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Psychology research method
Preferential looking is an experimental method in developmental psychology used to gain insight into the young mind/brain. The method as used today was
Preferential_looking
Clarity of vision
centered and followed. [citation needed] More formal testing using preferential looking techniques use Teller acuity cards (presented by a technician from
Visual_acuity
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
the United States and Australia, the terms ranked-choice voting and preferential voting, respectively, almost always[according to whom?] refer to instant-runoff
Ranked_voting
American developmental psychologist (1925–1981)
pioneered several studies into infant perception. In particular, the preferential looking paradigm introduced by Fantz in the 1961 is widely used in cognitive
Robert_L._Fantz
American psychologist
Fantz with signal detection theory. The result was the forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) procedure. In this approach, an observer who is masked as to
Davida_Teller
Blindness present at birth
category pertains to consistently poor vision, such as not displaying preferential looking when presented with high-contrast visual stimuli. The second category
Congenital_blindness
Type of visual acuity and hyperacuity
measures in infants and non-verbal children can be done using the preferential-looking technique or by electrophysiological techniques. Vernier scale Stereoscopic
Vernier_acuity
International trade document
justify the product's eligibility for entry and/or its entitlement to preferential treatment. Guidelines for issuance of Certificates of Origin by chambers
Certificate_of_origin
American linguist
Hyams, N., and Curtiss, S. 2002. 'No I Understand Negation': A preferential looking paradigm study of early knowledge of sentential and anaphoric negation
Susan_Curtiss
Type of malingering
Other tests like Optokinetic response, Psychogalvanic test and Preferential looking test, a test that is commonly used to test visual acuity in infants
Ocular_malingering
involves facial processing studies conducted with infants. Using a preferential looking procedure in cross racial studies, Caucasian infants were tested
Perceptual_narrowing
Study of the neural mechanisms of socialization
as the Implicit Association Test; observational measures such as preferential looking in infant studies; and, self-report measures, such as questionnaire
Social_neuroscience
American cognitive scientist
to infer the cognitive abilities of babies by using the method of preferential looking, developed by Robert Fantz. This consists of presenting babies with
Elizabeth_Spelke
American developmental psychologist
adapt familiar word meanings. In experiments 3 and 4, she used the preferential looking paradigm where she presented children with sentences such as "The
Letitia_Naigles
Psychological word learning constraint
were tested in a preferential looking paradigm in which they were presented with a familiar object and novel object, asked to “look at the dax,” and were
Mutual exclusivity (psychology)
Mutual_exclusivity_(psychology)
Catholic social teaching on the well-being of the poor
The option for the poor, or the preferential option for the poor, is a Catholic social teaching that the Bible gives priority to the well-being of the
Option_for_the_poor
features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house
Electoral_system_of_Australia
Aspect of senescence
age. For instance, eye tracking reveals that older adults showed preferential looking toward happy faces and away from sad faces. Autobiographical memory
Memory_and_aging
Research program in hearing sciences
Garden-bird songs: Do Scottish and German-Saxon infants show the same preferential looking behaviour as adults?". European Journal of Developmental Psychology
Human_auditory_ecology
Object that reflects an image
A mirror, also known as a looking glass, is an object that reflects an image. Light that bounces off a mirror forms an image of whatever is in front of
Mirror
Intergovernmental organization
India portal Nepal portal Pakistan portal Sri Lanka portal ASEAN and India's Look-East connectivity projects Asia Cooperation Dialogue SAARC Chamber of Commerce
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation
Industrialist and technologist (born 1971)
Times, The Brussels. "Musk-AfD: EU Commission to monitor risks of 'preferential treatment'". Brussels Times. Archived from the original on January 7
Elon_Musk
Most populous city in the United States
without farmland inside the municipality. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at: (a)
New_York_City
Country in South Asia
were allowed to be candidates. ... these reservations grew to include preferential access to educational institutions and the administrative services."
