedimentation for dating purposes
Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept
Stratigraphy_(archaeology)
Study and analysis of groups of sedimentary deposits
Sequence stratigraphy is a form of stratigraphy that attempts to discern and understand historic geology through time by subdividing and linking sedimentary
Sequence_stratigraphy
System that relates geologic strata to time
geological time is the responsibility of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of Geological Sciences
Geologic_time_scale
Group of geologic formations
classified together to form a group. Formations are the fundamental unit of stratigraphy. Groups may sometimes be combined into supergroups. Groups are useful
Group_(stratigraphy)
Scheme relating geologic strata to age
and Mississippian series. As of 2008, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) had not yet named all four series of the Cambrian. Currently series
Series_(stratigraphy)
Non-governmental geological organization
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), sometimes unofficially referred to as the International Stratigraphic Commission, is a daughter or
International Commission on Stratigraphy
International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy
Fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy
central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy, and the formation is the fundamental unit of stratigraphy. Formations may be combined into groups
Geological_formation
Unit in stratigraphy
Boundaries and names are established by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) of the International Union of Geological Sciences. As of 2008,
Stage_(stratigraphy)
Sequence of rock layers laid down in the same geological period
A system in stratigraphy is a sequence of strata (rock layers) that were laid down together within the same corresponding geological period. The associated
System_(stratigraphy)
Archaeological phenomenon
Reverse stratigraphy (sometimes known as inverted stratigraphy) is the result of a process whereby one sediment is unearthed by human or natural actions
Reverse_stratigraphy
First geological period of the Paleozoic Era
"International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2025. Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John
Cambrian
Study of sedimentary rock
Seismic stratigraphy is a method for studying sedimentary rock in the deep subsurface based on seismic data acquisition. The term Seismic stratigraphy was
Seismic_stratigraphy
Third stage of the Holocene epoch
Quaternary. It was given the name in 2018, by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. It is also the upper, or latest, of three subdivisions of the Holocene
Meghalayan
as the Wooded Peak Limestone or the Hawks Crag Breccia. New Zealand stratigraphy has also informally been divided into two 'megasequences'. The Austral
Stratigraphy_of_New_Zealand
Academic journal
Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fundamental and applied aspects of stratigraphy. It was
Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
Stratigraphy_and_Geological_Correlation
Rock surface indicating a gap in the geological record
ISBN 9780495011484. Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 405. ISBN 0131547283
Unconformity
Third and current period of the Cenozoic Era, from 2.58 million years ago to the present
Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of
Quaternary
Current geological epoch
geological unit. The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) had a working group to determine whether
Holocene
This section needs expansion with: The stratigraphy chapter does not list the stratigraphy of the basin, with an important fossiliferous formation as
Surat_Basin
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
United States Geological Survey and the International Commission on Stratigraphy regard the term as informal. Because the span of time falling under the
Precambrian
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
eventually became the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today. The later half of the period experienced glaciations,
Carboniferous
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
studies from 1920 to the 1940s, leading to the development of lunar stratigraphy, which by the 1950s was becoming a new and growing branch of astrogeology
Moon
Earth's highest mountain
January 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Yin, C.-H., and S.-T. Kuo. 1978. "Stratigraphy of the Mount Jolmo Langma and its north slope." Scientia Sinica. v. 5
Mount_Everest
Silurian lithostratigraphic group in Ireland
The Dunquin Group is a Silurian lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in the Dingle peninsula, Munster, Ireland. The name is derived from
Dunquin_Group
The geology of Gotland is made up of a sequence of sedimentary rocks of a Silurian age, dipping to the south-east. Gotland is the largest island of Sweden
Geology_of_Gotland
Aspect of geology studying variations in isotope abundances in the natural environment
