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Layer of protection in computer systems
In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, often called protection rings, are mechanisms to protect data and functionality from faults (by
Protection_ring
Telecommunication redundancy mechanism
network, a ring network affords fault tolerance to the network because there are two paths between any two nodes on the network. Ring protection is the system
Ring_protection
ITU-T Ethernet specification
Ethernet Ring Protection Switching (ERPS) is an effort at ITU-T under G.8032 Recommendation to provide sub-50ms protection and recovery switching for
Ethernet Ring Protection Switching
Ethernet_Ring_Protection_Switching
Way to control memory access rights on a computer
each segment has a protection ring for reading, writing and execution; an attempt by a process with a higher ring number than the ring number for the segment
Memory_protection
Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP Ring), which offers a shared protection mode, and Multiplex Section Dedicated Protection Ring (MS-DP Ring), which offers
Subnetwork connection protection
Subnetwork_connection_protection
Topics referred to by the same term
geometric planar ring Ring (mathematics), an algebraic structure Ring of sets, a family of subsets closed under certain operations Protection ring, in computer
Ring
Feature of total and annular solar eclipses
It is not safe to view Baily's beads or the diamond ring effect without proper eye protection because in both cases the photosphere is still visible
Baily's_beads
Security by granting only essential access
Privilege separation Protection ring Role-based access control setuid sudo Saltzer, Jerome H.; Schroeder, Michael D. (1975). "The protection of information
Principle_of_least_privilege
Ethernet fault-tolerance technique
available Ethernet switched rings (commonly used in Metro Ethernet) to replace legacy TDM based transport protection fiber rings. Other implementations include
Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching
Ethernet_Automatic_Protection_Switching
Temporarily interrupting a computer task
time. This preemptive scheduler usually runs in the most privileged protection ring, meaning that interruption and then resumption are considered highly
Preemption_(computing)
Way of using computer memory
mode separate from kernel mode involves operating system protection rings. Protection rings, in turn, are implemented using CPU modes. Typically, kernel
User_space_and_kernel_space
Core of a computer operating system
architectures, such as supervisor mode, kernel mode, CPL0, DPL0, ring 0, etc. See Protection ring for more information. "Kernel". Linfo. Bellevue Linux Users
Kernel_(operating_system)
Medical device
The ring is inserted into the vagina and provides contraception protection. Vaginal rings come in one size that fits most people. Several vaginal ring products
Vaginal_ring
Operating mode of x86 central processor units
System Management Mode (SMM, sometimes called ring −2 in reference to protection rings) is an operating mode of x86 central processor units (CPUs) in which
System_Management_Mode
Health-tech company in India
March 2026 following clearance from US Customs and Border Protection. Ring Air – a smart ring that records sleep, movement, skin temperature and heart‑rate
Ultrahuman
Ancient Egyptian symbol
shen ring itself represents eternal protection. What the French called a cartouche is in fact an elongated shen ring encircling a name of a pharaoh or god/goddess
Shen_ring
Electrical wiring technique
supply, a ring circuit is an electrical wiring topology in which power is distributed through a continuous cable ring. Each conductor of the ring is connected
Ring_circuit
Protection for the overwriting of data
Write protection is any physical mechanism that prevents writing, modifying, or erasing data on a device. Most commercial software, audio and video on
Write_protection
Optical network using a mesh topology
SONET/SDH rings, carriers implemented ring protection such as SONET Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR) (also called Sub-Network Connection Protection (SCNP)
Optical_mesh_network
Standardized protocol
the ring could only act as pass-through nodes. The SDH equivalent of UPSR is subnetwork connection protection (SNCP); SNCP does not impose a ring topology
Synchronous optical networking
Synchronous_optical_networking
Strategy to inhibit the spread of a disease
patient receives the vaccine, creating a 'ring' of protection that can limit the spread of a pathogen. Ring vaccination requires thorough and rapid surveillance
