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Software testing technique
Orthogonal array testing is a systematic and statistically-driven black-box testing technique employed in the field of software testing. This method is
Orthogonal_array_testing
Type of mathematical array
In mathematics, an orthogonal array (more specifically, a fixed-level orthogonal array) is a table ("array") whose entries come from a fixed finite set
Orthogonal_array
Software testing
models. Testing tools and techniques include exception handling, regression testing, functional testing, and orthogonal array testing. Gray-box testing is
Gray-box_testing
Checking software against a standard
Testing software without automation Orthogonal array testing – Software testing technique Pair testing – Software testing technique Reverse semantic traceability –
Software_testing
Software testing method
tests. The pairwise test cases, generated by Microsoft's "pict" tool, are shown below. Software testing Orthogonal array testing Berger, Bernie (2003)
All-pairs_testing
Mathematical problem
combinatorics, two Latin squares of the same size (order) are said to be orthogonal if when superimposed the ordered paired entries in the positions are all
Mutually orthogonal Latin squares
Mutually_orthogonal_Latin_squares
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
In telecommunications, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a type of digital transmission used in digital modulation for encoding digital
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Ordination (statistics) Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process Orthogonal array testing Orthogonality Orthogonality principle Outlier Outliers ratio Outline of probability
List_of_statistics_articles
Using the saturated array allows three factors to be tested in four tests rather than in eight, as would be required by a standard orthogonal array. v t e
Saturated_array
Statistical sampling technique
(1992). "Orthogonal arrays for computer experiments, integration and visualization". Statistica Sinica. 2: 439–452. Ye, K.Q. (1998). "Orthogonal column
Latin_hypercube_sampling
Square array with symbols that each occur once per row and column
obtain a set of n2 triples called the orthogonal array representation of the square. For example, the orthogonal array representation of the Latin square
Latin_square
Array of numbers
In mathematics, a matrix (pl.: matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects with elements or entries arranged in rows and
Matrix_(mathematics)
Orthonormalization of a set of vectors
S=\{\mathbf {v} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {v} _{k}\}} for k ≤ n and generates an orthogonal set S ′ = { u 1 , … , u k } {\displaystyle S'=\{\mathbf {u} _{1},\ldots
Gram–Schmidt_process
Any of a set of standard configurations of Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
RAID levels comprise a basic set of RAID ("redundant array of independent disks" or "redundant array of inexpensive disks") configurations that employ the
Standard_RAID_levels
Polynomial sequence
mathematics, the Zernike polynomials are a sequence of polynomials that are orthogonal on the unit disk. Named after optical physicist Frits Zernike, laureate
Zernike_polynomials
Statistical methods to improve the quality of manufactured goods
proposed extending each experiment with an "outer array" (possibly an orthogonal array); the "outer array" should simulate the random environment in which
Taguchi_methods
NASA test stand and vacuum chamber
following environmental testing: Thermal-vacuum testing Reverberation acoustic testing Mechanical vibration testing Modal testing Electromagnetic interference
Space_Power_Facility
Relation of space and time in relativity theory
pair of conjugate hyperbolas, two conjugate diameters are hyperbolically orthogonal. This relationship of diameters was described by Apollonius of Perga and
Hyperbolic_orthogonality
Design of tasks
in 1946. About the same time, C. R. Rao introduced the concepts of orthogonal arrays as experimental designs. This concept played a central role in the
Design_of_experiments
Test a component of a marketing campaign
In marketing, multivariate testing or multi-variable testing techniques apply statistical hypothesis testing on multi-variable systems, typically consumers
Multivariate testing in marketing
Multivariate_testing_in_marketing
Branch of mathematics
Two vectors are orthogonal if ⟨u, v⟩ = 0. An orthonormal basis is a basis where all basis vectors have length 1 and are orthogonal to each other. Given
Linear_algebra
Overview of computer engineering topics
Unified Modeling Language Software testing Test-driven development Acceptance test-driven development Integration testing Software walkthrough Code review
Computer engineering compendium
Computer_engineering_compendium
identify via manual testing or methods which reduce the number of tested inputs, such as orthogonal array testing or all-pairs testing, more computationally
Domain-to-range_ratio
Geometric space with four dimensions