Retrieved 2009-01-18. Saltzman, Matthew R (2002). "Carbon isotope (d13C) stratigraphy across the Silurian-Devonian transition in North America: evidence for
Isotope_geochemistry
Method of depicting site stratigraphy
stratification such as spits or planums. In his Principles of archaeological stratigraphy Harris first proposed the need for each unit of stratification to have
Harris_matrix
Second stage of the Holocene epoch
Series. It was officially ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2018, along with the earlier Greenlandian and later Meghalayan
Northgrippian
Ancient warm and cool periods
theory. In 2010 the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy of the International Commission on Stratigraphy dropped other lists of MIS dates and started
Marine_isotope_stages
Ancient city near modern Naples, Italy
in regions VII and VIII of the town (the old town) as identified from stratigraphy below the Samnite and Roman buildings, as well as from the different
Pompeii
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
Pleistocene site of Kermek in western Ciscaucasia (southern Russia): Stratigraphy, biotic record and lithic industry (preliminary results)". Quaternary
Russia
Geographic feature in Colorado and Utah, US
sequence stratigraphy. In the 1980s, Exxon scientists used the Cretaceous strata of the Book Cliffs to develop the science of sequence stratigraphy. The Book
Book_Cliffs
First epoch of the Quaternary Period
"Major Divisions". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 17 December 2024. For the top of the
Pleistocene
Exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains
Excavation Methodologies Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy and Practices of Archaeological Stratigraphy as authorised free PDF Reuben Thorpe – Which way
Archaeological_excavation
Late Eocene marine sedimentary geologic formation
The Hoko River Formation is a Late Eocene marine sedimentary geologic formation. The formation is exposed in outcrops along the Strait of Juan de Fuca
Hoko_River_Formation
Lake in Eurasia
the Ponto Caspian: Ancient Mariners and the Asiatic Mediterranean". Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Oil-gas Basins (pp. 48-68) on Academia.edu. Retrieved
Caspian_Sea
Rock strata group found in Northern Ireland
The Ulster White Limestone Group is a late Cretaceous lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in Northern Ireland. The name is derived from
Ulster_White_Limestone_Group
In geology, tectonostratigraphy is stratigraphy that refers either to rock sequences in which large-scale layering is caused by the stacking of thrust
Tectonostratigraphy
Geological formation in Great Britain
The Thames Group is an Eocene lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) which is widespread in southeast England, especially in the Hampshire
Thames_Group
Geological feature in the United States
This is the stratigraphy of the Arkoma Basin in Oklahoma. Modified from Suneson 2012
Arkoma_Basin
Geological formation in Northern New Brunswick, Canada
The Flat Landing Brook Formation is a geological formation in Gloucester County of northern New Brunswick, Canada. It consists mostly of volcanic rocks
Flat_Landing_Brook_Formation
Cave and archaeological site in Serbia
The Hadži-Prodan's Cave (Serbian: Хаџи-Проданова пећина, Hadži-Prodanova pećina) is an archaeological site of the Paleolithic period and a national natural
Hadži-Prodan's_Cave
Third period of the Paleoproterozoic Era
stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. For the time period from about 2060 to 1780 Mya, an alternative period based on stratigraphy rather
Orosirian
Stratigraphic unit in south-central Utah, United States
The Tropic Shale is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, including Nothronychus
Tropic_Shale
Cave and archaeological site in France
Raymonden is a prehistoric cave near Chancelade in the French département Dordogne. The cave was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic and contained,
Raymonden
Proposed geologic epoch
it was rejected as such in 2024 by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The
Anthropocene
Physical evolution of the planet Mars
by Nicholas Steno, including the so-called law of superposition and stratigraphy, used to estimate the geological histories of Earth and the Moon, are
Geological_history_of_Mars
Large sedimentary basin in the US
Randy; Lee-Brand, Beronica (2009). Capitan Reef Complex Structure and Stratigraphy (PDF). Assisted by Paul Kirby. Daniel B. Stephens & Associates. OCLC 612327902
Permian_Basin_(North_America)
Extinct genus of jawless fishes
Ozarkodina is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Spathognathodontidae. Ozarkodina snajdri forms a subdivision of the Pseudomonoclimacis latilobus
Ozarkodina
Geological group of sedimentary rock formations
The Skiddaw Group is a group of sedimentary rock formations named after the mountain Skiddaw in the English Lake District. The rocks are almost wholly
Skiddaw_Group
Anthropological site in Papua New Guinea
Kilu Cave is a Paleoanthropological site located on Buka Island in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Kilu Cave is located at the