India
American neo-Nazi cartoonist
of the site's users and critics said the move was evidence of Musk's preferential treatment for neo-Nazis, antisemites, and white supremacists. StoneToss
StoneToss
Phase since 2022 of war ongoing since 2014
was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans to defence contractors and war-related businesses, compelled
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)
Operating system for mobile devices
"Powered by Android" logo on their boot screens. Google has also enforced preferential bundling and placement of Google Mobile Services on devices, including
Android_(operating_system)
Place which charges very low taxes on profits
Correspondent, "How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven", 31 May 2017. Preferential tax rulings (PTR) can be used by a jurisdiction for benign reasons, for
Tax_haven
Special administrative region of China
Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland. The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was
Hong_Kong
American multinational technology company
antitrust rules. Regulators say Google abused its dominance by giving preferential treatment to its ad exchange within its publisher ad server and ad-buying
Country mostly on the Australian continent
interrupted by a double dissolution. Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for the House of Representatives and all state and territory lower
Australia
2019 high-profile murder in Singapore
over the women's social media posts, which contained allegations of preferential treatment in sentencing on account of race of alleged criminals, saying
2019_Orchard_Towers_murder
King of the United Kingdom since 2022
educated at a school rather than by private tutors. He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who
Charles_III
Welsh actor and presenter (born 1969)
Reporter. Retrieved 13 January 2025. "Arts Council of Wales denies 'preferential' treatment of Sheen's theatre company". The Stage. Retrieved 31 May 2026
Michael_Sheen
individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running
2024 United States Senate elections
2024_United_States_Senate_elections
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2026
Byline Times. Wright, Mike. "The difference between proportional and preferential voting systems – and why it matters". Electoral Reform Society. Archived
Andy_Burnham
time from the left". Arkansas Times. Retrieved April 9, 2021. "2022 Preferential Primary and Nonpartisan Judicial General Election". "Election Night Reporting"
2022 United States Senate elections
2022_United_States_Senate_elections
Large company involved in many industries
These conglomerates often have strong ties with the government and enjoy preferential policies and access to capital.[citation needed] During the 1960s, the
Conglomerate_(company)
Sexual acts between humans and animals
March 2015. Earls, C. M.; Lalumiere, M. L. (2002). "A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia)". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
Bestiality
In March 2009, Klein criticized Wikipedia for what he described as preferential treatment of Barack Obama coverage. Klein said that Wikipedia editors
List_of_critics_of_Wikipedia
Leader of China since 2012
on the mainland and in February 2018 the PRC government announced 31 preferential policies for Taiwan people on matters of industry, finance, taxation
Xi_Jinping
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
remove than expected. In the transition series, the outer electrons are preferentially lost even though the inner orbitals are filling. For example, in the
Periodic_table
Rules to attribute a country of origin to a product
origin can be classified into non-preferential rules of origin and preferential rules of origin. Non-preferential rules of origin are those primarily
Rules_of_origin
Country in South America
While Guaraní is still widely spoken, Spanish is generally given a preferential treatment in government, business, media and education as a South American
Paraguay
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
minority." Madison also wrote that such requirements would encourage secession. Look up supermajority or qualified majority in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Supermajority
Continent
existing conflicts being exacerbated by colonial rule (for instance, the preferential treatment given to ethnic Hutus over Tutsis in Rwanda during German and
Africa
by four; the integer of the resulting quotient shall constitute the preferential quota. "Nemzeti Választási Iroda". National Election Office (in Hungarian)
2026 Hungarian parliamentary election
2026_Hungarian_parliamentary_election
14, 2025. "Arizona Proposition 142, Prohibit Race- or Ethnicity-Based Preferential Treatment, Public Education Offices, and Disciplinary Policies Amendment
2026 United States ballot measures
2026_United_States_ballot_measures
Cast of American crime drama TV series
occurred 18 years ago and why his guilt compensated for Blundetto's preferential treatment. He uses the call to trace the payphone. Tony Soprano is able
List of The Sopranos characters
List_of_The_Sopranos_characters
American politician (born 1940)
restrictions, with critics alleging she used her position to receive preferential treatment. Pelosi's only close race so far has been in the special election
Nancy_Pelosi
Country in South America
