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Toxic effect by a compound on plant growth
Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers
Phytotoxicity
Chemical compound
or a trunk injection. Dikegulac sodium application sometimes causes phytotoxicity. Symptoms include chlorosis and stunted growth. When higher concentrations
Diprogulic_acid
Insecticide spray oil
unsaturated (alkene and aromatic) molecules, which cause plant damage (phytotoxicity), and delivers the C20-C25 fractions, which are the most effective insecticides
Horticultural_oil
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, toxic to vertebrates. Though its phytotoxicity is low, solvents in some formulations may damage certain crops. cf.
Glossary_of_entomology_terms
Class of toxins found in plants
bean plants to become chlorotic. Toxalbumin – Toxic plant proteins Phytotoxicity – Toxic effect by a compound on plant growth Raven, Peter H, Ray F.
Phytotoxin
Spray used to kill plant pests
repeated applications may aggravate phytotoxicity. In addition, water conditioning agents can increase phytotoxicity.[citation needed] Thanks to its low
Insecticidal_soap
Mixture used to improve soil fertility
labor-intensive, but there are conflicting studies regarding the risks of phytotoxicity and human pathogen regrowth. Aerated compost tea brews faster and generates
Compost
Layer of material applied to the surface of soil
Compost: fully composted materials (humus) are used to avoid possible phytotoxicity problems. Materials that are free of seeds are ideally used, to prevent
Mulch
Production of biochemicals which affect the growth of other organisms
Lovett J (1994) Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. II. Phytotoxicity of barley allelochemicals Journal of Chemical Ecology 19:2231-2244.
Allelopathy
Genus of grasses commonly known as reeds
Uddin, Md N.; Robinson, Randall W.; Caridi, Domenic (2014-01-02). "Phytotoxicity induced by Phragmites australis: an assessment of phenotypic and physiological
Phragmites
Chemical produced by walnut trees
walnut roots, providing additional scientific evidence of juglone's phytotoxicity. Juglone was used medicinally in America during the early 1900s, prescribed
Juglone
River in North Carolina, United States
Pierce; Shan, Libo; Chu, Kung-Hui (2020-04-01). "Accumulation and phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate
Cape_Fear_River
Species of plant
simple, almost linear leaves are semi-deciduous. This plant produces phytotoxic cis-cinnamoyl glucosides and cis-cinnamic acid. The plant-growth inhibition
Spiraea_thunbergii
Species of plant in the purslane family
P. oleracea is even known to have antifungal properties. However some phytotoxic metabolites of Drechslera indica, a fungus, can cause necrosis on purslane
Portulaca_oleracea
Copper compounds used as agricultural pesticides
plants. The leaves of stone fruit trees are more sensitive to copper phytotoxicity than apple leaves. Copper tolerant plant families include Cruciferae
Copper_pesticide
Genus of coniferous trees
(December 2014). "Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea
Pine
Chemical element with atomic number 33 (As)
phosphorus, and iron oxides to high-arsenite soils greatly reduces arsenic phytotoxicity. Arsenic is used as a feed additive in poultry and swine production
Arsenic
Species of flowering plant
containing volatile oils that have a strong vinegar odor. The oils have phytotoxic properties, which help the plant compete by killing or injuring other
Trichostema_lanceolatum
non-pathological conditions such as poor light, adverse weather, water-logging, phytotoxic compounds or a lack of nutrients, and affect the functioning of the plant
Physiological_plant_disorder
Marine flowering plants
Devendra K. (2017). "Nitric Oxide Ameliorates Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phytotoxicity in Wheat Seedlings: Implication of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle"
Seagrass
Liquid by-product of animal metabolism
too much ammonia for plants to absorb, acidic conditions, or other phytotoxicity. Important parameters to consider while fertilizing with urine include
Urine
Chemical compound
Group K3 (Global) and Group 15 (numeric). In artificial soil tests of phytotoxicity, with the herbicides cycloate, benzthiazuron and pyrazon. Delachlor
Delachlor
Chemical compound found in plants including thyme
