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Measure of money supply
In economics, the monetary base (also base money, money base, high-powered money, reserve money, outside money, central bank money or, in the UK, narrow
Monetary_base
Government body that manages currency and monetary policy
commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base. Many central banks also have supervisory or regulatory powers to ensure
Central_bank
Government management of money
A monetary system is a system where a government manages money in a country's economy. Modern monetary systems usually consist of a national treasury,
Monetary_system
Sustained increase in a state's money supply (not prices)
great deal of debate on the issues involved, such as how to measure the monetary base and price inflation, how to measure the effect of public expectations
Monetary_inflation
Policy of interest rates or money supply
Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives
Monetary_policy
Situation described in Keynesian economics
interest rates are at or near zero: injecting monetary base into the economy has no effect, because [monetary] base and bonds are viewed by the private sector
Liquidity_trap
Ratio of money supply to central bank money
In monetary economics, the money multiplier is the ratio of the money supply to the monetary base (i.e. central bank money). In some simplified expositions
Money_multiplier
Total value of money available in an economy at a specific point in time
is referred to as the monetary base, or narrow money. MB: is referred to as the monetary base or total currency. This is the base from which other forms
Money_supply
[Monetary Policy Interest Rate]. La Tribuna (in Spanish). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024. "Adjustment of Base Rate". Hong Kong Monetary Authority
List of countries by central bank interest rates
List_of_countries_by_central_bank_interest_rates
Political Policy
The monetary policy of the United States is the set of policies that the Federal Reserve follows to achieve its twin objectives (or dual mandate) of high
Monetary policy of the United States
Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States
Monetary policy tool
Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action where a central bank purchases predetermined amounts of government bonds, company shares, or other
Quantitative_easing
Banking system where institutions hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves
amount of the underlying base money originally created by the central bank. In most countries, the central bank (or other monetary policy authority) regulates
Fractional-reserve_banking
Object or record accepted as payment
Publishers, p. 82, ISBN 978-1-319-26390-4 Goodhart, Charles (2016). "Monetary Base". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp
Money
Exclusive legal control over a currency
Monetary sovereignty is the power of the state to exercise exclusive legal control over its currency and monetary policy. This includes the authority
Monetary_sovereignty
In monetary policy, the McCallum rule specifies a target for the monetary base (M0) which could be used by a central bank. The McCallum rule was proposed
McCallum_rule
Term used to describe people by their preferred approach to monetary policy
A monetary hawk, or hawk for short, is someone who advocates keeping inflation low as the top priority in monetary policy. In contrast, a monetary dove
Monetary_hawk_and_dove
Economic crisis in Argentina
The 2018–present Argentine monetary crisis is an ongoing severe devaluation of the Argentine peso, caused by high inflation and steep fall in the perceived
2018–present Argentine monetary crisis
2018–present_Argentine_monetary_crisis
Branch of economics covering theories of money
Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the nature, role, and impact of money and monetary institutions. It provides a framework for
Monetary_economics
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country, generally central bank controls the supply of money in the economy. In India
Monetary_policy_of_India
Monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman
Friedman's k-percent rule which advocates a constant yearly expansion of the monetary base. The marginal benefit of holding additional money is the decrease in
Friedman_rule
Online database maintained by St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank
gross domestic product, interest rates, monetary aggregates, producer price indexes, reserves and monetary base, U.S. trade and international transactions
Federal_Reserve_Economic_Data
Proposed denomination of coinage in the United States
that are part of quantitative easing (QE), in both cases adding to the monetary base, which is the sum of currency in circulation and bank reserves, i.e
Trillion-dollar_coin
Early years of the Great Depression
which led to a monetary contraction of 35 percent, which they named “The Great Contraction”. The dramatic contraction of the monetary base then caused a
Great_Contraction
Financial plan where revenues equal expenses
the course of the business cycle in countries with monetary sovereignty, defined as follows: A monetary sovereign is a country which: Issues its own currency
Balanced_budget
Monetary policy operation
are conducted by the monetary authority and aimed at influencing the exchange rate. Depending on whether it changes the monetary base or not, currency intervention