neither an official nor a state faith, it gives Roman Catholicism a preferential status. In 2008, Argentines were 76.5% Catholic, 11.3% agnostics and
Argentina
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Berridge CW (October 2008). "Cognition-enhancing doses of methylphenidate preferentially increase prefrontal cortex neuronal responsiveness". Biological Psychiatry
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
2010 gang-related murder in Singapore
social media made up and circulated posts containing allegations of preferential treatment in sentencing on account of race of alleged criminals, saying
2010_Downtown_East_slashing
British prince (born 1984)
been "truthful" and that the documents indicated he had not received preferential treatment. In 2025, the Heritage Foundation brought a new case against
Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex
American politician and naval officer (1936–2018)
to show other POWs that elite prisoners were willing to be treated preferentially. Such early release was prohibited by the POWs' interpretation of the
John_McCain
American political candidate (born 1987)
to fight for farmers to get Sen. Tom Cotton voted out". THV11. "2026 Preferential Primary Election Results". Arkansas Secretary of State. March 3, 2026
Hallie_Shoffner
from the original on December 27, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2016. "Preferential Primary and Nonpartisan General Election official Results". Arkansas
2016 United States Senate elections
2016_United_States_Senate_elections
GOP control". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved April 22, 2025. "2026 Preferential Primary and Nonpartisan Judicial General Election". Arkansas Secretary
2026 United States state treasurer elections
2026_United_States_state_treasurer_elections
British academic (1985–2026)
exaggerating their credentials, or that black people had been given preferential treatment and used by liberal institutions to seem more diverse. Arday's
Jason_Arday
Electoral system used in some cities and states
consider secondary rankings as pertinent alongside first preferences. The preferential voting system used in the primary elections of Wisconsin and Minnesota
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States
Form of political manipulation
with a single statewide constituency electing 37 members via optional preferential voting that creates a one-vote, one-value system. In 2014 the conservative
Gerrymandering
1891 encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII
for them; this is elaborated in the modern Catholic principle of the "preferential option for the poor". In addition to liberalism and other forms of modernism
Rerum_novarum
American actor (born 1939)
thought that his relationship with the president's daughter gave him preferential treatment. In 1968, Hamilton made The Power. Hamilton went into television
George_Hamilton_(actor)
American murderer (1936–2001)
unsolved homicides as a result of Lucas' confessions. Lucas received preferential treatment that was extremely lax for someone supposedly thought to be
Henry_Lee_Lucas
Head of the Catholic Church from 2013 to 2025
Cuba in 2015, Catholic Yale historian Carlos Eire said Francis had a "preferential option for the oppressors" in Cuba. Francis had expressed criticism towards
Pope_Francis
American author and YouTuber (born 1977)
that Looking for Alaska would be made into a Hulu series with Schwartz and others on board. The casting was announced in October 2018. Looking for Alaska
John_Green
Sexual fixation on non-human animals
13 May 2012. Earls, C. M.; Lalumiere, M. L. (2002). "A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia)". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
Zoophilia
Ex-wife of Vladimir Putin (born 1958)
Commonwealth and Development Office stated that Lyudmila has "benefited from preferential business relationships with state-owned entities". National Laureate
Lyudmila_Putina
Files on Jeffrey Epstein and his affiliates
with this prison transfer, I think it again feels like she is getting preferential treatment ... and it's really worrying to us about what might be coming
Epstein_files
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
rating on a ballot. In a contest between candidates A, B and C using the preferential-vote form of Condorcet method, a head-to-head race is conducted between
Condorcet_method
Family of logics for natural-language and counterfactual conditionals
relations and default reasoning systems, notably the cumulative and preferential systems C and P of Kraus, Lehmann and Magidor, which are widely used
Conditional_logic
Brazilian racing driver (1960–1994)
employed directly by Honda. The team guaranteed Senna contractually preferential treatment over Nakajima in the allocation of equipment. Senna started
Ayrton_Senna
Coalition of centre-right political parties in Australia
at the same time. By contrast, a variation of the preferential system known as optional preferential voting proved a significant handicap to coalition
Liberal–National_Coalition
Election for the 61st Parliament of Victoria
Legislative Assembly, the Victorian Electoral Commission (VEC) uses full preferential voting where for a vote to count, it is required to number every box
2026_Victorian_state_election
American former basketball player and sports analyst (born 1972)
agreed to the signing on the condition that O'Neal would not receive preferential treatment, nor could he cause any locker room problems like in Los Angeles