Ring_vaccination
Network topology in which nodes form a ring
Packet Ring, and Ethernet Ring Protection Switching. IEEE 802.5 networks – also known as IBM Token Ring networks – avoid the weakness of a ring topology
Ring_network
Plan for specifying and enforcing security policies
Object-capability model Protection ring Relationship-based access control (ReBAC) Role-based access control (RBAC) Take-grant protection model Discretionary
Computer_security_model
Folk song
"Ring a Ring o' Roses", also known as "Ring a Ring o' Rosie" or "Ring Around the Rosie", is a nursery rhyme, folk song, and playground game. Descriptions
Ring_a_Ring_o'_Roses
Financial management technique
3: Ring-fencing for the protection of care sector borrowers in finance arrangements" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-01-29. "ADOPTING A GROUP STRUCTURE - RING-FENCING
Ringfencing
Mainframe computer
processor as a four-layer protection ring, but four rings was found to be too cumbersome to program and too slow to operate. Protection ring architecture is now
GE_645
Concurrent execution of multiple processes
hardware to securely support multiple tasks, such as memory protection, and protection rings that ensure the supervisory software cannot be damaged or subverted
Computer_multitasking
1970 mainframe computer
implementation of the Multics protection ring architecture, in contrast to the GE 645 which had emulated protection rings in software. This significantly
Honeywell_6000_series
Paper on taxol synthesis
(ring B). The third pre-assembled part is an amide tail. Ring D is an oxetane ring fused to ring C. Two key chemical transformations are the Shapiro reaction
Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis
Nicolaou_Taxol_total_synthesis
Way of hiding details of a computing subsystem
Information hiding Layer (object-oriented design) Namespace violation Protection ring Operating system, an abstraction layer between a program and computer
Abstraction_layer
used as protection against lightning strikes. They are also known as ground rings, although this term may also be applied to grounding rings that are
Ring_ground
Home security products manufacturer
Ring LLC is a manufacturer of home security and smart home devices owned by Amazon. It manufactures a line of Ring smart doorbells, home security cameras
Ring_(company)
Sealed roller chain
adequate lubrication and protection against foreign elements which also increases reliability. It can last twice as long as the O-ring chain under some circumstances
X-ring_chain
Birth control device
in the ovaries. Although the vaginal rings do not provide protection for sexually transmitted diseases, the rings are being assessed as a possible drug
Contraceptive_vaginal_ring
2000 video game
increasing experience gain. Assist Magic Rings grant helpful abilities, such as protection or healing. "Magic Rings" can be found throughout the island in
Eternal_Ring
Region in Russia
cities under the heading: "Golden Ring". Bychkov was one of the founders of ВООПИК: the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture
Golden_Ring_of_Russia
Canadian documentary television series on professional wrestling
Dark Side of the Ring is a Canadian documentary television series produced by Vice Studios Canada. It premiered on April 10, 2019, on Vice TV in the United
Dark_Side_of_the_Ring
Sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call or text message
other sounds. Variations of the cadence or tone of the ring signal, called distinctive ringing, can be used to indicate characteristics of incoming calls
Ringtone
Software that hides details of hardware access
Abstraction Layer) Hardware-dependent software Nanokernel Picokernel Protection ring UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) Windows Driver Frameworks
Hardware_abstraction
Computer systems programming special block code
resources directly. In a low-level microcontroller, the chip might lack protection modes or lack a memory management unit (MMU). In these chips, the execution
Interrupt_handler
Ring to protect the thumb during archery
A thumb ring is a ring meant to be worn on one's thumb. Most commonly, thumb rings are used as an archery equipment designed to protect the thumb pulp
Thumb_ring
US federal law enforcement agency
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It
United States Customs and Border Protection
United_States_Customs_and_Border_Protection
Fastener which holds components onto a shaft
aesthetics and corrosion protection depending on the type of environment in which they are used. There are four main types of retaining rings available, each of
Retaining_ring
Technology for computer networking
address not present in the ring topology. Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching Spatial Reuse Protocol (Cisco) Metro Ring Protocol (Foundry Networks)
Resilient_Packet_Ring
Radially sprung shim press fitted between components as a frictional fastener
vibration. Tolerance rings can be used as bearing mounts and as a means of dealing with torque transfer, torque overload protection and axial slip between
Tolerance_ring
Hydrocarbon compound (C6H6)
benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. As it contains only carbon and hydrogen
Benzene
End-to-end connection resiliance
networks against failures are: Channel Protection, Link Protection, Segment-Protection, and P-cycle Protection In ring-based networks topology where the setup
Path_protection
Topics referred to by the same term
Denmark Ring 4 (computer security), see protection ring Ring IV, a planned road in Helsinki region, Finland Search for "ring 4" on Wikipedia. The Ring Volume
Ring_4
Topics referred to by the same term
Magicians Ring 1, a protection ring in computer security Search for "ring 1" , "ring one", or "ring i" on Wikipedia. Ring (disambiguation) One ring (disambiguation)
Ring_1
Computer networking concept
most notable ring-based protection techniques for mesh networks are ring covers, cycle double covers and p-cycles (pre-configured protection cycles). The
Link_protection
British ring of spies for the Soviet Union
The Cambridge Five was a spy ring in the United Kingdom that passed information to the Soviet Union during the Second World War and the Cold War and was
Cambridge_Five
Road in Russia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Petersburg Ring Road. The Saint Petersburg Ring Road (Russian: Кольцевая автомобильная дорога вокруг Санкт-Петербурга
Saint_Petersburg_Ring_Road
Ring road expressway encircling the City of Hyderabad
The Hyderabad Outer Ring Road (HORR), officially known as Nehru Outer Ring Road is a 158-kilometre (98 mi), eight-lane ring road expressway encircling
Outer_Ring_Road,_Hyderabad
Configuration of wormholes
gravity will likely uphold chronology protection. Visser, Matt (1997). "Traversable wormholes: the Roman ring". Physical Review D. 55 (8): 5212–5214
Roman_ring
Large folder that contains file folders or hole-punched papers
Ring binders (loose leaf binders, looseleaf binders, or sometimes called files in Britain) are large folders that contain file folders or hole punched
Ring_binder
Pennsylvania State Senator (1886-1965)
in the "rum ring" trial were found guilty in federal court of vice and rum running. The prosecution charged that McClure received protection money and created
John_J._McClure
Method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings
Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a
Dendrochronology
To protect threatened witnesses before, during, and after a trial
States Federal Witness Protection Program (WPP), also known as the Witness Security Program or WITSEC, is a witness protection program codified through
United States Federal Witness Protection Program
United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program
Plastic rings in beverage packaging
was recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1993, following the findings that non-degradable ring carriers had been found in great quantities
Six-pack_rings
Mechanical seal
additional protection from the process and the bearing lubrication sides of the seal The first dry gas seal for a compressor was patented by Kaydon Ring & Seal
Dry_gas_seal
Aspect of Unisys 2200 Series
two of the primary examples of software subsystems that live in a protection ring between that of a user application and the Exec. There are many other
Unisys 2200 Series system architecture
Unisys_2200_Series_system_architecture
Active protection system
The Zaslin active protection system (Ukrainian: Заслі́н, romanized: Zaslin, lit. 'barrier, screen, covering operation'; is often referred to with the Russian
Zaslin Active Protection System
Zaslin_Active_Protection_System
Magnetic tape format introduced by IBM in 1964
back Aluminum foil strips mark the start and end of tape The write protection ring prevents the tape from being written when removed A typical library
9-track_tape
Time taken for the first dry spot to appear on the cornea after a complete blink
procedure, a grid or concentric ring pattern is projected onto the cornea and the patient is asked to blink. The rings will appear distorted when the cornea
Tear_break-up_time
List of types of leg wraps
Leg wraps and boots are used for the protection of the lower legs of horses during training, shipping, and exercise, as well as for therapeutic and medical
Horse_leg_protection
Software interface to attached devices
privilege levels is via protection rings. On many systems, such as those with x86 and ARM processors, switching between rings imposes a performance penalty
Device_driver
Round band worn as ornamental jewellery
part is specified within the term, e.g., earrings, neck rings, arm rings, and toe rings. Rings fit snugly around or in the part of the body they ornament
Ring_(jewellery)
1992 sex scandal involving the World Wrestling Federation
The ring boy scandal is a sex scandal in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF; now WWE) centered around allegations that ring announcer Mel Phillips (1941–2012)
Ring_boy_scandal
Species of bird
The rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the ring-necked parakeet, is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula, of the family
Rose-ringed_parakeet
Circular patterns of stones left by historical Native Americans
(also "tepee") ring is an east-facing entrance, where there are no stones, and a heavily anchored side with extra stones for protection against prevailing
Tipi_ring
Conductors of a telephone line
Tip and ring are the two conductors, or sides, of a telephone line. Their names are derived from the telephone plugs used for connecting telephone calls
Tip_and_ring
Active protection system
Arena (Russian: Арена) is an active protection system (APS) developed at Russia's Kolomna-based Engineering Design Bureau for the purpose of protecting
Arena_(countermeasure)
Network routing scheme based on labels identifying paths
also offers a robust recovery framework that goes beyond the simple protection rings of synchronous optical networking (SONET/SDH). A number of different
Multiprotocol_Label_Switching
Hard-kill active protection system
The KAPS (Korean Active Protection System; Korean: 한국형 능동방호체계) is an active protection system developed by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and
KAPS_(countermeasure)
1998 novel by Nalo Hopkinson
Brown Girl in the Ring is a 1998 novel written by Jamaican-Canadian writer Nalo Hopkinson. The novel contains Afro-Caribbean culture with themes of folklore
Brown Girl in the Ring (novel)
Brown_Girl_in_the_Ring_(novel)
Species of bird
The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), ring-necked pheasant, or blue-headed pheasant, is a bird in the pheasant family (Phasianidae). The genus name
Common_pheasant
American professional wrestler (1929–1997)
Adkisson Sr. (August 16, 1929 – September 10, 1997), better known by his ring name Fritz Von Erich, was an American professional wrestler, wrestling promoter
Fritz_Von_Erich
Statutory body in Hyderabad, India
Helpline Numbers Residents within the Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad limits may report issues related to the protection of government and public property by calling
HYDRAA
African American ritual dance
The ring shout is a distinctive African American ritual dance originating with enslaved Africans in the southern United States where worshippers move in
Ring_shout
American professional wrestler (1952–2011)
Randy Mario Poffo (November 15, 1952 – May 20, 2011), better known by his ring name "Macho Man" Randy Savage, was an American professional wrestler, rapper
Randy_Savage
Type of telephone socket design
implements all the circuitry found in a BT master socket, including surge protection, ring capacitor, test resistor There exists no well-established standard
British_telephone_socket
English detective constable and whistleblower
whistleblower for exposing the handling and cover up of the Rochdale child sex abuse ring case by her own force. Oliver joined the Greater Manchester Police in 1997
Margaret_Oliver
Japanese professional wrestler (born 1981)
since August 2015[update], where she performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Asuka (アスカ or 明日華; /ˈɑːskə/). Previously known as Kana (華名), she started
Asuka_(wrestler)
2026 film by Ric Roman Waugh
lingering radioactive fallout, deorbiting fragments of Clarke's debris ring, and tectonic earthquakes from the impact. The Garrity family lives in an
Greenland_2:_Migration
American professional wrestler (1960–1993)
Gene Adkisson (February 3, 1960 – February 18, 1993), better known by his ring name Kerry Von Erich, was an American professional wrestler. He was part
Kerry_Von_Erich
