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Phenomenon in black hole physics
Relativistic reflection is a phenomenon in relativity in which light from the corona of a black hole reflects off of its accretion disk, distorting the
Relativistic_reflection
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
Henri Poincaré's 1905 theory of the dynamics of the electron was a relativistic theory which he applied to all forces, including gravity. While others
General_relativity
Scattering of photons off charged particles
scattered to higher energies by relativistic electrons in the surrounding corona. This phenomenon is called relativistic reflection and is surmised to cause
Compton_scattering
Theoretical framework in physics
ISBN 978-0-19-851155-7. Maiani, Luciano; Benhar, Omar (2024). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Fields. CRC Press. ISBN 9781003436263
Quantum_field_theory
Spectral peak in astronomical spectrometry
affected by the gravity of the black hole, a phenomenon called relativistic reflection. The results coincide with predictions Albert Einstein's theory
K-line_(x-ray)
Type of low-mass X-ray binary
Atoll sources can experience quasi-periodic oscillations and relativistic reflection. Atoll sources can be distinguished from Z sources by analyzing
Atoll_source
Relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics
Klein–Gordon equation is a relativistic wave equation for spinless particles. It was discovered 1926 as the relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger
Klein–Gordon_equation
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
magnet and conductor problem Physical cosmology Relativistic disk Relativistic Euler equations Relativistic heat conduction Shape waves Mathematics Lorentz
Special_relativity
System in quantum mechanics
probability of reflection approaches zero in the limit w k → ∞ {\displaystyle wk\to \infty } , where k is the wavenumber of the particle. The relativistic calculation
Step_potential
Group of flat spacetime symmetries
invariant under this group are then said to possess Poincaré invariance or relativistic invariance. 10 generators (in four spacetime dimensions) associated with
Poincaré_group
Physical phenomenon
enhances the quantum reflection. This requirement of small incident velocities for the particles means that a non-relativistic approximation to quantum
Quantum_reflection
Seyfert galaxy in the constellation Cetus
as well as having a smooth soft excess unable to be produced by relativistic reflection based on observations of its X-ray spectrum. TON S180 is known
TON_S180
Mathematical description of quantum state
for the wave function that satisfied relativistic energy conservation before he published the non-relativistic one, but discarded it as it predicted
Wave_function
Physical theory describing classical fields
Consequently, classical field theories are usually categorized as non-relativistic and relativistic. Modern field theories are usually expressed using the mathematics
Classical_field_theory
Thought experiment in special relativity
distance between the two rockets does not change even when they speed up to relativistic velocities." Then this setup is repeated again, but this time the back
Bell's_spaceship_paradox
Elementary particle with negative charge
electron – the Dirac equation, consistent with relativity theory, by applying relativistic and symmetry considerations to the hamiltonian formulation of the quantum
Electron
Rockets using antimatter as their power source
specular reflection. The momentum of gamma rays can, however, be partially transferred to matter by Compton scattering. One method to reach relativistic velocities
Antimatter propulsion spacecraft
Antimatter_propulsion_spacecraft
One-dimensional physical quantity
consequence, several physical quantities that are scalars in "classical" (non-relativistic) physics need to be combined with other quantities and treated as four-vectors
Scalar_(physics)
Void between celestial bodies
propulsion systems could use antimatter as a fuel, potentially reaching relativistic velocities. From the Earth's surface, the ultracold temperature of outer
Outer_space
Idealised system for theoretical analysis
alternates between free motion (typically as a straight line) and specular reflections from a boundary. When the particle hits the boundary it reflects from
Dynamical_billiards
The two-body problem in general relativity (or relativistic two-body problem) is the determination of the motion and gravitational field of two bodies
Two-body problem in general relativity
Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity
Physical quantities taking values at each point in space and time
equations governing the quantum fields are in fact PDEs (specifically, relativistic wave equations (RWEs)). Thus one can speak of Yang–Mills, Dirac, Klein–Gordon
Field_(physics)
Change in a moving object's trajectory due to a collision or force field
beam of electrons used to produce a picture, quantum deflection, or the relativistic bending of light due to gravity. An object's deflective efficiency can
Deflection_(physics)
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
applying the differentials to the energy equation and identifying the relativistic momentum: p = m v 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle p={\frac {mv}{\sqrt {1-{\frac
