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Art during the Parthian Empire
Parthian art was Iranian art made during the Parthian Empire from 247 BC to 224 AD, based in the Near East. It has a mixture of Persian and Hellenistic
Parthian_art
Iranian empire (247 BC – 224 AD)
dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce. The Parthians largely adopted the art, architecture, religious beliefs, and regalia of their culturally
Parthian_Empire
19–226 CE kingdom in northwestern South Asia
The Indo-Parthian kingdom, also known as Pahlavas in the ancient Sanskrit texts, was a syncretic state founded by Gondophares I in the first century CE
Indo-Parthian_kingdom
Extinct Iranian language
The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region
Parthian_language
artwork Parthian art. The most characteristic feature of the "Parthian" art is frontality which is not a special feature of Iranic or Parthian art and first
Persian_art
Art of the Sasanian Empire
fragments have survived. Free standing sculptures are fewer than in Parthian art, but the Colossal Statue of Shapur I (r. AD 240–272) is a major exception
Sasanian_art
depicts a wild cat, is attributed to the Parthian Empire. The rhyton exhibits several hallmarks of Hellenistic art, which were introduced to Iran during
Rhyton terminating in the forepart of a wild cat
Rhyton_terminating_in_the_forepart_of_a_wild_cat
Aspect of ancient Iranian society
The characteristics of religion for the Iranians of the Parthian Empire (founded in 247 BC - collapsed in 224 AD), like many other social and economic
Religion in the Parthian Empire
Religion_in_the_Parthian_Empire
Parthian statue
work from the Parthian Empire, housed at the National Museum of Iran. The statue is almost completely preserved and depicts a Parthian Prince or nobleman
Shami_statue
ISBN 90-04-06050-2. Fukai, Shinji (1960). "The Artifacts of Hatra and Parthian Art". East and West. 11 (2–3). Rome: Herder: 156. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29754244
Nirgul_tablet
Buddhist religion of ancient Gandhara
architectural culture which blended elements from Indian, Hellenistic, Roman and Parthian art. Buddhist Gandhāra was also influential as the gateway through which
Gandharan_Buddhism
2nd-1st century BCE artifact in Turkmenistan
Still, to some extent, the features that became fundamental in the "Parthian art" of the first centuries CE, such as frontality, staticity and emotional
Nisa_helmeted_warrior
The Parthian, or Arsacid, monarchs were the rulers of Iran from their victories against the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire in the 140s BC (although they had
List_of_monarchs_of_Parthia
Rock statue on Mount Behistun, Iran
ISBN 978-0-19-813190-8. Retrieved 29 December 2023. HIB Greek text – Parthian Sources Online. Canepa, Matthew (2018). The Iranian Expanse: Transforming
Statue of Hercules in Behistun
Statue_of_Hercules_in_Behistun
represent a celestial sign. The figure also wears a conical hat, typical of Parthian art, but without decoration. Due to the lack of detail, it is yet unknown
Parthian bas-relief at Mydan Mishan
Parthian_bas-relief_at_Mydan_Mishan
Army of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD)
The Parthian army was the army of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD). The core of the army consisted of Parthians. Having no standing army, the Parthian
Parthian_army
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek art. Dionysian art Death in ancient Greek art Parthian art List of ancient Greek temples National Archaeological
Ancient_Greek_art
Art made in Ancient Rome and the territories it ruled
Music of ancient Rome Neoclassicism Parthian art Pompeian Styles Roman graffiti Toynbee, J. M. C. (1971). "Roman Art". The Classical Review. 21 (3): 439–442
Roman_art
Curator and researcher of Middle Eastern Coins
Ancient Iranian Languages from the University of Göttingen and her PhD on Parthian art from University College London. In 1983-2003, Curtis was the Joint Editor
Vesta_Sarkhosh_Curtis
Art movement
sculpture Art in ancient Greece Pottery of Ancient Greece Ancient Greek vase painting Greek sculpture Hellenistic influence on Indian art Parthian art Bacchic
Hellenistic_art
Ancient capital of the Parthian Empire
Νίσαιον; Turkmen: Nusaý; also Parthaunisa) was an ancient settlement of the Parthians, located near the Bagyr neighborhood of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 18 km
Nisa,_Turkmenistan
Ancient city in central Syria