gloves or other protection when juggling more than four rings, as the height of the pattern, thin cross-section and hard plastic of rings can act like blades
Juggling_ring
Component in an electric power distribution system
distribution system, a ring main unit (RMU) is a factory assembled, metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-type distribution
Ring_main_unit
Magnetic tape format introduced by IBM in 1952
serve as logical beginning and end of tape markers. Write protection A removable plastic ring in the back of the tape reel was inserted to indicate that
IBM_7-track
Time-sharing operating system
which included security improvements including hardware support for protection rings. Bell Labs pulled out of the project in 1969 when it became clear that
Multics
Prehistoric monument in England
Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) west of Amesbury. It consists of an outer ring of vertical sarsen standing stones, each around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, seven
Stonehenge
Japanese professional wrestler and actress (born 1988)
the ring name Kairi Sane (カイリ・セイン, Kairi Sein). From 2012 to 2017, she wrestled for the Japanese promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom under the ring name
Kairi_Sane
Computer security exploit
operating systems. By using memory protection in combination with other security-related mechanisms such as protection rings, it is possible to achieve privilege
Row_hammer
to Rum Case – State Senator Gets 18 Months as Head of Pennsylvania Protection Ring – He is Released on Bond – Judge Tells Jury that "Might Forces" Backed
List of 1930s American state and local politicians convicted of crimes
List_of_1930s_American_state_and_local_politicians_convicted_of_crimes
Topics referred to by the same term
ERPs may refer to: ERPS, Ethernet Ring Protection Switching Erps-Kwerps, village in the Belgian Province of Flemish Brabant ERP (disambiguation) This
ERPs
American professional wrestling promotion
Ring of Honor (ROH) is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Jacksonville, Florida. The wrestling promotion was founded by Rob Feinstein
Ring_of_Honor
Lawn game using large darts
sticks into the ground. The target is typically a plastic ring, and landing anywhere within the ring scores a point. In the second half of the 20th century
Lawn_darts
Profession specialising in building roof construction
distance consists of free fall distance, deceleration distance, D-ring shift, Back D-ring height, and Safety margin. In addition to the fall distance requirements
Roofer
Mineral-rich region in Canada
environmental protections and Indigenous rights in favor of economic development. As a result, previous commitments to First Nations regarding the Ring of Fire
Ring of Fire (Northern Ontario)
Ring_of_Fire_(Northern_Ontario)
American professional wrestler (1966–2000)
time with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), where he wrestled under the ring name Yokozuna. He was also known for his appearances with New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Yokozuna_(wrestler)
American mobster (1938–2020)
Wall Gang burglary ring in Las Vegas. After his arrest in 1982, he became a government witness and entered the witness protection program. Cullotta later
Frank_Cullotta
PROTECTION RING
PROTECTION RING
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Irish, Teutonic
Protecting Hands; Decision Protector
Boy/Male
Afghan, American, Arabic, British, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Hindu, Indian, Malaysian, Muslim, Polish, Scandinavian
Servant of God; Divine Protector; God's Protection; Divine Protection
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Protection; Protector
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Japanese, Kannada, Netherlands, Polish, Romanian, Sindhi, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Tamil, Teutonic
Advice; Decision; Decision and Protector; Wise Guardian; Counsel Protection; Might Protector
Girl/Female
American, German
Determined Protector; Will; Desire and Helmet; Protection
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German, Scandinavian, Teutonic
Divine Protection; God Protector
Boy/Male
Australian, Christian, Danish, French, German, Norse, Norwegian, Swedish, Teutonic
Victory; Protection; Victorious Defender; Victory Protector; Protector of Victory
Boy/Male
American, British, Danish, English, French, German, Scandinavian, Teutonic
Divine Protector; God's Protection
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, Christian, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Polish, Shakespearean, Swedish
Wealthy Defender; Prosperous Protection; Rich Protector; Protector of Prosperity
Girl/Female
Danish, Finnish, German, Scandinavian, Swedish
Helmet; Protection; Will-helmet; Resolute Protector
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hindu, Indian, Japanese, Spanish, Swedish, Teutonic
Wisely; Advice; Decision Protection; Counselor; Protector; Form of Raymond Guards Wisely; Mighty Protector
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Polish, Teutonic
Counselor; Protector; Wise Protector; Protecting Hands
Boy/Male
American, Chinese, French, German, Latin, Portuguese
Guards Wisely; Protecting Hands; Wise Protector
Girl/Female
American, Christian, German, Hindu, Indian, Spanish, Tamil
Protector; Protecting Hands; Wise Guardian
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Finnish, German, Swedish, Teutonic
Counselor; Protector; Guards Wisely; Protecting Hands; Wise Protector
Boy/Male
American, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin
God-helmet; Protector; Descendant; Amiable; Protection
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Swedish
Protective; Will-helmet; Protection; Protect
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil
Protector; Protection; Guarded; Secure; Saved; Military Protection
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Swedish
Guards Wisely; Protecting Hands; Wise Protector
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Finnish, German, Portuguese, Swedish
Protective; Helmet; Will-helmet; Resolute Protector
PROTECTION RING
PROTECTION RING
Girl/Female
Indian, Indonesian, Sanskrit
Princess; Daughter
Boy/Male
Tamil
Happy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Rama / Krishna
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who has dark eyelids
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rushmil | à®°à¯à®·à¯à®®à®¿à®²Â
Girl/Female
Muslim
Chosen
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Beneficent
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Ben-ares
Girl/Female
Tamil
To seek, Search for, Searcher
Girl/Female
Biblical
Their strength, their sign.
PROTECTION RING
PROTECTION RING
PROTECTION RING
PROTECTION RING
PROTECTION RING
n.
A jutting out; also, a part jutting out, as of a building; an extension beyond something else.
n.
A carrying forward, as of a final letter, to a following word; as, for example, a nickname for an ekename.
n.
The representation of something; delineation; plan; especially, the representation of any object on a perspective plane, or such a delineation as would result were the chief points of the object thrown forward upon the plane, each in the direction of a line drawn through it from a given point of sight, or central point; as, the projection of a sphere. The several kinds of projection differ according to the assumed point of sight and plane of projection in each.
n.
The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as, the production of commodities, of a witness.
n.
The act of guarding or protecting; guardianship; protection; as, the king's right of seigniory and tutelage.
n.
Any defense or protection.
n.
The act of scheming or planning; also, that which is planned; contrivance; design; plan.
n.
The act or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something; pursuit by efforts of body or mind; as, the prosecution of a scheme, plan, design, or undertaking; the prosecution of war.
n.
A theory, or a policy, of protecting the producers in a country from foreign competition in the home market by the imposition of such discriminating duties on goods of foreign production as will restrict or prevent their importation; -- opposed to free trade.
v. t.
Preparation; protection; provision; supply.
n.
A writing that protects or secures from molestation or arrest; a pass; a safe-conduct; a passport.
n.
That which protects or preserves from injury; a defense; a shield; a refuge.
n.
Care; protection.
n.
One who, or that which, guards; garrison; defender; protector; means of guarding; defense; protection.
n.
A drawing out, or continuing; the act of delaying the termination of a thing; prolongation; continuance; delay; as, the protraction of a debate.
n.
The act of protecting, or the state of being protected; preservation from loss, injury, or annoyance; defense; shelter; as, the weak need protection.
n.
One who favors protection. See Protection, 4.
adv.
By way of protection; in a protective manner.
a.
Affording protection; sheltering; defensive.
n.
Any method of representing the surface of the earth upon a plane.