Matter_wave
Textbook by Richard Feynman
The first volume focuses on mechanics, radiation, and heat, including relativistic effects. The second volume covers mainly electromagnetism and matter
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
The_Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics
1986 American science-fiction film by Randal Kleiser
round-trip distance of 1,120 light-years, in just 4.4 hours. Travel at relativistic, or faster than light (FTL) speeds, causes an individual to experience
Flight_of_the_Navigator
Symmetry of spatially mirrored systems
simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point reflection or point inversion): P : ( x y z ) ↦ ( − x − y − z ) . {\displaystyle
Parity_(physics)
Elementary particles with a spin of 1/2
relative sign between two paths can have observable consequences. While non-relativistic quantum mechanics defines spin 1/2 with 2 dimensions in Hilbert space
Spin_1/2
Interference phenomenon of waves
waves, or Schroedinger's equation for matter waves, in some cases with relativistic corrections. The effects of diffraction of light were first carefully
Diffraction
In physics, a non-relativistic spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses n–dimensional space and m–dimensional time into a single continuum other
Non-relativistic_spacetime
spacetime, i.e. with 4-velocity perpendicular to spatial hypersurfaces. Relativistic Euler equations Euler top Eulerian specification of the flow field Euler
List of topics named after Leonhard Euler
List_of_topics_named_after_Leonhard_Euler
Particle collisions conserving kinetic energy
internal states of the particles involved stay the same. In the non-relativistic case, where the relative velocities of the particles are much less than
Elastic_scattering
American mathematician (born 1937)
tool in the quantization of classical Euclidean field theories into relativistic quantum field theories. It also provides a basic tool to study phase
Arthur_Jaffe
Abstract coordinate system
rest in the frame, although not necessarily located at its origin. A relativistic reference frame includes (or implies) the coordinate time, which does
Frame_of_reference
Concept in quantum mechanics
depend upon the energy, which in turn connects to the wavevector and the relativistic formulation of Albert Einstein a few years before. Following de Broglie's
Wave–particle_duality
Indian-American physicist (1910–1995)
explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their
Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar
Light all pointing in the same direction
by bending relativistic electrons (i.e. those moving at relativistic speeds) around a circular track. When the electrons are at relativistic speeds, the
Collimated_beam
Optical filter device
about 1:106 for Glan–Taylor prism polarizers. In X-ray the Malus's law (relativistic form): I = I 0 f f 0 [ 1 + λ ( f 0 − f ) 2 c ] cos 2 θ i {\displaystyle
Polarizer
2009 book by Christopher Caldwell
Times summarizes Caldwell as follows: "When an insecure, malleable, relativistic culture [Europe's] meets a culture that is anchored, confident, and strengthened
Reflections on the Revolution in Europe
Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_Europe
Pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation
is closely related to the above results (his 1905 work relies on the relativistic Doppler effect). According to Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, an
Radiation_pressure
Quantum phenomena
In relativistic quantum mechanics, the Klein paradox was an unexpected effect of relativity on the predictions of quantum tunneling theory for particles
Klein_paradox
Rendering method
straight line (ignoring relativistic effects). Any combination of four things might happen with this light ray: absorption, reflection, refraction and fluorescence
Ray_tracing_(graphics)
Speed of electromagnetic waves
is closely approximated by Galilean relativity – but it increases at relativistic speeds and diverges to infinity as v approaches c. For example, a time
Speed_of_light
Value for the flow of probability in quantum mechanics
Fokker–Planck equation. The relativistic equivalent of the probability current is known as the probability four-current. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics,
Probability_current
Dynamic disturbance in a medium or field
describe the probability density of a particle. The Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation detailing electromagnetic interactions. Dirac waves accounted
Wave
Family of linear transformations
granted in non-relativistic physics. For example, the energy E of an object is a scalar in non-relativistic mechanics, but not in relativistic mechanics because
Lorentz_transformation
Particle scattering in which kinetic energy is not conserved
is not conserved (in contrast to elastic scattering). Additionally, relativistic collisions which involve a transition from one type of particle to another
Inelastic_scattering
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
led to the 1930 prediction of the existence of antimatter). Einstein's relativistic center-of-mass theorem of 1906 is a case in point. In 1900, Henri Poincaré