seen as a forerunner of Byzantine art. According to Michael Rostovtzeff, Palmyra's art was influenced by Parthian art. However, the origin of frontality
Palmyra
King of Parthian Empire, 165–132 BC
Mithradates I or Mihrdad I; Parthian: 𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt), also known as Mithridates the Great, was king of the Parthian Empire from 165 BC to 132 BC
Mithridates_I_of_Parthia
Historical fashion in Persia
Monumental Art of the Parthian Period in Iran. Leiden: Brill, 1987, p. 142, pls. 7, 11, 37–38. Harper, Prudence O. The Royal Hunter: Art of the Sasanian
Persian_clothing
King of Parthia from 124 BC to 91 BC
(also spelled Mithradates II or Mihrdad II; Parthian: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt) was the ruler of the Parthian Empire from 124 to 91 BC. Considered one of the
Mithridates_II_of_Parthia
1998, ISBN 3-8053-1898-7, pp. 291–335 Downey, S. B. (1986). "ART IN IRAN iv. PARTHIAN Art". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6. pp. 580–585 Armstrong
Gareus
Oldest known Christian house church
paintings were relatively well preserved and were made in the tradition of Parthian art, although their quality is significantly lower than that of the Dura-Europos
Dura-Europos_church
King of the Parthian Empire from 191 to 208
Vologases V (Parthian: 𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔 Walagash) was King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 191 to 208. As king of Armenia (r. 180–191), he is known as Vologases
Vologases_V
1st-century AD king of kings of the Parthian Empire
Vologases I (Parthian: 𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔 Walagash) was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 51 to 78. He was the son and successor of Vonones II (r. 51)
Vologases_I_of_Parthia
Curved structure that spans a space and may support a load
Publishing, Ltd., p. 84, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Schlumberger, Daniel (1983), "Parthian Art", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, 3.2, London & New York:
Arch
Greco-Roman colonnaded building in Armenia
vestige grec le plus à l'est du monde. Colledge, Malcolm A. R. (1977). Parthian Art. London: Elek. ISBN 0-236-40085-1. The more popular Ionic order [...]
Garni_Temple
Ruler of Parthian Empire from c. 213 to 224
known as Ardavan IV (Parthian: 𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍), incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus V, was the last monarch of the Parthian Empire from c. 213
Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia
King of Kings, Arsaces, Philhellene
Phraates II (also spelled Frahad II; Parthian: 𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕 Frahāt) was king of the Parthian Empire from 132 BC to 127 BC. He was the son and successor of
Phraates_II
Relief sculpture carved into solid rock
ISBN 0670826995 Downey, S.B., "Art in Iran, iv., Parthian Art", Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1986, Online text Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian
Rock_relief
Script of various Middle Iranian languages
also include inscriptions in the Parthian language. The script of these inscriptions is called inscriptional Parthian. Numerous clay fragments from Arsacid-era
Pahlavi_scripts
Music of the Parthian Empire (247 BCE – 224 CE)
The Parthian Empire, a major state of ancient Iran, lasted from 247 BCE to 224 CE, in which music played a prominent role. It featured in festivals, weddings
Parthian_music
Ancient Parthian and Armenian performers and storytellers
Gusans (Armenian: գուսան, from Parthian gōsān) were singers, instrumentalists, dancers, storytellers, and professional folk actors in Parthia and ancient
Gusans
Artistic syncretism between Classical Greece and Buddhist India
The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism. It
Greco-Buddhist_art
Parthian-era temple dedicated to Mesopotamian god Gareus
to c. 110 AD. It dates back to the Parthian period, and is among the few surviving religious structures of Parthian date in Babylonia.[need quotation to
Temple_of_Gareus
Greek goddess of fortune
of Roman art, even into the Christian period, often as sets of the greatest cities of the empire. Tyche was further absorbed into the Parthian Empire,
Tyche
Historical relationship between the Roman and Iranian empires
Relations between Ancient Rome and the empires of Ancient Iran (notably the Parthian and Sassanian empires) were defined with a political rivalry between the
