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Alteration of materials by light
Photodegradation is the alteration of materials by light. Commonly, the term is used loosely to refer to the combined action of sunlight and air, which
Photodegradation
Log that has been floating in Crater Lake since at least 1896
(1.2 m) above the water. Its surface has been bleached white due to photodegradation. The exposed end of the floating tree is splintered and worn but wide
Old_Man_of_the_Lake
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
behavior of O2, which is central to fuel cells. ROS are central to the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Most often, however, ROS are
Reactive_oxygen_species
Oxygen with all of its electrons spin paired
more reactive toward organic compounds. It is responsible for the photodegradation of many materials but can be put to constructive use in preparative
Singlet_oxygen
Phenomenon in chemistry
In polymer chemistry, photo-oxidation (sometimes: oxidative photodegradation) is the degradation of a polymer surface due to the combined action of light
Photo-oxidation_of_polymers
Third-generation topical retinoid
compared to tretinoin and tazarotene, which leads to less concern for photodegradation. It is also chemically more stable compared to the other two retinoids
Adapalene
Environmental pollution by plastics
plastic. Microplastics and nanoplastics result from the breakdown or photodegradation of plastic waste in surface waters, rivers or oceans. Recently, scientists
Marine_plastic_pollution
Solar-powered catalysts made from environmentally friendly materials
Silver-Incorporated Carbon-Based Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites for the Photodegradation of Textile Dyes and Various Pharmaceuticals". Textiles. 4 (1): 104–125
Green_photocatalyst
Sub-discipline of chemistry
processes. Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics. Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process:
Photochemistry
Gyre of marine debris
regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water. Unlike organic debris, which biodegrades
Garbage_patch
Substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales
black), soft, with a strong fecal smell. Following months to years of photodegradation and oxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing
Ambergris
Chemical compound
to 25 hours, with pH values between 4.8 and 7.5. DBNPA is prone to photodegradation in regions exposed to sunlight and aqueous hydrolysis in moist soil
DBNPA
Device that approximates natural sunlight
wide range of research areas including photobiology, photo-oxidation, photodegradation, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. The standards specifying performance
Solar_simulator
Biodegradable polymer
microplastic production through mechanical shearing and UV induced photodegradation. PLA has been shown to have varying levels of toxicity to marine organisms
Polylactic_acid
degradation is photodegradation, which is when a molecular bond is broken by the absorption of photon radiation (i.e. light). The primary photodegradation of cellulose
Environmental impact of cigarettes
Environmental_impact_of_cigarettes
Reversible chemical transformation by absorption of electromagnetic radiation
is referred to as fatigue, and it is observed by processes such as photodegradation, photobleaching, photooxidation, and other side reactions. All photochromic
Photochromism
Group of chemical compounds used as dye
The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation. Chemical bleaching is achieved by oxidation or reduction. Oxidation
Methyl_violet
Graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light
light wavelengths in disinfecting water, the rate and mechanism of photodegradation of folic acid in the blood, and the chirality of molecules to determine
Action_spectrum
Heat-resistant and strong aromatic polyamide fiber
Retrieved on 2012-05-26. Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad (2013-08-23). "Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"
Kevlar
Organic carbon classification
from an ecosystem: biodegradation, where microorganisms consume DOC, photodegradation, where light breaks it down, and flocculation, where DOC compounds
Dissolved_organic_carbon
Chemical compound
dependent on pH and temperature, sunlight photodegradation was observed at a slower rate than ultraviolet photodegradation, and that microbial metabolism and
Tebufenozide
Polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links
Christopher R.; Forciniti, Daniel (2001). "Modeling the Ultraviolet Photodegradation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Polyurethane
Device that vaporizes a liquid nicotine solution for inhalation
cause pollution, though once discarded they undergo biodegradation and photodegradation. A 2025 review in Nicotine & Tobacco Research concluded that the chemical
Electronic_cigarette
Thermoplastic polymer
Retrieved May 4, 2020. Yousif, E.; Haddad, R. (August 23, 2013). "Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene
Chemical compound
(minimal erythemal doses), 98.4% remains intact. It helps prevent the photodegradation of other sunscreen actives like avobenzone. Tinosorb S Aqua, recently
Bemotrizinol
Chemical compound
derivative found in Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) mushrooms. It is a photodegradation product of ibotenic acid. The human psychoactivity of muscazone is
Muscazone
Essential nutrient
melanoma, a cancer of melanin cells. Melanin also protects against photodegradation of the vitamin folate in skin tissue, and in the eyes, preserves eye
Vitamin_D
Species of tree
be in place. Salix nigra demonstrated some success as a photodegradation tool. Photodegradation is theorized to work by drawing the target chemical, such
Salix_nigra
Property of solar radiation
in chemical photography and x-ray imaging, and causes sunburn and photodegradation of materials. Actinic chemicals include silver salts used in photography
Actinism
Class of therapeutic drug for relieving pain and inflammation
Musa KA, Eriksson LA (August 2022). "Computational Studies of the Photodegradation Mechanism of the Highly Phototoxic Agent Benoxaprofen". ACS Omega.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug
Group of natural pigments found in most organisms
problems related to exposure to strong solar radiation, including the photodegradation of certain vitamins such as riboflavins, carotenoids, tocopherol, and
Melanin