dimension orthogonal to the screen (depth) is removed and replaced with indirect information. The retina of the eye is also a two-dimensional array of receptors
Four-dimensional_space
Testing a material's tensile strength along two perpendicular axes
tensile testing is a versatile technique to address the mechanical characterization of planar materials. It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which
Biaxial_tensile_testing
Group of electrical connectors specifically aligned
interface cards. Orthogonal midplanes connect vertical cards on one side to horizontal boards on the other side. One common orthogonal midplane connects
Backplane
Evaluates how likely it is that any difference between data sets arose by chance
test statistic and its distribution, names similar to Pearson χ-squared test or statistic are used. It is a p-value test. A simple example is testing
Pearson's_chi-squared_test
Retroreflector with three orthogonal, intersecting flat surfaces
direction of an incoming wave by translation via reflections from the three orthogonal sides. The three intersecting surfaces often are triangles (forming a
Corner_reflector
Open-source Python library for scientific computing
ndimage: various functions for multi-dimensional image processing odr: orthogonal distance regression classes and algorithms optimize: optimization algorithms
SciPy
Medical intervention
1093/bjaceaccp/mkr030. Leskiw C, Gates I. "EP2542914A1 - System and method for using orthogonally-coded active source signals for reflected signal analysis". Google Patents
Medical_ultrasound
Functional programming language for arrays
1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions
APL_(programming_language)
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
relativistic energy and momentum increase at high velocities, experimental testing of time dilation, and modern searches for Lorentz violations.[citation
Theory_of_relativity
Use of multiple antennas in radio
receiver's antenna array, each having a different spatial signature—gain phase pattern at the receiver’s antennas. These distinct array signatures allow
MIMO
Self-report personality test
Personality and Ability Testing. Cattell, H.B. (1989) The 16PF:Personality in Depth. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. Cattell, H.E
16PF_Questionnaire
Compact astronomical body
In 1995, interferometric microwave spectra from the Very Long Baseline Array observed H 2O masers as they orbited the centre of NGC 4258, a galaxy with
Black_hole
Statistical theorem in the analysis of variance
{\displaystyle \sum _{i}r_{i}=\operatorname {rank} (A)} . But after an orthogonal transform, A = diag ( I M , 0 ) {\displaystyle A=\operatorname {diag}
Cochran's_theorem
Periodicity computation method
procedure known today as the matching pursuit with post-back fitting or the orthogonal matching pursuit. Petr Vaníček, a Canadian geophysicist and geodesist
Least-squares spectral analysis
Least-squares_spectral_analysis
Statistical approach
attain a specific target for) the response variable(s) of interest. Orthogonality The property that allows individual effects of the k-factors to be estimated
Response_surface_methodology
Device to reflect radiation back to its source
photographs and the retroreflectors have been used again. Lunokhod 2's array continues to return signals to Earth. Even under good viewing conditions
Retroreflector
array antenna. Alvarez tested and deployed the system in England in 1943. Near the end of the war, Germany's GEMA built an early warning phased array
History_of_smart_antennas
The Scheirer–Ray–Hare (SRH) test is a statistical test that can be used to examine whether a measure is affected by two or more factors. Since it does
Scheirer–Ray–Hare_test
Symmetric arrangement of finite sets
Mendelsohn triple system MTS(|Q|,1). This construction is reversible. Orthogonal arrays Packing designs A quasi-3 design is a symmetric design (SBIBD) in
Combinatorial_design
Concept in physics and mathematics
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} ,t)\mapsto (R\mathbf {x} ,t),} where R : R3 → R3 is an orthogonal transformation. As a Lie group, the group of Galilean transformations
Galilean_transformation
Isosinglet meson made of quarks and antiquarks
{u}}-d{\bar {d}}} \right)~.} In fact, π0 , η1, and η8 are three mutually orthogonal, linear combinations of the quark pairs uu, dd, and ss; they are at the
Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons
Global radio telescope array
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several
Event_Horizon_Telescope
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
invariance conditions. Testing local Lorentz invariance amounts to testing special relativity, a theory with a vast number of existing tests. Nevertheless, attempts
Equivalence_principle
Involutive change of basis in linear algebra
example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms. It performs an orthogonal, symmetric, involutive, linear operation on 2m real numbers (or complex
Hadamard_transform
Branch of differential geometry