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
Representation of the symmetry group of spacetime in special relativity
inhomogeneous Lorentz group amounts to a classification of all possible relativistic wave equations. The classification of the irreducible infinite-dimensional
Representation theory of the Lorentz group
Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group
Linear map that preserves areas
rotations. Note that the "SO+" notation corresponds to the fact that the reflections u ↦ − u , v ↦ − v {\displaystyle u\mapsto -u,\quad v\mapsto -v} are not
Squeeze_mapping
December 2023). "Measuring black hole spins through X-ray reflection spectroscopy and the relativistic precession model: the case of XTE J1859+226". Monthly
List of fastest rotating black holes
List_of_fastest_rotating_black_holes
French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)
in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz
Henri_Poincaré
make additional tests, starting with Irwin Shapiro's measurement of the relativistic time delay in radar signal travel time near the Sun. Beginning in 1974
Tests_of_general_relativity
Type of non-Euclidean geometry
this velocity geometry has been called kinematic geometry. The space of relativistic velocities has a three-dimensional hyperbolic geometry, where the distance
Hyperbolic_geometry
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
momentum/position uncertainty relationship of such an electron is just mvr = ħ. The relativistic limiting value for v is c, and so the limiting value for Z is the reciprocal
Fine-structure_constant
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
original approach of Hans Bethe and solving Schrödinger equation for relativistic electrons, rather than a kinematical or Bragg's law approach. Information
X-ray_diffraction
Algebraic structure designed for geometry
repopularized in the 1960s by David Hestenes, who advocated its importance to relativistic physics. The scalars and vectors have their usual interpretation and
Geometric_algebra
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
of the concept of quantum tunneling. In 1931, he co-wrote a paper, "Relativistic Theory of the Photoelectric Effect," with his student Harvey Hall, in
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
aberration Relativistic beaming Relativistic dynamics Relativistic electromagnetism Relativistic electron beam Relativistic heat conduction Relativistic jet
Index_of_physics_articles_(R)
Exact solution for the Einstein field equations
disappears when the black hole's angular momentum goes to zero. In the non-relativistic limit where M {\displaystyle M} (or, equivalently, r s {\displaystyle
Kerr_metric
Method of analysis applied to problems wave propagation
both in the far-field limit and in near-field diffraction as well as reflection. In 1678, Huygens proposed that every point reached by a luminous disturbance
Huygens–Fresnel_principle
Concept in physics of one-way time
atoms, molecules, and bodies, and might be drawn upon a four-dimensional relativistic map of the world ("a solid block of paper"). The arrow of time paradox
Arrow_of_time
Fundamental mechanical principles
ISBN 978-0-429-50355-9. Feynman, R. P. (1948-04-01). "Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 20 (2): 367–387. Bibcode:1948RvMP
Action_principles
Formula for spectral line wavelengths in alkali metals
of the hydrogen atom reproduce the observed Rydberg dependence, while relativistic and spin corrections appear when the Dirac equation, fine-structure interactions
Rydberg_formula
Relativistic effect due to rotation
the Sagnac experiment does not distinguish between pre-relativistic physics and relativistic physics. When light propagates in fibre optic cable, the
Sagnac_effect
1887 investigation of the speed of light
beams are to emerge from the apparatus exactly superimposed. In the relativistic analysis, Lorentz-contraction of the beam splitter in the direction of
Michelson–Morley_experiment
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
in the barrier. Moreover, if quantum tunnelling is modelled with the relativistic Dirac equation, well established mathematical theorems imply that the
Quantum_tunnelling
Area of physical and philosophical debate
to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Effect of general relativity
general relativity, in addition to measuring the spin of the black hole. Relativistic jets may provide evidence for the reality of frame-dragging. Gravitomagnetic
Frame-dragging
Bending of electron beams due to electrostatic interactions with matter
diffraction (e.g. refs). These involve more general analyses using relativistically corrected Schrödinger equation methods, and track the electrons through
Electron_diffraction
Object that reflects an image
angles, and only a small fraction of the rays are reflected. In flying relativistic mirrors conceived for X-ray lasers, the reflecting surface is a spherical
Mirror
Physical effect used in quantum mechanics
superluminal, despite it is now known on rigorous mathematical grounds that the relativistic quantum tunneling (modeled using the Dirac equation) is a subluminal
Hartman_effect
Audible vibration that travels via pressure waves in matter