Shaquille_O'Neal
Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979
foreign imports through the use of higher tariffs on consumer goods, preferential bank loans to the industrialists, maintenance of an overvalued rial,
Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi
List of sexual interests considered atypical
biosocial understanding of voyeurism, exhibitionism, toucherism, and the preferential rape pattern". Crime in Biological, Social, and Moral Contexts. NY: Praeger:
List_of_paraphilias
Pseudoscientific needling treatment
in China due to changes in the country's political leadership and the preferential use of rationalism or scientific evidence-based medicine. Acupuncture
Acupuncture
Sex position
During sexual intercourse in the missionary position, the penis is in preferential contact with the anterior wall of the vagina and the tip of the penis
Missionary_position
Combined military forces of North Korea
800 high officers (out of approximately 1,200) received promotions and preferential assignments. Three days after Kim Jong Il became Marshal, eight generals
Korean_People's_Army
President of Argentina (1946–1955, 1973–1974)
negotiated the release of Argentinian assets in the U.S. in exchange for preferential treatment for U.S. goods, followed by Argentine ratification of the Act
Juan_Perón
Japanese manga and anime series
Hepburn: Tokurei Sochi Dantai Sutera Jo-Gakuin Kōtō-ka Shīkyūbu; lit. "Preferential Measure Organization Stella Women's Academy, High School Division Class
Stella Women's Academy, High School Division Class C3
Stella_Women's_Academy,_High_School_Division_Class_C3
American business magnate (1839–1937)
like Standard Oil, outside the main oil centers. The cartel offered preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep discounts/rebates
John_D._Rockefeller
President of the United States from 1829 to 1837
soundness of its money. Jackson's supporters further alleged that it gave preferential loans to speculators and merchants over artisans and farmers, that it
Andrew_Jackson
Personal prelature of the Catholic Church
ricos' al servicio de la economía neoliberal en Chile" [Opus Dei and its 'preferential option for the rich' at the service of the neoliberal economy in Chile]
Opus_Dei
American twin-engined fighter of WWII
a civilian working for Vought in the South Pacific area. He received preferential treatment as if a visiting colonel. In Hollandia, Lindbergh attached
Lockheed_P-38_Lightning
Pay and benefits for upper management
Deferred Compensation Table would disclose not just above-market or preferential portion but all contributions, withdrawals, and earnings for the year
Executive compensation in the United States
Executive_compensation_in_the_United_States
Social classification practised in India
British Raj furthered the system, through census classifications and preferential treatment to Christians and people belonging to certain castes. Social
Caste_system_in_India
Central nervous system stimulant prodrug
that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation
Lisdexamfetamine
18th-century Bavarian secret society
jealousy, but it is clear that many Illuminati court officials gave preferential treatment to their brethren. In Bavaria, the energy of their two members
Illuminati
President of South Korea from 2022 to 2025
reduce the top corporate tax rate from 25% to 22% and apply a special preferential rate of 10% to small and medium-sized enterprises with a tax base of
Yoon_Suk_Yeol
that by definition the "Jewish State" concept is based on ethnically preferential treatment towards Jews enshrined in immigration (the Law of Return) and
Arab_citizens_of_Israel
Ruling political party of Russia
2021, at the initiative of United Russia, the government expanded the preferential mortgage program. Now it extends to private homes. In December 2021,
United_Russia
US Supreme Court justice since 1991
forbids consideration of race, such as race-based affirmative action or preferential treatment. In Adarand Constructors v. Peña, he wrote, "there is a 'moral
Clarence_Thomas
American country musician (born 1933)
judge later rejected the agreement, claiming that Nelson was receiving preferential treatment for his celebrity status; the offense normally carried a one-year
Willie_Nelson
elections. IRV is also known outside the US as the alternative vote (AV) or preferential voting. IRV is known by different names in the various countries in which
History and use of instant-runoff voting
History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting
Group of antibiotics derived from fungi
transporter responsible for excretion, such that the transporter would preferentially excrete the competing molecule and the penicillin would be retained
Penicillin
Indian Hindutva paramilitary organisation
Hindu nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizens' rights. — M. S. Golwalkar Golwalkar also
Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh
Movement disorders that appear in early childhood
developmental stage at 6 to 9 months and is starting to mobilise, where preferential use of limbs, asymmetry, or gross motor developmental delay is seen.
Cerebral_palsy
American aviation pioneer (1897–disappeared 1937)
Kingdom. Furious and disheartened, she accused Earhart's team of receiving preferential treatment—claiming they had been provided with a more favorable weather
Amelia_Earhart
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance