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Software testing technique
Orthogonal array testing is a systematic and statistically-driven black-box testing technique employed in the field of software testing. This method is
Orthogonal_array_testing
Type of mathematical array
In mathematics, an orthogonal array (more specifically, a fixed-level orthogonal array) is a table ("array") whose entries come from a fixed finite set
Orthogonal_array
Checking software against expectations
Testing software without automation Orthogonal array testing – Software testing technique Pair testing – Software testing technique Reverse semantic traceability –
Software_testing
Software testing
models. Testing tools and techniques include exception handling, regression testing, functional testing, and orthogonal array testing. Gray-box testing is
Gray-box_testing
Software testing method
tests. The pairwise test cases, generated by Microsoft's "pict" tool, are shown below. Software testing Orthogonal array testing Berger, Bernie (2003)
All-pairs_testing
Mathematical problem
combinatorics, two Latin squares of the same size (order) are said to be orthogonal if when superimposed the ordered paired entries in the positions are all
Mutually orthogonal Latin squares
Mutually_orthogonal_Latin_squares
Using the saturated array allows three factors to be tested in four tests rather than in eight, as would be required by a standard orthogonal array. v t e
Saturated_array
Any of a set of standard configurations of Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
RAID levels comprise a basic set of RAID ("redundant array of independent disks" or "redundant array of inexpensive disks") configurations that employ the
Standard_RAID_levels
Array of numbers
In mathematics, a matrix (pl.: matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects with elements or entries arranged in rows and
Matrix_(mathematics)
Statistical sampling technique
(1992). "Orthogonal arrays for computer experiments, integration and visualization". Statistica Sinica. 2: 439–452. Ye, K.Q. (1998). "Orthogonal column
Latin_hypercube_sampling
Ordination (statistics) Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process Orthogonal array testing Orthogonality Orthogonality principle Outlier Outliers ratio Outline of probability
List_of_statistics_articles
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
In telecommunications, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a type of digital transmission used in digital modulation for encoding digital
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Square array with symbols that each occur once per row and column
obtain a set of n2 triples called the orthogonal array representation of the square. For example, the orthogonal array representation of the Latin square
Latin_square
Orthonormalization of a set of vectors
S=\{\mathbf {v} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {v} _{k}\}} for k ≤ n and generates an orthogonal set S ′ = { u 1 , … , u k } {\displaystyle S'=\{\mathbf {u} _{1},\ldots
Gram–Schmidt_process
Polynomial sequence
mathematics, the Zernike polynomials are a sequence of polynomials that are orthogonal on the unit disk. Named after optical physicist Frits Zernike, laureate
Zernike_polynomials
Relation of space and time in relativity theory
pair of conjugate hyperbolas, two conjugate diameters are hyperbolically orthogonal. This relationship of diameters was described by Apollonius of Perga and
Hyperbolic_orthogonality
Branch of mathematics
Two vectors are orthogonal if ⟨u, v⟩ = 0. An orthonormal basis is a basis where all basis vectors have length 1 and are orthogonal to each other. Given
Linear_algebra
NASA test stand and vacuum chamber
following environmental testing: Thermal-vacuum testing Reverberation acoustic testing Mechanical vibration testing Modal testing Electromagnetic interference
Space_Power_Facility
Test a component of a marketing campaign
In marketing, multivariate testing or multi-variable testing techniques apply statistical hypothesis testing on multi-variable systems, typically consumers
Multivariate testing in marketing
Multivariate_testing_in_marketing
Statistical methods to improve the quality of manufactured goods
proposed extending each experiment with an "outer array" (possibly an orthogonal array); the "outer array" should simulate the random environment in which
Taguchi_methods
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
relativistic energy and momentum increase at high velocities, experimental testing of time dilation, and modern searches for Lorentz violations.[citation
Theory_of_relativity
Functional programming language for arrays
1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions
APL_(programming_language)
Geometric space with four dimensions
dimension orthogonal to the screen (depth) is removed and replaced with indirect information. The retina of the eye is also a two-dimensional array of receptors
Four-dimensional_space
Branch of differential geometry
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Riemannian_geometry
Statistical approach
estimated independently without (or with minimal) confounding. Also orthogonality provides minimum variance estimates of the model coefficient so that
Response_surface_methodology
Evaluates how likely it is that any difference between data sets arose by chance
test statistic and its distribution, names similar to Pearson χ-squared test or statistic are used. It is a p-value test. A simple example is testing
Pearson's_chi-squared_test
Overview of computer engineering topics
Unified Modeling Language Software testing Test-driven development Acceptance test-driven development Integration testing Software walkthrough Code review
Computer engineering compendium
Computer_engineering_compendium
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
1088/0031-9120/50/4/431. S2CID 118217730. Reinhardt, S.; et al. (2007). "Test of relativistic time dilation with fast optical atomic clocks at different
Time_dilation
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Event_horizon
Group of electrical connectors specifically aligned
interface cards. Orthogonal midplanes connect vertical cards on one side to horizontal boards on the other side. One common orthogonal midplane connects
Backplane
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
invariance conditions. Testing local Lorentz invariance amounts to testing special relativity, a theory with a vast number of existing tests. Nevertheless, attempts
Equivalence_principle
Global radio telescope array
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several
Event_Horizon_Telescope
Trace radiation from the early universe
with higher accuracy over the next three years, including the Very Small Array, Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI), and the Cosmic Background Imager
Cosmic_microwave_background
Testing a material's tensile strength along two perpendicular axes
tensile testing is a versatile technique to address the mechanical characterization of planar materials. It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which
Biaxial_tensile_testing
identify via manual testing or methods which reduce the number of tested inputs, such as orthogonal array testing or all-pairs testing, more computationally
Domain-to-range_ratio
Isosinglet meson made of quarks and antiquarks
array}{c}\mathrm {\eta } _{8}\\\mathrm {\eta } _{1}\end{array}}\right)=\left({\begin{array}{c}\mathrm {\eta } \\\mathrm {\eta '} \end{array}}\right)~
Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons
Low frequency radio telescope in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine
apart. The antenna elements of the two orthogonal polarizations are connected in separate identical phased arrays. The crossed dipoles are grouped into
Giant Ukrainian Radio Telescope
Giant_Ukrainian_Radio_Telescope
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
matter into a single dark fluid, and which is expected to be testable by the Square Kilometre Array around 2030. Farnes found that Albert Einstein had explored
Alcubierre_drive
Self-report personality test
Personality and Ability Testing. Cattell, H.B. (1989) The 16PF:Personality in Depth. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. Cattell, H.E
16PF_Questionnaire
Open-source Python library for scientific computing
ndimage: various functions for multi-dimensional image processing odr: orthogonal distance regression classes and algorithms optimize: optimization algorithms
SciPy
Device to reflect radiation back to its source
photographs and the retroreflectors have been used again. Lunokhod 2's array continues to return signals to Earth. Even under good viewing conditions
Retroreflector
Involutive change of basis in linear algebra
example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms. It performs an orthogonal, symmetric, involutive, linear operation on a tuple of 2m numbers. The
Hadamard_transform
Concept in physics and mathematics
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} ,t)\mapsto (R\mathbf {x} ,t),} where R : R3 → R3 is an orthogonal transformation. As a Lie group, the group of Galilean transformations
Galilean_transformation
Statistical theorem in the analysis of variance
{\displaystyle \sum _{i}r_{i}=\operatorname {rank} (A)} . But after an orthogonal transform, A = diag ( I M , 0 ) {\displaystyle A=\operatorname {diag}
Cochran's_theorem
Periodicity computation method
procedure known today as the matching pursuit with post-back fitting or the orthogonal matching pursuit. Petr Vaníček, a Canadian geophysicist and geodesist
Least-squares spectral analysis
Least-squares_spectral_analysis
Symmetric arrangement of finite sets
Mendelsohn triple system MTS(|Q|,1). This construction is reversible. Orthogonal arrays Packing designs A quasi-3 design is a symmetric design (SBIBD) in
Combinatorial_design
Light bending by mass between source and observer
Astrometric Survey (JVAS), done in radio frequencies using the Very Large Array (VLA), led to the discovery of 22 new lensing systems. Twelve were double-image
Gravitational_lens
Mathematical condition
Generalized randomized block design (GRBD) Latin square Graeco-Latin square Orthogonal array Latin hypercube Repeated measures design Crossover study Randomized
Fisher's_inequality
Design of tasks
in 1946. About the same time, C. R. Rao introduced the concepts of orthogonal arrays as experimental designs. This concept played a central role in the
Design_of_experiments
Compact astronomical body
In 1995, interferometric microwave spectra from the Very Long Baseline Array observed H 2O masers as they orbited the centre of NGC 4258, a galaxy with