sound (see parametric array). If relativistic effects are important, the speed of sound is calculated from the relativistic Euler equations. In fresh water
Sound
Pictorial representation of the behavior of subatomic particles
relativistically normalized incoming states to become relativistically normalized outgoing states. For nonrelativistic values of k, the relativistic normalization
Feynman_diagram
Mathematical description of spacetime used in relativity
geometrical interpretation to the generalization of Newtonian mechanics to relativistic mechanics. The effect was to position the mathematics as revealing important
Minkowski_spacetime
Invariance under simultaneous charge conjugation, parity transformation and time reversal
under Time Reversal and under Particle-Antiparticle Conjugation for Relativistic Field Theories". Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Matematisk-Fysiske
CPT_symmetry
Frequency change of a wave for observer relative to its source
Radio signal statistical model Redshift – Change in wavelength of light Relativistic Doppler effect – Scientific phenomenon Buys Ballot (1845). "Akustische
Doppler_effect
Differential equation for the description of waves or standing wave
physics. Quantum physics uses an operator-based wave equation often as a relativistic wave equation. The wave equation is a hyperbolic partial differential
Wave_equation
2002 French academic dispute
to science popularization, led to a number of lawsuits, and provoked reflection among physicists as to how and why the peer review system can fail. The
Bogdanov_affair
English polymath (1642–1727)
upon for more than 200 years. Many of these advances still underpin non-relativistic technologies today. Newton used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for
Isaac_Newton
Model of an energy potential in quantum mechanics
amplitudes for reflection and transmission for incidence from the left, we put in the above equations Ar = 1 (incoming particle), Al = r (reflection), Bl = 0
Delta_potential
Concept in physics and chemistry
circuit, channel or trunk. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the transmission coefficient and related reflection coefficient are used to describe
Transmission_coefficient
X-ray binary in Cygnus containing a stellar black hole
heated to millions of degrees, generating the observed X-rays. A pair of relativistic jets, arranged perpendicularly to the disk, are carrying part of the
Cygnus_X-1
Physical theory of the cosmos
temperatures were so high that the random motions of particles were at relativistic speeds, and particle–antiparticle pairs of all kinds were being continuously
Big_Bang
Four-dimensional number system
1007/s00006-018-0881-8. Girard, P. R. (2007). Quaternions, Clifford algebras and relativistic physics. Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-7791-5
Quaternion
Flash of gamma rays from a distant galaxy
The jets of gamma-ray bursts are ultrarelativistic, and are the most relativistic jets in the universe. The matter in gamma-ray burst jets may also become
Gamma-ray_burst
Movement of an object which leaves at least one point unchanged
and charge. The rotation stores enormous amounts of energy, powering relativistic jets of ionized particles extending thousands of parsecs into space and
Rotation
Theory seeking to explain childhood mental development
subjectivity is multifaceted itself. Subjectivity is both relativistic and non-relativistic—relativistic in the sense that the individual can consider how truth
Postformal_thought
that he discovered his equation in 1926, also independently found the relativistic generalization of it known as the Klein–Gordon equation but dismissed
History of quantum field theory
History_of_quantum_field_theory
Non-mathematical introduction
discovered matter wave nature of electrons. In 1928 Paul Dirac published his relativistic wave equation simultaneously incorporating relativity, predicting anti-matter
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
German physicist (1901–1976)
and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went on a lecture tour
Werner_Heisenberg
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
Heaviside. Without referral to an aether, this physical interpretation of relativistic effects was shared by Kennedy and Thorndike in 1932 as they concluded
Luminiferous_aether
Subfield of astronomy
matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. Relativistic astrophysics – study of phenomena in which special and general relativity
Outline_of_astrophysics
Measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon with laser light
observing station and its motion due to crustal motion and tides, and relativistic effects. The distance continually changes for a number of reasons, but
Lunar Laser Ranging experiments
Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiments
Range of physical processes in physics
the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergo scattering are often called diffuse reflections and unscattered reflections are called specular
Scattering
obstructed. At extreme intensities, radially-polarized laser pulses with relativistic intensities and few-cycle pulse durations have been demonstrated via
Radial_polarization
Point in a triangle that can be seen as its middle under some criteria