Roman–Iranian_relations
Topics referred to by the same term
Hallows – Part 2 Statue, National Museum of Iran 2401, a main work of Parthian art List of statues All pages with titles containing statue Sculpture (disambiguation)
Statue_(disambiguation)
Ancient Syrian city
Dura-Europos was a Hellenistic, Parthian, and Roman border city built on an escarpment 90 metres (300 feet) above the southwestern bank of the Euphrates
Dura-Europos
Publishers from Wales
contemporary fiction, poetry, drama, art books, literature in translation, and non-fiction. Since its foundation in 1993, Parthian has published some of the best-known
Parthian_Books
Country in West Asia
3rd century BC established the Parthian Empire, which later liberated the country. In the 3rd century AD, the Parthians were succeeded by the Sasanian
Iran
Sasanian-allied Parthian feudal aristocracies
people in the military under their direct leadership. The epithet pahlaw (Parthian) never appears in inscriptions related to the Surens, who scholars speculate
Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran
Temple in Dura-Europos
Sacrifice - Yale University Art Gallery". artgallery.yale.edu. Retrieved 18 December 2021. Lucinda Dirven: The Problem of Parthian Art at Dura. In: Ted Kaizer
Temple_of_Bel,_Dura-Europos
Ancient city in present-day Iraq
royal capital of the Iranian empires for over eight hundred years, in the Parthian and Sasanian periods. It fell in 637, during the Muslim conquest of Persia
Ctesiphon
very plump and ungainly. The frontality of the statue is typical of Parthian art. Gilgamesh fighting a lion Lion-slayer at Persepolis Relief depicting
Statue of Hercules, Dura-Europos
Statue_of_Hercules,_Dura-Europos
Ancient temple in modern-day Syria
Fortune: Tyche in Greek and Roman Art. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery. Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021). The Parthians the forgotten empire. London.
Temple_of_the_Gadde
Last pre-Islamic Iranian empire (224–651 AD)
accepted the outward form of this art, it never really assimilated its spirit. By the Parthian period, Hellenistic art was being interpreted freely by the
Sasanian_Empire
of wars fought between Romans and Iranians. Roman/Byzantine victory Parthian/Sasanian victory Inconclusive Dio, 40.29.3 Cicero, Letters to Atticus
List of conflicts between Romans and Persians
List_of_conflicts_between_Romans_and_Persians
Art of Mesopotamia The art of Mesopotamia has survived in the record from early hunter-gatherer societies (8th millennium BC) on to the Bronze Age cultures
Art_of_Mesopotamia
First king of Parthia
Arsaces I (/ˈɑːrsəsiːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἀρσάκης; Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊, romanized: Aršak) was the first king of Parthia, ruling from 247 BC to 217 BC, as
Arsaces_I_of_Parthia
British archaeologist
Press, Boulder, 1976. ISBN 0500690030 (Studies in Ancient Art and Archaeology) Parthian art, Elek, London, 1977. (Elek Archaeology and Anthropology) ISBN 0236400851
Malcolm_Colledge
Historiographical term
100 WESTERN SATRAPS INDO- PARTHIANS SABEANS Sargat Shule MEROË AKSUM KUCHA WUSUN Jushi LOULAN Ordos culture DONGHU Tashtyk Kokel KANGJU Khotan Dinlings
Pax_Kushana
Ancient building in Dura-Europos (Syria)
worshipped domestically. Further, figural nudity was rarely depicted in Parthian art and the voluptuousness of the figure alludes to Greek influence, so the
House_of_Priests
King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 37 to 2 BC
Phraates IV (also spelled Frahad IV; Parthian: 𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕 Frahāt) was King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 37 to 2 BC. He was the son and successor
Phraates_IV
Ancient Iranian empire, 550–330 BC
plateau successfully reclaimed power from the Seleucids and established the Parthian Empire, which existed for nearly half a millennium before being succeeded
Achaemenid_Empire
British writer
journalist and editor based in Wales. She is currently publishing editor at Parthian Books, specialising in fiction and poetry. Susie Wild is author of two
Susie_Wild
British art historian (born 1948)
Pictures: an Oblique Autobiography (Parthian Books, 2013) ISBN 9781908946690 The Tradition: A New History of Welsh Art (Parthian Books, 2016) ISBN 9781910409626
Peter_Lord_(art_historian)
were trilingual: Middle Persian (in Inscriptional Pahlavi), Parthian (in Inscriptional Parthian) and Greek. Since the rule of Narseh, Greek was omitted.
List_of_Sasanian_inscriptions
Seleucid Empire capital in modern Iraq
imperial capital relocated to Antioch. The city continued to flourish under Parthian rule beginning in 141 BC; ancient texts claim that it reached a population
Seleucia
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires)
Iranian_languages
Fifth period of Assyrian history
Neo-Babylonian (612–539 BC), Achaemenid (539–330 BC), Seleucid (312–c. 141 BC) and Parthian (c. 141 BC–AD 224) empires. The period was marked by the continuance of
Post-imperial_Assyria
Structure in Iranian and Islamic architecture
fully developed in Mesopotamia around the third century CE, during the Parthian era. Iwan is a Persian word that was subsequently borrowed into other languages
Iwan
Stoic philosopher, Roman emperor from 161 to 180
military conflict. In the East, the Romans fought the Parthian War of Lucius Verus with a revitalised Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus
Marcus_Aurelius
Historical region of West Asia
Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire. It became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with western parts of the region coming
Mesopotamia
165 battle in Roman-Parthian Wars
The Battle of Ctesiphon in 165 AD was part of the wider Roman-Parthian War. The Parthians had tried but failed to take Armenia in the previous years, but
Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(165)
Post-classical antiquity in western Eurasia and Northern Africa
experience considerable change. On the Eastern border, the replacement of the Parthian rulers of Persia with the Sasanians resulted in the series of Roman–Sasanian
Late_antiquity
Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117
military conquests. He annexed Nabataea and Dacia, and his war against the Parthian Empire ended with the incorporation of Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria
Trajan
Ancient city, capital of the Median Empire
Iranian history. It later became the summer capital of the Achaemenid and Parthian empires. It was also an important city during the Seleucid and Sasanian
Ecbatana
Ancient Indo-Aryan region and civilisation in South Asia
centuries it was ruled by the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, and the Indo-Parthians; local Gandharan dynasties of Oḍirājas and Apracharajas remained autonomous
Gandhara
Persian religion founded in the 3rd century AD
Móníjiào) was a major world religion founded in the third century CE by the Parthian Iranian prophet Mani (216–274) in the Sasanian Empire. It taught an elaborate
Manichaeism
Art museum in Peshawar, Pakistan
based on Gandhara, Greco-Buddhist, Kushan, Parthian, and Indo-Scythian culture. The collection includes art, sculptures, coins, manuscripts, statues, ancient
Peshawar_Museum
Archaeological site near Denov, Uzbekistan
of Uzbekistan Portrait of a Parthian king, possibly Vardanes I. Khalchayan cherub. According to Benjamin Rowland, the art of Kalchayan of the end of the
Khalchayan
Art by advanced cultures of ancient societies
Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthians. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with parts of Mesopotamia (particularly
Ancient_art
Ancient city in Iran
capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and remained a strategic centre during the Parthian and Sasanian periods. The name Susa is of Elamite origin and has appeared
Susa
Rock relief from the Isin-Larsa period, Iran
relief was created during the Parthian Empire in the name of Gotarzes, possibly Gotarzes I, but more probably the Parthian king Gotarzes II, who ruled from
Anubanini_rock_relief
Ancient Mesopotamian empire (626–539 BC)
Babylonian names and to the Babylonian religion known from as late as the Parthian Empire in the 1st century BC. Although Babylon revolted several times during
Neo-Babylonian_Empire
Set of artifacts claimed to be a battery
The Baghdad Battery or Parthian Battery (Persian: باتری اشکانی; Arabic: بطارية بغداد) are the names given to an artifact consisting of a ceramic pot, a