Currency_intervention
Government finance
financed through debt monetization the outcome is an increase in the monetary base, shifting the aggregate-demand curve to the right leading to a rise
Debt_monetization
Policy of the chinese Yen
the market base for the reform of the exchange rate commodification; finally, improve the macro prudential management framework. The monetary policy of
Monetary_policy_of_China
Type of regulation on commercial banks
M_{1}={\mathit {MB}}\times m\,} : definitional relationship between monetary base MB (bank reserves plus currency held by the non-bank public) and the
Reserve_requirement
Currency of the United States
The economy's aggregate money supply is the total of M0 money, or Monetary Base – "dollars" in currency and bank money balances credited to the central
United_States_dollar
Topics referred to by the same term
Italiana stock symbol MB Multibanco, the Portuguese interbank network Monetary base – Measure of money supply Manitoba, province of Canada Monza and Brianza
MB
Monetary policy tool
Yield curve control (YCC) is a monetary policy action whereby a central bank purchases variable amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in
Yield_curve_control
Process by which monetary policy affects the economy
The monetary transmission mechanism is the process by which monetary policy decisions affect the broader macroeconomy through multiple channels including
Monetary transmission mechanism
Monetary_transmission_mechanism
Doctrine of central bank freedom from political influence
central banking, and has its roots in the recognition that monetary policy decisions should be based on the best interests of the economy as a whole, rather
Central_bank_independence
Central Bank of Bermuda
The Bermuda Monetary Authority (the Authority) is the integrated regulator of the financial services sector in Bermuda. It is not a central bank, and does
Bermuda_Monetary_Authority
Commercial banks' holdings deposited in central banks
these deposits while others do not. Capital requirement Gold reserve Monetary base In the case of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, see
Bank_reserves
A monetary policy reaction function describes how a central bank systematically adjusts its policy instruments in response to changes in economic conditions
Monetary policy reaction function
Monetary_policy_reaction_function
State-owned investment fund
drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve positions held by central banks and monetary authorities, along with other national
Sovereign_wealth_fund
Policy regarding macroeconomic conditions
nominal interest rate presents no problem for monetary policy, as a central bank can increase the monetary base only if it continues buying bonds. History
Zero_interest-rate_policy
Policy proposal; central banks making direct money transfers to the public
innovative in the context of monetary history, involves the central bank making direct transfers to the private sector financed with base money, without the direct
Helicopter_money
Aspect of monetary policy
public debt and deficits) effectively dictate or constrain a country’s monetary policy. In a fiscally dominant regime, the central bank’s usual objective
Fiscal_dominance
Symbol used to represent a monetary currency's name
graphic symbol used to denote a currency unit. Usually it is defined by a monetary authority, such as the national central bank for the currency concerned
Currency_symbol
Economic theory
says the former US presidential candidate was trying to expand the monetary base in the interests of indebted farmers, who at the time were often being
Credit_theory_of_money
Movements to amend the financial system
Monetary reform refers to proposals to change a country's monetary system, including how money is created, regulated, and distributed. Such reforms seek
Monetary_reform
Financial institution and UN specialized agency
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution and a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Washington
International_Monetary_Fund
Problem in macroeconomics
interest rate presents no problem for monetary policy. According to Friedman, a central bank can increase the monetary base even if the interest rate vanishes;
Zero_lower_bound
Output of a dynamic system when given a brief input
rates, and other fiscal policy parameters; changes in the monetary base or other monetary policy parameters; changes in productivity or other technological
Impulse_response
Method of implementing monetary policy
Central banks regularly use OMOs as one of their tools for implementing monetary policy. A frequent aim of open market operations is — aside from supplying
Open_market_operation
British economist
Bulletin. It advised the new Thatcher government against implementing monetary base control. In the early 1980s, Goodhart joined the home finance division
Charles_Goodhart
Monetary policy relating to currency exchange rates
fluctuates in a wider range and the country's monetary authority makes no attempt to fix it against any base currency. A movement in the exchange is either
Exchange_rate_regime
Rule from monetary policy
The Taylor rule is a monetary policy targeting rule. The rule was proposed in 1992 by American economist John B. Taylor for central banks to use to stabilize
Taylor_rule
1976 Friedrich Hayek book
would converge on one or only a limited number of monetary standards, on which institutions would base the issue of their notes. According to Hayek, instead