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Riemannian_geometry
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Event_horizon
Trace radiation from the early universe
with higher accuracy over the next three years, including the Very Small Array, Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI), and the Cosmic Background Imager
Cosmic_microwave_background
Indian-American mathematician (1920–2023)
other contributions include the Fisher–Rao theorem, Rao distance, and orthogonal arrays. He was the author of 15 books and authored over 400 journal publications
C._R._Rao
Property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation
polarization states (i.e. be real). In general any two orthogonal states can be used, where an orthogonal vector pair is formally defined as one having a zero
Polarization_(waves)
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
matter into a single dark fluid, and which is expected to be testable by the Square Kilometre Array around 2030. Farnes found that Albert Einstein had explored
Alcubierre_drive
Field-equations in general relativity
Wainwright, J (1986). "Self-similar spatially homogeneous cosmologies: orthogonal perfect fluid and vacuum solutions". Class. Quantum Grav. 3 (6): 1105–1124
Einstein_field_equations
Aspect of the instruction set architecture of CPUs
assembly languages and to compiler writers. For a related concept see orthogonal instruction set which deals with the ability of any instruction to use
Addressing_mode
Generalized randomized block design (GRBD) Latin square Graeco-Latin square Orthogonal array Latin hypercube Repeated measures design Crossover study Randomized
Fisher's_inequality
Equations in physical cosmology
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Friedmann_equations
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
1088/0031-9120/50/4/431. S2CID 118217730. Reinhardt, S.; et al. (2007). "Test of relativistic time dilation with fast optical atomic clocks at different
Time_dilation
Light bending by mass between source and observer
All Sky Survey, CLASS), done in radio frequencies using the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico, led to the discovery of 22 new lensing systems, a major
Gravitational_lens
Collection of statistical models
hypothesis testing, the partitioning of sums of squares, experimental techniques and the additive model. Laplace was performing hypothesis testing in the
Analysis_of_variance
Low frequency radio telescope in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine
apart. The antenna elements of the two orthogonal polarizations are connected in separate identical phased arrays. The crossed dipoles are grouped into
Giant Ukrainian Radio Telescope
Giant_Ukrainian_Radio_Telescope
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
set-associative cache tests all the possible ways simultaneously, using something like a content-addressable memory. A pseudo-associative cache tests each possible
CPU_cache
Family of linear transformations
transformations which leaves this quadratic form invariant is the indefinite orthogonal group O(3,1), a Lie group. In other words, the Lorentz group is O(3,1)
Lorentz_transformation
Method of mass spectrometry
ionization, ESI) are generally interfaced to the TOF mass analyzer by "orthogonal extraction" in which ions introduced into the TOF mass analyzer are accelerated
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry
System of linked seismometers
a seismic array are arranged in different geometric patterns horizontally. The arrays built in the early 1960s were either cross (orthogonal linear) or
Seismic_array
Metric based on the exact solution of Einstein's field equations of general relativity
Mohamed; Mohayaee, Roya; Sarkar, Subir; Colin, Jacques (2021-02-25). "A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 908
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker_metric
English mathematician, mathematical physicist (born 1931)
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Roger_Penrose
Generalization of the one-dimensional normal distribution to higher dimensions
characterised as the unique distribution where components are independent in any orthogonal coordinate system. The multivariate normal distribution is said to be
Multivariate normal distribution
Multivariate_normal_distribution
Problem in combinatorial optimization
2021). "Improving Schroeppel and Shamir's Algorithm for Subset Sum via Orthogonal Vectors". arXiv:2010.08576 [cs.DS]. Schroeppel, Richard; Shamir, Adi (August
Knapsack_problem
Characteristic of an optical system
Automated Testing of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Sensors Using Shared Optics. Infrared Imaging Systems: Design Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII
Optical_transfer_function
Condition in which spacetime itself breaks down
merely a result of using an inappropriate coordinate system at this point. To test whether there is a singularity at a certain point, one must check whether
Gravitational_singularity