Kilu_Cave
Former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago
Tertiary has not been recognised by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) since the late 1980s, with the timespan of the Tertiary now being
Tertiary_period
Geologic formation in the United States
The Java Group is a Geologic group in New York and Northern Pennsylvania. It is considered geologic formation in Kentucky, Western New York, Ohio, southern
Java_Group
Geologic formations in Belgium
The Rupel Group is a stratigraphic group of rock strata in the subsurface of Belgium. It is subdivided into three formations that are all marine deposits
Rupel_Group
Extinct genus of jawless fishes
Declinognathodus is an extinct genus of platform conodonts. The Bashkirian, the oldest age of the Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous), contains
Declinognathodus
Extinct genus of jawless fishes
Budurovignathus is an extinct genus of conodont. The Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic is defined by the first appearance of Budurovignathus praehungaricus
Budurovignathus
Geologic formation in Ontario and New York
The Queenston Formation is a geological formation of Upper Ordovician age (Maysvillian to Richmondian Stage), which outcrops in Ontario, Canada (along
Queenston_Formation
First period of the Mesoproterozoic Era
Paleoproterozoic Era, and precedes the Ectasian Period. Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The period is characterised
Calymmian
Preserved remains or traces of organisms from a past geological age
intervening sediments. Consequently, palaeontologists rely on stratigraphy to date fossils. Stratigraphy is the science of deciphering the "layer-cake" that is
Fossil
Rhaetian age (Triassic) rock strata sequence
The Penarth Group is a Rhaetian age (Triassic) lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) which is widespread in Britain. It is named from the
Penarth_Group
The Devil's Table (German: Teufelstisch) in Hinterweidenthal is a 14 metre high mushroom rock in the German part of the Wasgau region, the southern Palatine
Devil's Table (Hinterweidenthal)
Devil's_Table_(Hinterweidenthal)
Geological formation off the coast of Portugal
Basin type Rift Plate Eurasian Orogeny Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean Age Late Triassic-Late Cretaceous Stratigraphy Stratigraphy Faults Nazaré Fault
Lusitanian_Basin
Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity
in the timeline of Earth's history by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2016, but the proposal was rejected in 2024. To constitute the Holocene
Holocene_extinction
First period of the Neoproterozoic Era
from 1000 to 720 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined by the ICS based on radiometric chronometry
Tonian
Extinct genus of jawless fishes
Streptognathodus is an extinct genus of conodonts from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian. The top of the Kasimovian stage is close to the first appearance
Streptognathodus
Branch of stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock strata in relation to time
Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock strata in relation to time. The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to
Chronostratigraphy
Quadrangle on Mercury
The Eminescu quadrangle (H-9) is one of fifteen quadrangles on Mercury. It runs from 216 to 288° longitude and from -25 to 25° latitude. Named after the
Eminescu_quadrangle
Late Cretaceous geological formation in China
The Zhoutian Formation (Chinese: 周田组; pinyin: zhōu tián zǔ) is a geological formation in Jiangxi, China. It has been dated to the late Cretaceous period
Zhoutian_Formation
Geologic age in the Late Cretaceous
Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper
Campanian
Geologic formation in Venezuela
The San Gregorio Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit dating back to the Pliocene to Pleistocene of Venezuela. The formation is split into three members
San Gregorio Formation, Venezuela
San_Gregorio_Formation,_Venezuela
The geology of Kazakhstan includes extensive basement rocks from the Precambrian and widespread Paleozoic rocks, as well as sediments formed in rift basins
Geology_of_Kazakhstan
Scientific study of Earth's physical composition
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.105.L180102. "International Commission on Stratigraphy". stratigraphy.org. September 20, 2005. Archived from the original on 2005-09-20
Geology
Quadrangle on Mercury
The Raditladi quadrangle (H-4) is one of fifteen quadrangles on Mercury. It runs from 270 to 180° longitude and 20 to 70° latitude. Named after the Raditladi
Raditladi_quadrangle
Upper Cambrian geologic formation
The Bonneterre Formation is an Upper Cambrian geologic formation which outcrops in the St. Francois Mountains of the Missouri Ozarks. The Bonneterre is
Bonneterre_Formation
Canadian Geologist
pioneer in quantitative stratigraphy and geologic time scale. At the University of Utrecht, he studied paleontology and stratigraphy, obtaining his Ph.D.