Tzakou (ed.). "The Essential Oil of Monarda didyma L. (Lamiaceae) Exerts Phytotoxic Activity In Vitro against Various Weed Seeds". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Thymol
Flow of excess rainwater not infiltrating in the ground over its surface
and early on contact of pesticides with water was known to enhance phytotoxicity. In the case of surface waters, the impacts translate to water pollution
Surface_runoff
One of the lightest perfluoro compounds
respiratory tract. Exposure damages the kidneys. Trifluoroacetic acid is mildly phytotoxic. In July 2024, the German Chemical Agency submitted a proposal to the
Trifluoroacetic_acid
Type of chemical used to kill unwanted plants
alter the physical properties of the spray solution and the overall phytotoxicity of the herbicide, increasing translocation. Herbicide safeners enhance
Herbicide
Chemical compound
contaminant in cereals and fruits. Alternariol exhibits antifungal and phytotoxic activity. It is reported to inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. It is also
Alternariol
Cyclic carboxylic ester
Ten-membered lactones are an important class of naturally occurring phytotoxic lactones. Examples include Herbarumin I and Stagonolide A. Macrocyclic
Lactone
Growth of an organism from a seed or spore
water stress. The germination index can be used as an indicator of phytotoxicity in soils. The mortality between dispersal of seeds and completion of
Germination
Chemical compound
secondary metabolite secreted by the fungus Botrytis cinerea which is phytotoxic. Chemically it is a sesquiterpene. Botrydial was first isolated and described
Botrydial
of using these bioinsecticides is their relatively low cost and no phytotoxicity. These annonin molecules act as overpowering inhibitors of complex I
Annonin
Chemical compound
McCluskey, J.; Bourgeois, M.; Harbison, R. (2014). "Tulipalin a induced phytotoxicity". International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science. 4 (2):
Tulipalin_A
Glycoalkaloid poison found in the nightshade family of plants
Is Required for Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosylation and Prevention of Phytotoxicity in Tomato". The Plant Cell. 23 (12): 4507–4525. Bibcode:2011PlanC..23
Solanine
Species of legume
growing cotton and chillies. Leucaena leucocephala is an allelopathic tree. Phytotoxic allelochemicals, such as mimosine and certain phenolic compounds, including
Leucaena_leucocephala
Chemical compound
Dalla Rizza, Marco; Mezzetti, Bruno; Ruggieri, Silverio (June 2001). "Phytotoxic Protein PcF, Purification, Characterization, and cDNA Sequencing of a
Hydroxyproline
Genus of flowering plants
74..838B. doi:10.1139/b96-104. Subin, M. P.; Francis, Steffy (2013). "Phytotoxic Effects of Cadmium on Seed Germination, Early Seedling Growth and Antioxidant
Cucurbita
interaction within their surrounding environments, as well as potential phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of nanoparticles in food systems are not fully known
Nanotechnology_in_agriculture
Type of agriculture that emphasizes natural and environmentally friendly techniques
suppression, rather than weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Organic farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical
Organic_farming
Species of birch
compounds in smaller concentrations. The combined essential oils are phytotoxic to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seedlings
Betula_nigra
Chemical compound
ability to persist in dead plants and compost, and has accumulated to phytotoxic levels in finished compost in a few highly publicized cases. This first
Clopyralid
Aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin
their salads. Water hyacinth leaf extract has been shown to exhibit phytotoxicity against another invasive weed Mimosa pigra. The extract inhibited the
Pontederia_crassipes
Topmost part of the soil layer
meet certain threshold criteria such as nutrient content, extractable phytotoxic elements, particle size distribution, organic matter content, carbon:nitrogen
Topsoil
Genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae
organisms. Both of these species have been studied extensively for use in phytotoxicity tests. Genetic variability in responses to toxicants can occur in Lemna
Lemna
Branch of organic chemistry
trialkyltins can be powerful bactericides and fungicides, but they are phytotoxic and therefore cannot be used in agriculture. Tributyltins are e.g. antifungal