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another; that is, the five factors are not independent. Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some
Big_Five_personality_traits
Aspect of relativity in physics
frequency. Very low frequency waves can be detected using pulsar timing arrays. In this technique, the timing of approximately 100 pulsars spread widely
Gravitational_wave
Description of gravity using discrete values
extremely weak and therefore difficult to test. For this reason, the possibility of experimentally testing quantum gravity had not received much attention
Quantum_gravity
Combinational digital circuit
general-purpose CPUs, the ALU typically operates in conjunction with a register file (array of processor registers) or accumulator register, which the ALU frequently
Arithmetic_logic_unit
Generalization of straight line to a curved space time
independent of the velocity or acceleration or other characteristics of a test particle whose motion is described by the geodesic equation. So far the geodesic
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesics_in_general_relativity
Type of traversable wormhole
from the throat. There being no gravity in force, an inertial observer (test particle) can sit forever at rest at any point in space, but if set in motion
Ellis_wormhole
American theoretical physicist (1911–2008)
Matterhorn B's efforts were crowned by the success of the Ivy Mike nuclear test at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific, on November 1, 1952, which Wheeler witnessed
John_Archibald_Wheeler
German mathematician (1885–1955)
invariant theory. It covered symmetric groups, general linear groups, orthogonal groups, and symplectic groups and results on their invariants and representations
Hermann_Weyl
Time delay caused by space-time distortion near massive objects
gravitational time delay effect, is one of the four classic Solar System tests of general relativity. Radar signals passing near a massive object take
Shapiro_time_delay
Form of radar used to create images of landscapes
unique antenna positions. The antenna stays in a fixed position. It may be orthogonal to the flight path, or it may be squinted slightly forward or backward
Synthetic-aperture_radar
Method of spatial measurement using laser
Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 November 2008. "Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)". NASA. Retrieved 16 August 2015. CW Gowers. ' Focus
Lidar
Experimental design in statistics
Combinatorial design Design of experiments Orthogonal array Plackett–Burman design Taguchi methods Welch's t-test This choice gives the correspondence 01
Factorial_experiment
History of radiation-based medical imaging
on film while the sample's rotation was synchronized with the film's orthogonal movement relative to the imaging plane, recording what is today known
History of computed tomography
History_of_computed_tomography
least two times in each block; this replication allows the estimation and testing of an interaction term in the linear model (without making parametric assumptions
Generalized randomized block design
Generalized_randomized_block_design
Mathematical statistician (1908–2014)
concept of the complement of an oval, and her work with Rita Zemach on orthogonal arrays of strength four was described as "the first significant progress"
Esther_Seiden
British-American mathematician (born 1939)
1998. A. S. Hedayat, Neil James Alexander Sloane and J. Stufken, Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1999. G. Nebe, E. M
Neil_Sloane
Effect of general relativity
where M (or, equivalently, rs) goes to zero, the Kerr metric becomes the orthogonal metric for the oblate spheroidal coordinates c 2 d τ 2 = c 2 d t 2 − ρ
Frame-dragging
Acoustic technology to locate the source of a sound in three-dimensional space
source localization. • Contains three orthogonally placed acoustic particle velocity sensors (shown as X, Y and Z array) and one omnidirectional acoustic
3D_sound_localization
American physicist (1932–2025)
gravitational waves". Weiss helped realize a number of challenging experimental tests of fundamental physics. He was a member of the Fermilab Holometer experiment
Rainer_Weiss
Swiss astronomer (1898–1974)
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Fritz_Zwicky
Computer modelling of a petroleum reservoir
space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells, delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular. The array of cells is usually three-dimensional
Reservoir_modeling
Russian mathematician (1935–2017)
Mainz, Germany, September 22–25, 1996, 657–661. VI Levenshtein, Split orthogonal arrays and maximum independent resilient systems of functions, Designs, Codes
Vladimir_Levenshtein
Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
Sherif Sayed (2014). Electronic Microwave Imaging with Planar Multistatic Arrays. Logos Verlag Berlin. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-8325-3621-3. Extract of page 1 Gross
Speed_of_light
Square matrix used to represent a graph or network