UV-A protectant used in sunscreens
trans-resveratrol have all demonstrated some ability to protect avobenzone from photodegradation. The stability and efficacy of avobenzone seems to continue to increase
Avobenzone
Camera parts, features and technologies
responsible for the indirect photodegradation of BP-3 and 4-OH-BP3 in seawater, whereas, in freshwater, the indirect photodegradation of these two compounds
UV_filter
Chemical compound
good safety profile. It is often used to improve affinity and reduce photodegradation of other sunscreen ingredients (such as oxybenzone and avobenzone)
2-Ethylhexyl_salicylate
Supplement to hand washing
effluent water that reaches rivers. A series of studies show that photodegradation of triclosan produced 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Hand_sanitizer
Process for removing yellowing from ABS plastic
as classic and collectible sneakers and collectible toys. Beige box Photodegradation Branwyn, Gareth (2022). Make: Tips and Tales from the Workshop (Second ed
Retrobright
Type of light that can be emitted by an optical amplifier
In 2008, a group at Washington state university observed reversible photodegradation or simply, self healing in organic dyes like Disperse Orange 11 when
Amplified spontaneous emission
Amplified_spontaneous_emission
Chemical compound
surfactant decyl glucoside.[citation needed] The compound shows very little photodegradation, and has a stabilizing effect on other UV absorbers, octyl methoxycinnamate
Bisoctrizole
MK; Vorobey, A; Moan, J (2006). "Influence of human serum albumin on photodegradation of folic acid in solution". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 82 (3):
Human_skin_color
Type of shopping bag
containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation or photodegradation . Because plastic bags are so durable, this makes them a concern for
Plastic_shopping_bag
Pharmaceutical compound
self-administered itself. Similarly to LSD, LEK-8829 is sensitive to photodegradation, rapidly decomposing into LEK-1814 (10α-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-LEK-8829)
LEK-8829
Ratio of how much light is reflected back from a body
"The effects of surface albedo and initial lignin concentration on photodegradation of two varieties of Sorghum bicolor litter". Scientific Reports. 9
Albedo
Identification tag worn by pets
related to Dog tags. Ear tag Microchip implants Tattooing Photodegradation Quote: "Photodegradation of plastics and..." American Humane Society's annual Tag
Pet_tag
Organic pigment
have been used in automotive paints due to their high resistance to photodegradation. DPP dyes are based on the bicyclic heterocyclic compound diketopyrrolopyrrole
Diketopyrrolopyrrole_dye
Controversy centering on concerns about the biomedical significance of bisphenol A (BPA)
bisphenol A from a hydroponic solution. How this happens is unclear. Photodegradation is BPA's main method of natural weathering in the environment, via
Health_effects_of_Bisphenol_A
White powder insoluble in water
photocatalyst, ZnO reacts when exposed to UV radiation and is used in photodegradation reactions to remove organic pollutants from the environment. It is
Zinc_oxide
Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Reclaimed lumber Recycling appliance recycling battery recycling bottle
List_of_waste_types
Any ester derived from phthalic acid
to phthalate as well as other processes that affect the ester bond. Photodegradation is another avenue for degradation. Phthalates are under research as
Phthalates
Type of molecule reacting to light
photosensitizers in reactions such as photopolymerization, photocrosslinking, and photodegradation. Photosensitizers are also used to generate prolonged excited electronic
Photosensitizer
Type of packaging
Biodegradable polythene film Biodegradation Bioplastic Box wine Milk bag Photodegradation Refuse-derived fuel Zipper storage bag "Plastic T-Shirt Carrier Bag
Plastic_bag
Chemical compound
contamination, evaporation and hydrolysis), away from light (to prevent photodegradation) and heat sources (to reduce microbial growth and chemical degradation)
Ammonium_chloride
Polymer resin widely used in packaging
Retrieved 21 March 2022. Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad (December 2013). "Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"
Polystyrene
Optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in water
thus influencing water optics, phytoplankton photosynthesis, and photodegradation. Levels of CDOM can also be used as a flexible indicator of salinity
Colored dissolved organic matter
Colored_dissolved_organic_matter
Chemical compound
Bees are also found to be greatly affected by fenthion contamination. Photodegradation and biodegradation are common mechanisms of fenthion degradation in
Fenthion
Inverse relationship between the intensity and duration
Chin; Tinh Nguyen (2003). "Reciprocity law experiments in polymeric photodegradation: a critical review" (PDF). Progress in Organic Coatings. 47 (3–4):
Reciprocity_(photography)
Medical condition
Geraldo E. (February 2021). "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) photodegradation on WO3-TiO2-SBA-15 nanostructured composite". Environmental Science
Poisoning
Decomposition by living organisms
gas monitoring List of environment topics Microbial biodegradation Photodegradation The IUPAC defines biodegradation as "degradation caused by enzymatic
Biodegradation
Chemical compound
absorb <400-600 nm. This allows for an accurate determination of the photodegradation of the molecule. Isobenzofurans like 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran are
1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran
Genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae
that are rapidly lost from solution as a result of volatilisation, photodegradation, precipitation, or biodegradation. Lemna has been transformed by molecular
Lemna
Parent chemical compound of certain fluorescent dyes
moment upon excitation is small. The advantages of BODIPY are their low photodegradation, low toxicity and polarity, high biocompatibility, charge neutrality
BODIPY
Bicycle sport
Carmont, Ed. Springer-Verlag, London, 2013. Yousif E, Haddad R (2013). "Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"
Mountain_biking
Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
1021/es990207w. Koester, Carolyn J.; Hites, Ronald A. (March 1992). "Photodegradation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans adsorbed to fly ash".