Organotin_chemistry
Chemical compound
alone it is used in very dilute solution due to its ability to cause phytotoxicity symptoms. This is caused by the elemental sulfur being oxidized to produce
Potassium_thiosulfate
Species of flowering plant
well-known for being able to hyperaccumulate zinc without suffering from phytotoxicity. Research has shown that this same pathway can be used to hyperaccumulate
Arabidopsis_halleri
Oxygen-free break down of material
anaerobic microorganisms. Methanogenic digestate may contain ammonia at phytotoxic levels and may hamper the growth of plants if it is used as a soil-improving
Anaerobic_digestion
Chemical compound
Sodium chlorate is used as a non-selective herbicide. It is considered phytotoxic to all green plant parts. It can also kill through root absorption. Sodium
Sodium_chlorate
Fatty acid
Takane; Tsujino, Yasuko; Wakabayashi, Ko; Böger, Peter (November 2004). "Phytotoxic activity of middle-chain fatty acids II: peroxidation and membrane effects"
Pelargonic_acid
By-products of coal combustion
deficiencies in the soil. Most detrimental effects were observed when boron phytotoxicity occurs. Fly ash can be used as a soil additive as described above. Although
Coal_combustion_products
Common and widespread fly of the family Stratiomyidae
assume that further composting would lead to the reduction of potential phytotoxic properties. In the European Union, insect frass has to be treated for
Hermetia_illucens
Species of plant
Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Ipomoea tricolor has phytotoxic effects which inhibit seedling growth in weeds. In Mexico, farmers promote
Ipomoea_tricolor
Safe, beneficial use of human excreta mainly in agriculture (after treatment)
too much ammonia for plants to absorb, acidic conditions, or other phytotoxicity. Important parameters to consider while fertilizing with urine include
Reuse_of_human_excreta
Species of flowering plant
anticyanobacterial, and antitermite effects. A number of the compounds are phytotoxic. The Plant List, Flourensia cernua DC. NRCS. "Flourensia cernua". PLANTS
Flourensia_cernua
Ion
as a plant's main phosphorus source. In fact, phosphites may cause phytotoxicity when a plant is starved of phosphates. Lemoynie and others have described
Phosphite_(ion)
Species of plant
2026. "Allelopathic potential of Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. plants. – Phytotoxicity of Zoysla matrella aqueous extracts and its residues". J-STAGE. Archived
Zoysia_matrella
Genus of aquatic plants
Stella D.; Wooten, Jean W. (September 1987). "An examination of the phytotoxicity of the water shield, Brasenia schreberi". Journal of Chemical Ecology
Brasenia
Weed control herbicide
1977 trial, it was the only dinitroaniline to exceed trifluralin's phytotoxicity by a significant margin, on sorghum, soybeans, jimsonweed and velvetleaf
Dinitramine
Agricultural technique
plantings, or mown and used as a weed-suppressing mulch. Rye produces two phytotoxic substances, [2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and 2(3H)-benzoxazolinone
Companion_planting
American botanist
Cochliobolus victoriae. Latterell's classic paper was "Differential Phytotoxicity of Metabolic By-Products of Helminthosporium victoriae" published in
Frances_Meehan_Latterell
Species of moth
Passiflora cincinnata. They cause defoliation, but also cause damage by the phytotoxic effects of the fluid which is secreted by the larvae on the leaves and
Azamora_penicillana
Genus of flowering plants
from Jaborosa have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle
Jaborosa
Medical condition
effectiveness. Organotin compounds can be very toxic. "Tri-n-alkyltins" are phytotoxic and, depending on the organic groups, can be powerful bactericides and
Tin_poisoning
Species of true bug
the tomato plant, leading to starvation. Sugar apple seed oil is not phytotoxic to tomato plants of any concentrations and reduces the survival rate of
Silverleaf_whitefly
Waste product from brewing coffee
are particularly noted as a soil amendment. Spent coffee grounds have phytotoxic properties which can be reduced through composting. Gardeners have reported
Used_coffee_grounds
Israeli biologist
distribution of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereal grains, feeds and foods; and phytotoxic action of Fusarium strains, and their toxicity in animals and humans.