Felix_M._Gradstein
Third stage of the Carboniferous
Namurian Stage of European stratigraphy and the middle and upper parts of the Chesterian Stage of North American stratigraphy. The Serpukhovian Stage was
Serpukhovian
First era of the Archean Eon
name) alongside the Paleoarchean Era. The International Commission on Stratigraphy now officially recognizes the Eoarchean Era as the first part of the
Eoarchean
Coal-bearing rock strata in Scotland
The Scottish Coal Measures Group is a lithostratigraphic unit referring to the coal-bearing succession of rock strata which occur in Scotland during the
Scottish_Coal_Measures_Group
Geological formation in Midwestern United States
The Antrim Shale is a formation of Upper Devonian age in the Michigan Basin, in the US state of Michigan, and extending into Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin
Antrim_Shale
Study of pollen and other acid-resistant microoscopic organic material
the late 1870s, as optical microscopes improved and the principles of stratigraphy were worked out, Robert Kidston and P. Reinsch were able to examine the
Palynology
Volume of rock
Chronostratigraphy Glaciology Magnetostratigraphy Sedimentology Sequence stratigraphy Stratigraphy 2004 North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (2005)
Stratigraphic_unit
Archaeological site in Kenya
Panga ya Saidi is an archaeological cave site located in Kilifi County, southeastern Kenya, about 15 km from the Indian Ocean in the Dzitsoni limestone
Panga_ya_Saidi
Country in Southwestern Europe
Bernhard (2011). "Gruta Nova da Columbeira (Bombarral, Portugal): site stratigraphy, age of the Mousterian sequence, and implications for the timing of Neanderthal
Portugal
Cave and archaeological site in France
Rochereil is a prehistoric cave near Lisle in the French département Dordogne. Besides around 4000 stone and bone artifacts it contained the tomb of an
Rochereil
Earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch
The Cenomanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch
Cenomanian
The New Oxford Formation is a mapped bedrock unit consisting primarily of sandstones, conglomerates, and shales. The New Oxford Formation was first described
New_Oxford_Formation
The geology of Seychelles is an example of a felsic granite microcontinent that broke off from the supercontinent Gondwana within the past 145 million
Geology_of_Seychelles
Extensional marine sedimentary basin
The Gulf of Corinth basin, or Corinth rift, is an active extensional marine sedimentary basin thought to have started deforming during the late Miocene
Gulf_of_Corinth_basin
Second age of the late Jurassic
S2CID 133861564. "International Commission on Stratigraphy-Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy". jurassic.stratigraphy.org. Retrieved 2021-04-09. Gradstein
Kimmeridgian
First stage of the Carboniferous
uppermost stage of the Devonian) and is followed by the Viséan. In global stratigraphy, the Tournaisian contains two substages: the Hastarian (lower Tournaisian)
Tournaisian
Geologic formation in Italy
San Cassiano Formation (Anisian-Carnian) is a geologic formation located on the Southern Alps (Northeast Italy) in the Dolomites. These Triassic dolomites
San_Cassiano_Formation
brings distinct rock bodies into contact. The geologic subdiscipline of stratigraphy is primarily concerned with depositional contacts, while faults and shear
Contact_(geology)
First age of the Holocene epoch
Holocene. It was officially ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2018 with the later Northgrippian and Meghalayan Ages/Stages
Greenlandian
American geologist
Tinker, S.W., 1998, Shelf-to-basin facies distribution and sequence stratigraphy of a steep-rimmed carbonate margin: Capitan depositional system, McKittrick
Scott_W._Tinker
Topics referred to by the same term
a natural fissure in a structure Hiatus (stratigraphy), a discontinuity in the age of strata in stratigraphy Hiatus, a genus of picture-winged flies with
Hiatus
Cave and archaeological site in Libya
Haua Fteah (Arabic: هوا فطيح, romanized: Hawā Fṭiyaḥ) is a large karstic cave located in the Cyrenaica in northeastern Libya. This site has been of significance
Haua_Fteah
Sedimentary basin within the Andes in Bolivia and Peru
River Lakes Titicaca, Poopó Geology Basin type Piggy-back Plate South American Orogeny Andean Age Early Paleozoic-Holocene Stratigraphy Stratigraphy
Altiplano_Basin
The Grampian Group is an estimated 9,000 m thick sequence of metamorphosed Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks that outcrop across the Central Highlands of
Grampian_Group
Geological group in northwest Wales
The Harlech Grits Group is a lower to middle Cambrian lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in northwest Wales. The name is derived from
Harlech_Grits_Group
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