symmetric, and therefore has a complete set of real eigenvalues and an orthogonal eigenvector basis. The set of eigenvalues of a graph is the spectrum of
Adjacency_matrix
Concept that simultaneity depends on choice of reference frame
the ordinary sense of simultaneity becomes dependent on hyperbolic orthogonality of spatial directions to the worldline associated to the rapidity. Then
Relativity_of_simultaneity
Europe-US-Canada-India-Australian radio astronomy and cosmology collaboration
Timing Array (IPTA) is a multi-institutional, multi-telescope collaboration of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). It comprises the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA)
International Pulsar Timing Array
International_Pulsar_Timing_Array
Regular object in four dimensional geometry
group of F4, which is generated by reflections through the hyperplanes orthogonal to the F4 roots. This is a solvable group of order 1152. The rotational
24-cell
Extraction of heat from subterranean rocks
HDR reservoir forms in the shape of an ellipsoid, with its longest axis orthogonal to the least principal Earth stress. This pressure-stimulated region is
Hot dry rock geothermal energy
Hot_dry_rock_geothermal_energy
Branch of mathematical statistics
then with the introduction of association schemes by R. C. Bose. Orthogonal arrays were introduced by C. R. Rao also for experimental designs. The field
Algebraic_statistics
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin) or French
English (of Norman origin) or French : habitational name, with fused preposition d(e), principally for someone from Arras in northern France, or possibly from Arras-en-Lavedan (Hautes Pyrénées) or Arras-sur-Rhône (Ardèche).
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Lofty; exalted; high mountain.
Boy/Male
Indian
One who is honored, Exalted
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kadambini | காதமà¯à®ªà®¿à®¨à¯€
An array of clouds
Kadambini | காதமà¯à®ªà®¿à®¨à¯€
Girl/Female
Hindu
Array of clouds
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh, Traditional
An Array of Clouds; Garland of Clouds
Girl/Female
Tamil
Array of clouds
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Array of Clouds
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : habitational name from the city of Arras in Artois, northern France, or one of the other places in France so named.Scottish : habitational name from Airhouse, a locality in Channelkirk, Berwickshire.English : habitational name from a place called Arras in East Yorkshire, earlier spelled Erghes, from the plural of Old Norse erg ‘hut’, ‘shelter’.German : metonymic occupational name for a cloth merchant, from a type of woolen cloth for which the city of Arras in Flanders was famous in the Middle Ages. This name is also established in Mexico.
Boy/Male
American, English
Lucky
Boy/Male
Indian, Parsi
Strong
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who is honored, Exalted (1)
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
An Array of Clouds
Surname or Lastname
North German
North German : variant of Harr.English : from a pet form of Herbert.English : nickname from Old English hēarra ‘chief’, ‘lord’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Meghamala | மேகமாலா
Array of clouds
Meghamala | மேகமாலா
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Aaron, ARRAN means "light-bringer."
Boy/Male
French, Hindu, Indian
Sea
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
Girl/Female
Tamil
A creeper
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Master of the Planet
Boy/Male
Russian
laurel'.
Female
Celtic
, plaything.
Girl/Female
African, Arabic, Australian, Muslim, Swahili
Beautiful; Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad; Proper Name; Name of Prophet's Daughter
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Life; Similar to Jeevan
Boy/Male
Hindu
Devotional place, Pilgrimage spot, Varanasi, The holy city
Girl/Female
Danish, German, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Swedish
Answer to My Prayer; God has Favored Me
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern
Sweetie and Lovely
Boy/Male
Tamil
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY-TESTING
v. t.
To make ready to fight; to array.
v.
To clothe or array; to dress.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Array
adv.
Perpendicularly; at right angles; as, a curve cuts a set of curves orthogonally.
v. t.
To array.
n.
Any outer covering; array; garb.
a.
Right-angled; rectangular; as, an orthogonal intersection of one curve with another.
imp. & p. p.
of Array
n.
To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man.
n.
Figure; dress; array.
v. t.
To furnish with an arras.
v. t.
To warray.
v. i.
To spread out in array.
n.
Array; order; arrangement; dress.
n.
To dress; to clothe; to array.
v. t.
To dress up; to array; accouter.
n.
Weapons, collectively; as, an array of weaponry.
n.
Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as, drawn up in battle array.
v. t.
To clothe; array; deck.
v. t.
To adorn with trapping; to array.