The Denationalisation of Money
The_Denationalisation_of_Money
Profit from minting money
banknotes, and interest earned by the central bank from its conduct of monetary policy. Seigniorage earned is equivalent to the increase in the money supply
Seigniorage
obliges by simply destroy one form of base money and creating another with no net effect on the monetary base: Federal Reserve Balance Sheet L, Federal
Federal_Reserve_Deposits
inflation from zero to 10 percent as just 0.3 percent of GDP using the monetary base as the definition of money. Lucas places the cost of a 10 percent inflation
Welfare_cost_of_inflation
Currency of Finland from 1860 to 2002
the official currency but only existed as "book money" outside of the monetary base. The dual circulation period, when both the markka and the euro had
Finnish_markka
The monetary/fiscal policy debate, otherwise known as the Ando–Modigliani/Friedman–Meiselman debate[citation needed] (or AM/FM debate[citation needed]
Monetary/fiscal_debate
Monetary authority to maintain a fixed exchange rate
can convert them into the reserve currency (usually 110–115% of the monetary base M0). A currency board maintains absolute, unlimited convertibility between
Currency_board
Group making loans to developing countries
International Monetary Fund (IMF). The president of the World Bank is traditionally an American. The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington
World_Bank_Group
Topics referred to by the same term
generated by the banking system to the central bank's increase in the monetary base that caused it Force multiplier, in warfare a factor that dramatically
Multiplier
Use of government revenue collection and expenditure to influence a country's economy
influence aggregate demand and the level of economic activity. Fiscal and monetary policy are the key strategies used by a country's government and central
Fiscal_policy
currency is valued. The main events in the monetary history of the Krona are: Introduction of the Krona, based on the gold standard on 5 May 1873. (1 kg
Monetary_policy_of_Sweden
stock exchanges List of currencies in Africa World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012, International Monetary Fund. Accessed on October 10, 2013.
List of central banks of Africa
List_of_central_banks_of_Africa
Central Bank of Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (CIMA) is the primary financial services regulator of the Cayman Islands and supervises its currency board. The CIMA
Cayman Islands Monetary Authority
Cayman_Islands_Monetary_Authority
Eurosystem. Four European microstates participate in the euro area through monetary agreements with the EU, granting them the rights to produce limited quantities
Central banks and currencies of Europe
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe
Decrease in the general price level
In economics, deflation is an increase in the real value of the monetary unit of account, as reflected in a decrease in the general price level of goods
Deflation
interest rates. Instruments of monetary policy have included short-term interest rates and bank reserves through the monetary base. With the creation of the
History of monetary policy in the United States
History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States
Economic union and policies
The economic and monetary union (EMU) of the European Union is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union
Monetary policy tool of central banks
Quantitative tightening (QT) is a contractionary monetary policy tool applied by central banks to decrease the amount of liquidity or money supply in the
Quantitative_tightening
Government guarantee to provide liquidity to financial institutions
the money supply constant, thereby preventing negative externalities of monetary instability, such as unemployment, price instability, bank runs, and financial
Lender_of_last_resort
International financial institution owned by central banks
provides banking services to central banks, monetary authorities and international organizations. The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative
Bank for International Settlements
Bank_for_International_Settlements
Money held by a central bank to pay debts, if needed
rate attaches the domestic monetary policy to that of the country of the base currency. Hence, in the long term, the monetary policy has to be adjusted
Foreign_exchange_reserves
French central bank
colonial empire, the Bank of France remained Metropolitan France's sole monetary authority until France's adoption of the euro as its currency. As of 2025
Bank_of_France
Macroeconomics term
uncertainty may surround the magnitude of effect of a change in the monetary base or its growth rate upon some target variable, which could be the money
Multiplier_uncertainty
Economic crisis in Mexico
allowing its monetary base to contract and its interest rates to rise, the central bank purchased treasury bills to prop up its monetary base and prevent
Mexican_peso_crisis
currency board established in 1919. The bank carries out the independent monetary policy and supervision of the financial sector of The Bahamas. In 1919
Central_Bank_of_the_Bahamas
Supranational central bank
banks, however, varies across OECS countries, leading the International Monetary Fund to observe in 2013 the persistence of "gaps in the regulatory framework"
Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank
European selloff of American securities following the outbreak of WWI
Treasury and known as "Bradbury Notes"), increasing the money supply. The monetary base was expanded from £288 million in 1914 to £531 million in 1918, leading
Financial_crisis_of_1914
example, uses the CPI, and special aggregates of the CPI, to monitor its monetary policies. The European Central Bank publishes the Harmonised Index of Consumer
Consumer price index by country
Consumer_price_index_by_country
Proposed unconventional monetary policy in international climate policy
Carbon quantitative easing (CQE) is an unconventional monetary policy or monetary program that is featured in a proposed international climate policy
Carbon_quantitative_easing
Currency not backed by any commodity
People's Bank of China, January 14, 2025, retrieved October 25, 2025 Monetary Base (December 2024) (PDF), Bank of Japan, January 7, 2025, retrieved October
Fiat_money
Rapidly accelerating inflation
proportionally to private debtors. Distributional effects of monetary inflation are complex and vary based on the situation, with some models finding regressive
Hyperinflation
also known as Bank Markazi, was established under the Iranian Banking and Monetary Act in 1960. It serves as the banker to the Iranian government and has
Central_Bank_of_Iran
International financial regulatory body
Deutsche Bundesbank Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) Hong Kong Monetary Authority Reserve Bank of India Bank Indonesia Indonesia Financial Services
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision
Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform (COMER) is a Canadian economics-oriented think tank, publishing house, and education centre based in Toronto,
Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
Committee_on_Monetary_and_Economic_Reform
Cooperative international body on global financial system
architecture of global economic governance, alongside the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and the World Trade Organization. Unlike some other multilateral
Financial_Stability_Board
Economic policy during the occupation of Japan
The Dodge Line or Dodge Plan was a financial and monetary contraction policy drafted by American economist Joseph Dodge for Japan to gain economic independence
Dodge_Line
Central Bank of Morocco
passage of amendments to the Bank's statutes that clarified its role in monetary policy, and that granted it greater autonomy. In 2006, Law No.76-03, promulgated
Bank_Al-Maghrib
Monetary authority of Mexico
Banco de México), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico, is Mexico's central bank, monetary authority and lender of last resort. The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in
Bank_of_Mexico
loans given out to commercial institutions are discount rate, which is a monetary policy tool used by the Federal Reserve to stimulate the U.S economy. Commercial
Discount_policy
Bank's main responsibilities are to issue and redeem currency; maintain monetary and financial stability; act as banker to the government as well as the
Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
Central_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
Central bank's rate of interest
shortage of funds, they can typically borrow from the central bank based on the monetary policy of the country. The borrowing is commonly done via repos:
Bank_rate
Hawaiian ceremony of gifts and offerings
(rulers), or to visiting royalty. Through time, the gifts became more monetary based and a part of the monarch's wealth. Although they were allowed to approach
Hoʻokupu
Central bank of New Zealand
and youth/Māori unemployment. Like all modern monetary systems, the monetary system in New Zealand is based on fiat and fractional-reserve banking. In a
Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand
Making money out of something
bonds by conducting an open market purchase, i.e. by increasing the monetary base through the money creation process. If government bonds that have come
Monetization
Type of cryptocurrency that is reserve backed
would belong to the monetary base (M0), while stablecoins issued by commercial financial institutions would belong to the monetary aggregate (M2). The
Stablecoin
Central and only bank of the Soviet Union
of the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP), following the monetary dislocation and barter economy during the Russian Civil War. On 3 October
State_Bank_of_the_USSR
Spending in excess of revenue
post-Keynesian economists—particularly neo-chartalists or proponents of Modern Monetary Theory—argue that deficit spending is necessary for the issuance of new
Deficit_spending
Monies held by bank in excess of reserve requirement
commercial banks, together with all currency and vault cash, forms the M0 monetary base. Research by personnel at the Fed has resulted in claims that interest
Excess_reserves
Macroeconomic index number relevant for monetary policy
In macroeconomics, a monetary conditions index (MCI) is an index number calculated from a linear combination of a small number of economy-wide financial
Monetary_conditions_index
Central bank of Hungary
banking activities. A two-tier banking system that focused the MNB on a monetary policy role was eventually re-introduced on 1 January 1987. The October
Hungarian_National_Bank
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