for any triangle and any similarity transformation (such as a rotation, reflection, dilation, or translation), the center of the transformed triangle is
Triangle_center
Device that emits light via optical amplification
solid-state lasers, which rely on bound atomic or molecular states, FELs use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium, hence the term free-electron. The
Laser
Chilean biologist and philosopher (1928–2021)
247-256. 1968 Maturana, H, G. Uribe, S. Frenk A biological theory of relativistic colour coding in the primate retina Arch Biol Med Exp. 1:1-30 1970 Varela
Humberto_Maturana
Foundational principle in quantum physics
measure concepts. In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a non-relativistic time–energy uncertainty relation as follows. From Heisenberg mechanics
Uncertainty_principle
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection through study
Girl/Female
Indian
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Girl/Female
Tamil
A beauty by its blue reflection
Girl/Female
Tamil
A beauty by its blue reflection
Girl/Female
Indian
Image, Reflection, Also referred to as the disk of brightness surrounding the Sun, Moon
Boy/Male
Hindu
Seven reflections
Girl/Female
Indian
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Girl/Female
Tamil
A beauty by its blue reflection
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection
Girl/Female
Tamil
Image, Reflection, Also referred to as the disk of brightness surrounding the Sun, Moon
Girl/Female
Hindu
A beauty by its blue reflection
Boy/Male
Tamil
Reflection
Girl/Female
Tamil
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection of light
Boy/Male
Tamil
Reflection through study
Boy/Male
Sikh
Absorbed in reflection, Strong
Girl/Female
Tamil
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Girl/Female
Hindu
A beauty by its blue reflection
Boy/Male
Tamil
Gunjik | கà¯à®¨à¯à®œà¯€à®•
Reflection
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
Girl/Female
Indian
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sweet fragrance, The celestial cow, Wish yielding cow
Boy/Male
Indian
Little battle, Companion
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva's Daughter
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant of Beaton or Beeton.
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, Greek, Irish
Medieval English Form of the Irish Caitlin; Pure; Torture; Combination of Kate and Lynn
Boy/Male
Norse
Son of Balder.
Biblical
this mouth or mouthful; falsehood
Boy/Male
Arabic
Unique
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
New Taste; Nine Types of Reactions
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION
n.
The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below.
n.
That which is produced by reflection.
a.
Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments; abounding with moral reflections; containing a moral reflection; didactic.
n.
The light perceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the sun, or when the sun is less than 18¡ below the horizon, occasioned by the illumination of the earth's atmosphere by the direct rays of the sun and their reflection on the earth.
v. i.
To be bright by reflection of light; to gleam; to be glossy; as, to shine like polished silver.
a.
Not indicating thought or reflection; thoughtless.
n.
The reflection of a reflected image or sound.
n.
Emission or reflection of light.
n.
Any one of numerous species of humming birds belonging to Trochilus, Calypte, Stellula, and allies, in which the male has on the throat a brilliant patch of red feathers having metallic reflections; esp., the common humming bird of the Eastern United States (Trochilus colubris).
n.
The state of being disposed to ruminate or ponder; deliberate meditation or reflection.
n.
A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species.
n.
A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane.
a.
Empty of thought; thoughtless; not occupied with study or reflection; as, a vacant mind.
v. i.
To throw squibs; to utter sarcatic or severe reflections; to contend in petty dispute; as, to squib a little debate.
n.
The act of thinking; the exercise of the mind in any of its higher forms; reflection; cogitation.
n.
An American sciaenoid fish (Cynoscion regalis), abundant on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and much valued as a food fish. It is of a bright silvery color, with iridescent reflections. Called also weakfish, squitee, chickwit, and sea trout. The spotted squeteague (C. nebulosus) of the Southern United States is a similar fish, but the back and upper fins are spotted with black. It is called also spotted weakfish, and, locally, sea trout, and sea salmon.
n.
Reflection; thought.
a.
Melancholy; sad; grave; depressing; as, a somber person; somber reflections.
a.
Emitting light, esp. in a continuous manner; radiant; as, shining lamps; also, bright by the reflection of light; as, shining armor.
n.
An optical instrument for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. It combines in one, through a bending of the rays of light, two pictures, taken for the purpose from points of view a little way apart. It is furnished with two eyeglasses, and by refraction or reflection the pictures are superimposed, so as to appear as one to the observer.