Persistent_organic_pollutant
Number of times a given event occurs per photon absorbed by a quantum system
photons\ absorbed\ by\ photoreactive\ substance}}}} In a chemical photodegradation process, when a molecule dissociates after absorbing a light quantum
Quantum_yield
Ren, Biye (2017). "Light-Driven Au-WO3@C Janus Micromotors for Rapid Photodegradation of Dye Pollutants". ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 9 (5): 4674–4683
Micromotor
Insecticide and anti-parasitic worm chemical
inflammatory agent. Abamectin degrades rapidly when exposed to light (photodegradation) on plant surfaces, in soil, dung and water. Half life of Avermectins
Abamectin
Chemical compound
ISSN 0929-8673. PMID 12369873. Zhang S (2016). "Unveiling self-sensitized photodegradation pathways by DFT calculations: A case of sunscreen p-aminobenzoic acid"
4-Aminobenzoic_acid
Organosulfur insecticide
metabolite, urea, puts an additional strain on aquatic systems. Rapid photodegradation of diafenthiuron and its metabolites in water and soil suggests limited
Diafenthiuron
Environmental remediation technique
under development to achieve reductions in soil microplastics via photodegradation, chemical extraction, or bioremediation. Additionally, density separation
Microplastic_remediation
Retention of dead plant organs that normally are shed
amount of photodegradation the leaves are exposed to. Because some marcescent species' leaves do not decompose well, the increased photodegradation may allow
Marcescence
Ability of a colorant or material to withstand change due to light exposure
pigment, causing the colors to bleach or change in a process known as photodegradation. Materials that resist this effect are said to be lightfast. The electromagnetic
Lightfastness
Filter in cigarettes that reduce nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
work relies heavily on the research about the secondary mechanism for photodegradation. However, making a product biodegradable means making it vulnerable
Cigarette_filter
Organic compound
reduction of diphenyl sulfone. Diphenyl sulfide is a product of the photodegradation of the fungicide edifenphos. Diphenyl sulfide is a precursor to triarylsulfonium
Diphenyl_sulfide
Pumping fluids or gas through pipes
they are shielded from ultraviolet rays, and they are less exposed to photodegradation. Buried pipes are isolated from airborne debris, electrical storms
Pipeline
phenomenon. Look up solarization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Photodegradation Solarized architectural glass Goodsitt, M.M., Hepburn, T.W., Cascade
Solarization_(physics)
Chemical compound
Surprisingly, the pH and the temperature of the water do not affect the photodegradation significantly. It is mainly degraded by aerobic microorganisms in soils
Hexazinone
Skin product helping to prevent sunburn
ingredients to retain the UV-absorbing potency without significant photodegradation. A chemical stabilizer is included in some sunscreens containing avobenzone
Sunscreen
Class of perfluorinated chemical compounds
Constructed wetlands Destructive methods Supercritical water oxidation Photodegradation Sonochemical oxidation Electrochemical oxidation Plasma treatment Hydrothermal
PFAS
Chemical compound
degradation of DIBP in the soil and water supply Photodegradation: DIBP can undergo photodegradation by exposure to the sunlight. This can lead to the
Diisobutyl_phthalate
Hydrocarbon composed of multiple aromatic rings
the lower molecular weight PAHs are attenuated by biotic decay and photodegradation. Evaluation of the PAH distributions using statistical methods such
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
Autotrophic members of the plankton ecosystem
If solar radiation is too high, phytoplankton may fall victim to photodegradation. Phytoplankton species feature a large variety of photosynthetic pigments
Phytoplankton
Inorganic compound with the formula CdO
excitation when exposed to UV-A light and is also selective in phenol photodegradation. Most commercial electroplating of cadmium is done by electrodeposition
Cadmium_oxide
Chemical compound
imidacloprid urea, and five minor metabolites. The end product of photodegradation is 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA) and ultimately carbon dioxide. Since
Imidacloprid
Chemical compound
from PubChem Davis, E.F.; Stapleton, H.M. (8 July 2009). "Photodegradation Pathways of Nonabrominated Diphenyl Ethers, 2-Ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate
Form of spectroscopy employed in physics, chemistry, biology, and other fields
requires the use of highly powerful UV or X-ray lasers that might cause photodegradation and might also induce fluorescence. SRS is employed in various applications
Stimulated_Raman_spectroscopy
Any unwanted material which can cause harm
Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Reclaimed lumber Recycling appliance recycling battery recycling bottle
Toxic_waste
Several types of pest management intervention
biodegradable shell, which protects the active ingredient from volatilization, photodegradation, and leaching. Nanoencapsulated biopesticides are designed to achieve
Biopesticide
Organic matter component of soil
enzyme adsorption, alteration of enzyme activity, and protection from photodegradation" (PDF). Aquatic Ecology. 37 (4): 331–9. Bibcode:2003AqEco..37..331T
Soil_organic_matter
Area of law regarding waste
Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Reclaimed lumber Recycling appliance recycling battery recycling bottle
Waste_management_law
Class of insecticides
from insects as the plant grows. Independent studies show that the photodegradation half-life time of most neonicotinoids is around 34 days when exposed
Neonicotinoid
Gaseous fossil fuel
Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Reclaimed lumber Recycling appliance recycling battery recycling bottle
Landfill_gas
Substance applied to items to slow burning or delay ignition
doi:10.1021/es034746j. PMID 14740725. Stapleton, H; Dodder, N (2008). "Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight". Environmental
Flame_retardant
Chemical compound
highly unstable and sensitive to environmental factors: it is prone to photodegradation upon UV light exposure, it can thermally decompose even at –20 °C,
Mycolactone
Organic compound containing C–PO(OR)2 groups
biodegradation of phosphonates during water treatment is observed but photodegradation of the Fe(III)-complexes is rapid. Aminopolyphosphonates are also rapidly
Phosphonate
Organically-modified silica or silicate
Crombie JF (5 May 2006). "Coating protects organic materials from photodegradation". Chemical Technology. Parejo PG, Zayat M, Levy D (2006). "Highly efficient
Ormosil
Degrading of materials exposed to sunlight
University of Glasgow. Retrieved 2025-06-13. Jones, Dianne C (1995). "Photodegradation of Wool and Wool Blend Fabrics in Relation to Their Use in Automotive
Phototendering
Organic compounds which are acetate esters of cellulose
active soil, CA fibers are completely destroyed after 4–9 months. Photodegradation is optimal with 280 nm or shorter wavelength UV-irradiation and enhanced
Cellulose_acetate
Marine consumer-resource system
If solar radiation is too high, phytoplankton may fall victim to photodegradation. For growth, phytoplankton cells depend on nutrients, which enter the
Marine_food_web
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
polycrystalline films, addressing moisture sensitivity, phase instability, and photodegradation pathways that limit bulk device operational lifetimes. The nanoscale
Perovskite_solar_cell
Marine debris from plastic manufacturing particles
1–5 mm in diameter (whereas secondary microplastics are created through photodegradation and weathering of larger pieces of plastic, like water bottles and
Plastic_pellet_pollution
Chemical compound; herbicide
Alachlor exhibits moderate sorption in soil, ranging from 43-209 mL/g. Photodegradation is a minor contributor to alachlor fate. Degradation in soil appears
Alachlor
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION
Girl/Female
Muslim
A flower, Delicate, Soft, Slender, Polite
Female
Russian
Russian form of Roman Latin Daria, DARYA means "possesses a lot, wealthy." Compare with another form of Darya.
Boy/Male
Latin
Hammer.
Male
Egyptian
, the self-existing one.
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, Muslim
Chief
Girl/Female
Australian, Latin
Laurel Tree; Sweet Bay Tree
Girl/Female
British, English, Greek
Black; Dark-skinned
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker or user of files, from an agent derivative of Middle English file ‘file’.English : occupational name for a spinner, from an agent derivative of Middle English, Old French fil ‘thread’ (Latin filum).English : Americanized spelling of German Feiler, cognate of 1.
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Blooming
Boy/Male
Irish
From Ulster.
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION
PHOTODEGRADATION