Black_hole
Medical intervention
1093/bjaceaccp/mkr030. Leskiw C, Gates I. "EP2542914A1 - System and method for using orthogonally-coded active source signals for reflected signal analysis". Google Patents
Medical_ultrasound
Condition in which spacetime itself breaks down
merely a result of using an inappropriate coordinate system at this point. To test whether there is a singularity at a certain point, one must check whether
Gravitational_singularity
The Scheirer–Ray–Hare (SRH) test is a statistical test that can be used to examine whether a measure is affected by two or more factors. Since it does
Scheirer–Ray–Hare_test
Europe-US-Canada-India-Australian radio astronomy and cosmology collaboration
Timing Array (IPTA) is a multi-institutional, multi-telescope collaboration of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). It comprises the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA)
International Pulsar Timing Array
International_Pulsar_Timing_Array
German mathematician (1885–1955)
invariant theory. It covered symmetric groups, general linear groups, orthogonal groups, and symplectic groups and results on their invariants and representations
Hermann_Weyl
Aspect of relativity in physics
frequency. Very low frequency waves can be detected using pulsar timing arrays. In this technique, the timing of approximately 100 pulsars spread widely
Gravitational_wave
Acoustic technology to locate the source of a sound in three-dimensional space
source localization. Contains three orthogonally placed acoustic particle velocity sensors (shown as X, Y and Z array) and one omnidirectional acoustic
3D_sound_localization
Physics principle
times, energy must be conserved. In this light, relativity principles make testable predictions about how nature behaves. The ideas behind the principle of
Principle_of_relativity
System of linked seismometers
a seismic array are arranged in different geometric patterns horizontally. The arrays built in the early 1960s were either cross (orthogonal linear) or
Seismic_array
Use of multiple antennas in radio
receiver's antenna array, each having a different spatial signature—gain phase pattern at the receiver’s antennas. These distinct array signatures allow
MIMO
Retroreflector with three orthogonal, intersecting flat surfaces
direction of an incoming wave by translation via reflections from the three orthogonal sides. The three intersecting surfaces often are triangles (forming a
Corner_reflector
Field-equations in general relativity
Wainwright, J (1986). "Self-similar spatially homogeneous cosmologies: orthogonal perfect fluid and vacuum solutions". Class. Quantum Grav. 3 (6): 1105–1124
Einstein_field_equations
Method of mass spectrometry
ionization, ESI) are generally interfaced to the TOF mass analyzer by "orthogonal extraction" in which ions introduced into the TOF mass analyzer are accelerated
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry
Equations in physical cosmology
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Friedmann_equations
Indian-American mathematician (1920–2023)
other contributions include the Fisher–Rao theorem, Rao distance, and orthogonal arrays. He was the author of 15 books and authored over 400 journal publications
C._R._Rao
least two times in each block; this replication allows the estimation and testing of an interaction term in the linear model (without making parametric assumptions
Generalized randomized block design
Generalized_randomized_block_design
Mathematical transformation in physics
Classical groups General linear GL(n) Special linear SL(n) Orthogonal O(n) Special orthogonal SO(n) Unitary U(n) Special unitary SU(n) Symplectic Sp(n)
Time-translation_symmetry
Generalization of straight line to a curved space time
independent of the velocity or acceleration or other characteristics of a test particle whose motion is described by the geodesic equation. So far the geodesic
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesics_in_general_relativity
Type of traversable wormhole
from the throat. There being no gravity in force, an inertial observer (test particle) can sit forever at rest at any point in space, but if set in motion
Ellis_wormhole
Meanings of mass in special relativity
idealized surface, inasmuch as no mass–energy can be allowed into or out of the test-volume over time, if conservation of system invariant mass is to hold during
Mass_in_special_relativity
array antenna. Alvarez tested and deployed the system in England in 1943. Near the end of the war, Germany's GEMA built an early warning phased array
History_of_smart_antennas
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another; that is, the five factors are not independent. Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some
Big_Five_personality_traits
receiving dipole arrays attached; the assembly was all on a rotatable platform. According to published records, the system was tested in 1944 atop Mount
History_of_radar
Metric based on the exact solution of Einstein's field equations of general relativity
Mohamed; Mohayaee, Roya; Sarkar, Subir; Colin, Jacques (2021-02-25). "A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 908
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker_metric
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