Abraham_Z._Joffe
Chemical compound
Kiyotake; Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi (2020-01-14). "Phytotoxic Activity and Identification of Phytotoxic Substances from Schumannianthus dichotomus". Plants
Syringic_acid
Group of steroid compounds
Basso AV, Ramacciotti NS, Misico RI (December 2013). "Withanolides with phytotoxic activity from two species of the genus Salpichroa: S. origanifolia and
Withanolide
4-Phenylthiosemicarbazide Phosacetim Phosphine DL-Phosphinothricin Phytotoxicity Possible carcinogen Potassium bromide Preemergent herbicides Pirimicarb
Index_of_pesticide_articles
Soil additive
in the 1960s. Interest disappeared when experiments proved them to be phytotoxic due to their high acrylamide monomer residue. Although manufacturing advances
Soil_conditioner
Chemical compound
acephate on green beans grown in the United States. It is considered non-phytotoxic on many crop plants. Acephate and its primary metabolite, methamidophos
Acephate
Species of coastal succulent plant from North America
of California near Santa Maria, numerous oil refineries exist, pumping phytotoxic sulfur dioxide. While plants like Salvia mellifera (black sage) were affected
Dudleya_caespitosa
Weed control herbicide
test. It is one of the least phytotoxic to sorghum, though in weed-control tests had roughly middle of the pack phytotoxicity to weeds. Isopropalin is not
Isopropalin
Biological weed control agent
metabolites derived from microbes such as fungi, bacteria or protozoa; or phytotoxic plant residues, extracts or single compounds derived from other plant
Bioherbicide
Species of fungus
Alternaria porri and Septoria Leaf Spot. Lu Zheng et al., “Host Range and Phytotoxicity of Stemphylium Solani, Causing Leaf Blight of Garlic (Allium Sativum)
Stemphylium_solani
Chemical compound
Valencia-Islas, NA; Paul, RN; Shier, WT; Mata, R; Abbas, HK (2002). "Phytotoxicity and ultrastructural effects of gymnopusin from the orchid Maxillaria
Gymnopusin
Pharmaceutical compound
(October 1993). "Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. II. Phytotoxicity of barley allelochemicals". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19 (10): 2231–2244
Hordenine
Species of fern
Siberia and northeastern China and has been known for centuries to tolerate phytotoxic mining sites. The predominance and concentration of this fern species
Athyrium_yokoscense
Species of fungus
isolated from fermentations of L. illinita: Illinitone A that exhibited weak phytotoxic and moderate nematicidal activities against Caenorhabditis elegans, Illinitone
Zhuliangomyces_illinitus
Chemical compound
toxicity is the highest among all Alternaria mycotoxins and has both phytotoxic and cytotoxic properties. In 1991 Tenuazonic acid was reported to inhibit
Tenuazonic_acid
Intersection of nanotechnology and biology
engineered nanoparticles on treated plants. Certain reports underline the phytotoxicity of various origin of engineered nanoparticles to the plant caused by
Nanobiotechnology
biosynthetic intermediates en route to porphyrins are deeply colored and often phytotoxic. Porphyrogens that occur in living organisms usually have sidechains replacing
Porphyrinogen
Species of orchid
encyclopedia of orchids. Timber Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-88192-267-7. Phytotoxicity and ultrastructural effects of gymnopusin from the orchid Maxillaria
Maxillaria_densa
Species of lichen
quantitation of allelochemicals from the lichen Lethariella canariensis: phytotoxicity and antioxidative activity". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29 (9): 2049–2071
Lethariella_canariensis
Packaging practice
CO2 is used to extend the shelf life. Levels higher than 10% of CO2 are phytotoxic for fruit and vegetables, so CO2 is maintained below this level. N2 is