Baghdad_Battery
Country in South Asia
life, done on paper, were urban folk art from Calcutta, which later saw the Bengal School of Art, reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the
India
states and the Iranian empires, beginning with the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire in 54 BC and ending with the Byzantine and the Sasanian empires
Roman–Persian_wars
Nomadic Iranian peoples of Saka and Scythian origin
conflict with the Parthian Empire between 138 and 124 BCE. The Sacaraucae–Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed the Parthian kings Phraates
Indo-Scythian_Kingdom
Archaeological site in Iraq
Hatra itself is generally seen as an example of Parthian architecture. Similarities can be seen with the Art of the Kushans as well, due either to direct
Hatra
Bow made from horn, wood, and sinew laminated together
shoot, and retreat before any effective response could be made. The term Parthian shot refers to the widespread horse-archer tactic of shooting backwards
Composite_bow
Co-ruler of the Parthian Empire
spelled Mousa), also known as Thea Musa, was the reigning queen of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. Originally an Italian slave-girl, Augustus gifted
Musa_of_Parthia
First ruler of Characene (c. 141–124 BC)
Seleucid authority in Iran and Babylonia to the Parthians. Hyspaosines briefly occupied the Parthian city of Babylon in 127 BC, where he is recorded in
Hyspaosines
Sasanian queen and wife of king Ardashir I
Murrod, Mother of the King of Kings”. According to a legend, she was a Parthian princess and daughter of Artabanus IV of Parthia. Brosius 2000. Shahbazi
Murrod
Disappeared holy book of the Manichaean religion
The Arzhang (Persian: ارژنگ, romanized: Aržang/Arzhang; Coptic: Eikōn; Parthian: dw bwngʾhyg [dō bunɣāhīg], meaning "Worthy"), also known as the Book of
Arzhang
King of Armenia from 52 to 58 and 62 to 88
Tiridates I (Parthian: 𐭕𐭉𐭓𐭉𐭃𐭕, Tīridāt; Ancient Greek: Τιριδάτης, Tiridátes) was King of Armenia beginning in 53 AD and the founder of the Arsacid
Tiridates_I_of_Armenia
Archaeological site in Jowzjan
as to not damage the portrait of the Parthian king, perhaps indicating some degree of dependency on the Parthians. A gold coin was also found in tomb III
Tillya_Tepe
Ancient Roman triumphal arch, a landmark of Rome, Italy
commemorate the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, in the two campaigns against the Parthians of 194–195
Arch_of_Septimius_Severus
Round tray with Greek mythological scenes
later production, around the 1st century CE during the time of the Indo-Parthians. They practically disappeared after the 1st century. Many have been found
Stone_palette
King of Armenia from 161 to 163
Αύρήλιος Πάκορος) was a Parthian Prince who served as one of the Kings of Armenia in the 2nd century. Bakur was also considered a Parthian prince․ He was the
Pacorus_of_Armenia
Persian mythological hero of the epic poem Shahnameh
atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the Parthian Empire. He rides the legendary stallion Rakhsh and wears a special suit
Rostam
Former empire (c. 1299–1922)
Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists
Ottoman_Empire
Armenian art is the unique form of art developed over the last five millennia in which the Armenian people lived on the Armenian Highland. Armenian architecture
Armenian_art
331 BC – 428 AD monarchy in Ancient Near East
Parthia. During the Roman–Parthian Wars, the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was founded when Tiridates I, a member of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty, was proclaimed
Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)
Temple attributed to Anahita
330-331 Abdi, Kamyar (2001). "Review: The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia: New Light on the Parthian and Sasanian Empires". Journal of Near Eastern
Temple_of_Anahita,_Kangavar
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