interact gravitationally has been subject to experimental tests. One of the first observations testing this prediction, called the Eddington experiment, was
Mass–energy_equivalence
Description of gravity using discrete values
extremely weak and therefore difficult to test. For this reason, the possibility of experimentally testing quantum gravity had not received much attention
Quantum_gravity
Problem in combinatorial optimization
(stored in array v) // Weights (stored in array w) // Number of distinct items (n) // Knapsack capacity (W) // NOTE: The array "v" and array "w" are assumed
Knapsack_problem
Experimental setup in behavioral sciences
cooperative pulling paradigm is used to study cooperation. The weather prediction test is a paradigm used to study procedural learning. Other examples include Skinner
Paradigm_(experimental)
American theoretical physicist (1911–2008)
Matterhorn B's efforts were crowned by the success of the Ivy Mike nuclear test at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific, on November 1, 1952, which Wheeler witnessed
John_Archibald_Wheeler
Graph of space and time in special relativity
set of axes and the primed set of axes have the property that they are orthogonal with respect to the Minkowski inner product or relativistic dot product
Spacetime_diagram
English mathematician, mathematical physicist (born 1931)
core region of Messier 87, a supermassive black hole, processed from an array of eight radio telescopes known as the EHT with colours indicating brightness
Roger_Penrose
Low-velocity approximation of special relativity
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Galilean_invariance
Effect of general relativity
where M (or, equivalently, rs) goes to zero, the Kerr metric becomes the orthogonal metric for the oblate spheroidal coordinates c 2 d τ 2 = c 2 d t 2 − ρ
Frame-dragging
Branch of mathematical statistics
then with the introduction of association schemes by R. C. Bose. Orthogonal arrays were introduced by C. R. Rao also for experimental designs. The field
Algebraic_statistics
Method of spatial measurement using laser
Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 November 2008. "Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)". NASA. Retrieved 16 August 2015. CW Gowers. ' Focus
Lidar
Family of linear transformations
transformations which leaves this quadratic form invariant is the indefinite orthogonal group O(3,1), a Lie group. In other words, the Lorentz group is O(3,1)
Lorentz_transformation
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
set-associative cache tests all the possible ways simultaneously, using something like a content-addressable memory. A pseudo-associative cache tests each possible
CPU_cache
Set of spacetime events, light-connected to a given event
and time is measured in seconds, then, provided the time axis is drawn orthogonally to the spatial axes, as the cone bisects the time and space axes, it
Light_cone
Aspect of the instruction set architecture of CPUs
assembly languages and to compiler writers. For a related concept see orthogonal instruction set which deals with the ability of any instruction to use
Addressing_mode
Smallest stable circular orbit of a particle
called the ISCO) is the smallest marginally stable circular orbit in which a test particle can stably orbit a massive object in general relativity. The location
Innermost stable circular orbit
Innermost_stable_circular_orbit
Time delay caused by space-time distortion near massive objects
gravitational time delay effect, is one of the four classic Solar System tests of general relativity. Radar signals passing near a massive object take
Shapiro_time_delay
Formula in general relativity
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Quadrupole_formula
New Zealand mathematician
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Roy_Kerr
Russian mathematician (1935–2017)
Mainz, Germany, September 22–25, 1996, 657–661. VI Levenshtein, Split orthogonal arrays and maximum independent resilient systems of functions, Designs, Codes
Vladimir_Levenshtein
Physics principle that simultaneity depends on choice of reference frame
the ordinary sense of simultaneity becomes dependent on hyperbolic orthogonality of spatial directions to the worldline associated to the rapidity. Then
Relativity_of_simultaneity
Characteristic of an optical system
"Automated Testing of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Sensors Using Shared Optics". Infrared Imaging Systems: Design Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII
Optical_transfer_function
Exact solution in general relativity
\end{aligned}}} Given the Christoffel symbols, one can compute the geodesics of a test-particle. Instead of working in the holonomic basis, one can perform efficient
Reissner–Nordström_metric
Path of an object through spacetime
which is defined for a given observer by a space that is hyperbolic-orthogonal to their world line. It is really three-dimensional, though it would be
World_line
Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist (1919–2005)
relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Proper acceleration
Hermann_Bondi
Result in general relativity
h_{ab}=g_{ab}+X_{a}\,X_{b}} is the projection tensor onto the hyperplanes orthogonal to X → {\displaystyle {\vec {X}}} . Also, dot denotes differentiation
Raychaudhuri_equation
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