Modified_atmosphere
and avocados have a low tolerance to irradiation and show symptoms of phytotoxicity at low irradiation levels. Sensitivity to irradiation depends on many
Phytosanitary_irradiation
Sulfonyl group organic reaction
1016/S0040-4039(01)92967-3. Nanda, Samik (2005). "Chemoenzymatic total synthesis of the phytotoxic lactone herbarumin III". Tetrahedron Letters. 46 (21): 3661–3663. doi:10
Reductive_desulfonylation
Species of fungus
produces fomannoxins and vibralactones. The famonnixins were found to be phytotoxic and the vibralactones were found to be antifungal. Additionally, a new
BY1
Protein family
residues). The N-terminal region of CP is very similar to cerato-ulmin, a phytotoxic protein produced by the Ophiostoma species belonging to the hydrophobin
Cerato-platanin
Chemical compound
ISBN 9780854044948. Richardson, W. G.; Banting, J. D. (June 1977). "The phytotoxicity of various herbicides in two sandy loam soils and the effect of liming"
Difenoxuron
Chemical compound
Rubellin B is a phytotoxic chemical responsible for the Ramularia leaf spot disease due to its ability to create reactive radical superoxides. The drug
Rubellin_B
Ground up fish in liquid phase
Researchers have tried formic acid, sulfuric acid, and others. Formic acid had phytotoxic effects on plants. Phosphoric acid is the preferred stabilizer. If fish
Fish_hydrolysate
Processes to manage and dispose of sludge during sewage treatment
"Development of models for predicting carbon mineralization and associated phytotoxicity in compost-amended soil". Bioresour Technol. 99 (18): 8735–41. Bibcode:2008BiTec
Sewage_sludge_treatment
Lichen-derived depside
C. S.; Faccenda, Odival; Gianini, Aline S.; Honda, Neli K. (2016). "Phytotoxicity of perlatolic acid and derivatives". Brazilian Archives of Biology and
Perlatolic_acid
Class of endogenous fatty acid compounds
Kang SM, Kim JH, Lee IY, Moon BK, Yoon BW, Lee IJ (December 2015). "Phytotoxic mechanisms of bur cucumber seed extracts on lettuce with special reference
N-Acylamides
Phytotoxic metabolite
Sterpuric acid is a phytotoxic metabolite derived from the fungus Stereum purpureum, from which it derives its name. This fungus causes silver-leaf disease
Sterpuric_acid
Genus of flowering plants
plant species, and the phytotoxic effects were stronger upon dicotyledonous plants than upon monocotyledonous plants. The phytotoxic compounds were observed
Stellera
such as their high rates of application, lack of selectivity and high phytotoxicity. In the 1930s, a concern grew about the use of these pesticides; particularly
Pesticides_in_Canada
Australian bacteriologist
Jutta (23 July 2015). "Mycotoxins: Producing Fungi and Mechanisms of Phytotoxicity" (PDF). Agriculture. 5 (3): 492–537. Bibcode:2015Agric...5..492I. doi:10
Nancy_Atkinson
Weed control herbicide
and onions. It is not used on durum wheat because of isoproturon's phytotoxicity to it, however it is nonphytotoxic to other cereals. Isoproturon's herbicide
Isoproturon
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY
Male
Egyptian
, a priest and prophet.
Boy/Male
Indian, Malayalam
King
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Latin
Belief; Guiding Principle
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places named with Old English hwīt ‘white’ + lēah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Ever good looking
Boy/Male
English
From the powerful mill.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Delicate; Tender
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Red
Girl/Female
Muslim
Owner of the new house
Boy/Male
Polish
A strong man.
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY
PHYTOTOXICITY